PD

• THREE ASPECTS OR DOMAINS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Physical development - covers the growth of the body and the brain, motor and sensory skills, and even physical health.

2. Cognitive development - Cognitive development means how children think, explore and figure things out. It is the development of knowledge, skills, problem solving and dispositions, which help children to think about and understand the world around them.

Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of learning. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.¹ Piaget's stages are:

■ Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years (Know the world through movements and sensations. Learn about the world through basic actions such as sucking, grasping, looking, and listening)

■ Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7 (Tend to be egocentric and struggle to see things from the perspective of others)

• Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11 (Begin to think logically about concrete events)

• Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up(Begins to use deductive logic, or reasoning from a general principle to specific information)

3. Psychosocial development includes our social interactions with other people, our emotions, attitudes, self-identity, personality, beliefs, and values.

• ERIK ERIKSON' S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

• Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months) most fundamental stage in life. Because an infant is utterly dependent, developing trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers.

During the first stage of psychosocial development, children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

• Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years) during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. Children are just starting to gain a little independence.

• Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five) children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.

• Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11) Children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and belief in their skills. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their abilities to be successful.

• Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18) During adolescence, children explore their independence and develop a sense of self.

• Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40) Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. This stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships.

• Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65) During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their home and community.

• Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death) at this point in development, people look back on the events of their lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret the things they did or didn't do.

• PERSONAL DECLARATIONS

Personal declarations are something that you say out loud that define who you are. They represent your hopes, goals, dreams and who you are at your core. Personal declarations replace the lies of who we believe we are with the truth. 

• PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT

It relates to the growth and skill of development in the body.

Gross-motor skills and fine-motor skills (develop during infancy and toddlerhood)

•  Gross motor skills

• Fine motor skills

Gross-motor skills involve the mastery of large muscle movements, as well as the building of strength in muscle groups like the arms, legs, and core.

EXAMPLE:

• reaching

• rolling

• crawling

• walking

• and climbing

Fine-motor skills involve smaller, more precise movements, particularly movements of the hands and fingers.

EXAMPLE:

• grasping, pointing, and clapping

Life is a series of natural and spontaneous changes called Human Development. It focuses on human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth. The study of human developmental stages is essential in understanding how humans learn, mature and adapt. Moreover, by understanding these changes, you can better respond and plan ahead effectively.

Some might claim that infancy is the key stage, when a baby's brain is wide open to new experiences that will influence all the rest of its later life..

Others might argue that it's adolescence or young adulthood, when physical health is at its peak.

The truth of the matter is that every stage of life is equally significant and necessary for the welfare of humanity.

Robert J. Havighurst elaborated on the Developmental Tasks Theory in the most systematic and extensive manner.

His main assertion is that development is continuous throughout the entire lifespan, occurring in stages, where the individual moves from one stage to the next by means of successful resolution of problems or performance of developmental tasks.

Robert J. Havighurst DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS DURING THE LIFE SPAN

• "A developmental task is a task which is learned at a specific point and which makes achievement of succeeding tasks possible. When the timing is right, the ability to learn a particular task will be possible.

This is referred to as a 'teachable moment. It is important to keep in mind that unless the time is right, learning will not occur. Hence, it is important to repeat important points whenever possible so that when a student's teachable moment occurs, s/he can benefit from the knowledge."

If the child completes the "correct" tasks in the "correct" time frame, they will feel happy and accepted by society. Failing to complete these tasks will make the individual unhappy and out of place in society

• Examples of Havighurst's Developmental Tasks