Untitled Flashcards Set

1804 -  Jefferson easily reelected with 162 of 176 electoral votes but trouble ahead for his

second term

1. Trouble with Aaron Burr: Burr accepted a proposal from the Essex Junto to run for governor in 1804, and secede from the Union.

   1. Hamilton accused Burr for being treasonous.

   2. When Burr ended up losing the race for governor, he blamed Hamilton for the loss due to his comments.

   3. So, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel.

      1. Hamilton accepted it because he didn’t want to be labelled a coward, but also duels rarely ended in violence, and just by attending the duel you had defended your honor.

      2. In the duel, Hamilton purposefully missed his first shot, but Burr shot Hamilton in the liver and killed him.

   4. A grand jury indicted Burr for murder, so he fled west and was politically outcasted.

The Burr Conspiracy: 

• After fleeing West and becoming a political outcast, Burr wanted to regain power.

• He and General James Wilkinson of Louisiana hoped to lead an expedition to capture Mexico from the Spanish.

  • There were also rumours he wanted to create a western empire and lead it.

• Wilkinson, who was actually a Spanish spy, became paranoid that the US government would act against him and Burr.

  • So, to save himself he exposed Burr’s plans to Jefferson.

• Burr would flee but would eventually be arrested.

  • However, he was acquitted in trial because they had difficulty proving a deliberate act of treason and no 2 witnesses could tell the same story.

Essex Junto - These were a group of Federalist Northeasterners who wanted to secede from the Union and create the “Northern Confederacy”.

• To do this they tried to gain support from Federalists in New Jersey and New York, and Burr accepted the offer while Hamilton rejected it.

2. Trouble with Republicans

John Randolph / Quids - These were very strict constructionist republicans and they try to hold Jefferson to strict constructionist ideas.

• When Jefferson tried to compensate those people losing their land, John Randolph states that this isn’t a power given to the Executive in the Constitution, and Jefferson is struck down in Congress by his own party.

Fletcher vs. Peck / Yazoo Land Fraud - Georgia sold millions of acres of land to private land companies for extremely low prices in the Yazoo Land Act of 1795 after state legislators were bribed by the companies.

• When the public found out in 1796, Georgia repealed the law and tried to take back the land it sold.

  • However, many people had bought from the private companies already and this led to legal disputes between people who had already bought land.

  • Fletcher sued Peck over land that was in the Yazoo sale and argued that Peck didn’t have the right to sell the land because Georgia repealed the Yazoo Act.

  • Marshall, who was pro-commerce, ruled in favor of Peck and held that once a contract was made, it could not be invalidated by state law, even if the original contract was corrupt.

    • This was the first time judicial review was used over a state law, reinforcing the power of judicial review over state laws.

3. Trouble on the foreign front 

Context: By 1803, the British and the French were at a stalemate. An 1805 battle, the battle of Trifalgar, involved an economic crossing between the two nations, leading to war between the British and French.

Impressment: Since they needed to maintain their naval dominance, the British needed more sailors and began impressing US merchant ships and they try to prevent us from trading.

re-export trade: Since Britain and France were at war, Britain began sinking French ships trading between their sugar islands in the Caribbean.

• We wanted to fill the void of sugar trading with France and profit off of it. 

• However, Britain declared that no foreign ships could trade with France and only French ships could carry goods.

• They also stated that Britain could stop US ships transporting French goods.

  • So, the US started “re-exporting”. They bought goods from France’s Caribbean islands, and then under an American flag, and since they were now American goods, they were able to ship those goods to France and profit off of it.

    • This made the Eastern Seaboard cities like Boston and New York wealthier.

• However, Britain would eventually start cracking down on this, contributing to the tensions that led to the War of 1812.

Chesapeake Affair - In 1807, the American naval frigate the Chesapeake encountered the British ship the Leopard and stopped the Chesapeake under false precedence.

• The American Captain James Barron refused to allow the British search the ship, so the British opened fire.

• The Chesapeake surrendered and the Leopard’s crew impressed 4 American soldiers.

  • The news almost led to war in America, but Jefferson and Washington kept the peace.

    • James Monroe went to England to negotiate with the British to stop impressment. 

      • However, the British never stopped Impressment.

        • They released 3 of the 4 prisoners (one was hanged), and paid compensation for the damage.

Berlin Decree (1806) - no ship from GB can enter any port of France or her allies on 

the continent

• Napoleon wanted to damage British trade by stopping them from being able to access Continental Europe’s markets.

  • This was part of the Continental System and it was part of France’s goal to force Britain's government to the peace table by starving its people of trade with Europe and destroying their economy.

Orders in Council  (Nov. 1807) - ships trading with enemy ports subject to capture and 

confiscation unless first go the GB port and pay fee authorizing trade with 

enemy.

• This was Britain’s response to the Berlin Decree.

  • It was meant to restrict neutral trade with France and its allies as a part of economic warfare on France.

Milan Decree (Dec. 1807) - any ship that complies with British rules would be 

considered British and subject to seizure

• This was a part of Napoleon’s Continental System and was a response to Britain’s Orders In Council.

  • Since any ship that complied with British regulations would be seized, and any ship that didn’t go to Britain’s ports would be seized, the US faced losing their ships to either the British or French. 

    • This decree, and British policies played a major role in increasing tensions that led to the War of 1812.

WHO WANTS TO TRADE WITH EUROPE AT ALL?  Jefferson responds in Dec. 1807 by  sending Madison to deal with British concerning Chesapeake Affair

• In response to the escalating trade restrictions and violation of America’s neutrality, and the seizure of American ships and cargo Jefferson pushed for a stop on trade with foreign ports, and pushed for the Embargo Act.

Embargo Act (1807) - This stated that any American ship could not sail to a foreign port, and no foreign ships could carry American goods abroad. 

• This was supposed to stop future incidents that could escalate the US towards war.

• As a result of the stopping of trade, New England merchants and shipowners were severely hurt economically, and it was very unpopular. 

• Additionally, the act resulted in an economic depression.

  • So, just before he ended his second term, Jefferson repealed it and put in place the Non-Intercourse Act

Non Intercourse Act (1809) - This reopened trade with all nations except for Britain and France. BUT THIS DID ABSOLUTELY JACK SHIT as we profit most from Britain and France

• However, after a year Congress let it expire and passed Macon’s Bill #2.

Macon’s Bill #2 (1810) - This bill stated that if either Britain or France stopped attacking American ships, the US would cut off trade with the other nation.

• Napoleon then announced that they would no longer interfere with American shipping.

• However, this was a lie just to get the US to stop trading with Britain.

  • Madison had just taken over as President, and didn’t want to look like a fool by revoking the bill.

    • Madison realizes that he might need to go to war with Britain since they are still violating the US’s neutrality.

    • This increased tensions and contributed to the War of 1812.

Lesson 2: 205-211

Census of 1810: 

• The US population was still increasing greatly.

• Major cities were starting to emerge.

• 1 Million people west of the appalachians.

  • New Orleans, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh emerge as major cities of the West.

 “war hawks” - Henry Clay, John Calhoun, John Randolph, and Andrew Jackson were known as “war hawks”, because they were representatives who wanted to go to war with Britain.

• Randolph wanted to push for war as well, because it would increase the size of the government.

Tecumseh & Tippecanoe - Tecumseh became a leader of tribes in the Ohio Valley and united all of them together.

• Tippecanoe became a religious town for the Natives and was very important for their unification.

  • However, while Tecumseh went further south to try to unite the tribes below the Ohio Valley, William Henry Harrison led an expedition and destroyed the town.

    • This left many of the Natives disillusioned with the cause to stop white expansion, because they thought their Prophet’s magic would protect them in the town.

    • This also revealed to Americans that the British were supplying the Native Americans with weapons.

Justification for War w/ the British: 

• Chesapeake-Leopard Incident.

• Americans believed the British were supplying Tecumseh.

• Impressment of American sailors.

• The British supplied the Miami Confederacy.

• Orders in Council and violation of American neutrality.

• Re-export trade concerns.

• While NE Federalists, known as the Quids, opposed the war, the West had much more influence and supported a push for war.

  • Western farmers blamed the economic depression on the British and the Natives.

“Mr. Madison’s War” - This was a term used by New England Federalists to criticize President James Madison for starting the war on his personal decision rather than what the public wanted.

• However, supporters of the war, who were mainly Democratic-Republicans in the South and West said that it was necessary to stop Britain’s exploitation of us.

“western expansion theory” - This combined political, economic, and ideological motivations to justify territorial growth, even if it was at the expense of the Natives.

WAR OF 1812

• We were not well prepared for war, and since the National Bank expired in 1811, we are fighting without a bank, and it creates a lot of financial uncertainty.

• The government decided to sell war bonds, but those can’t support the war effort sufficiently, and the poorer farmers in the South and West cannot afford them.

Phase One: War at Sea (1812-1813)

• The US would declare war on Britain, and try to invade Canada once control was taken of the Great Lakes.

  • The US believed Canadians would see them as liberators, however this was false.

  • The invasion was poorly planned and met strong resistance.

• However, the US Navy had important successes that helped in the war.

USS Constitution - “Old Ironsides”

• The USS Constitution had 4 decks, and 3 of those were loaded with cannons. It was able to outmaneuver many British ships and sunk many of them. 

  • It became known as “Old Ironsides” when it defeated the HMS Guerriere and the cannon balls supposedly bounced off of the sides of the ship.

Chesapeake - Capt. James Lawrence - “Don’t give up the ship!”

• The USS Chesapeake battled the HMS Shannon and was a disaster for the US.

  • The Chesapeake was captured and Capt. James Lawrence was mortally wounded.

    • His final words, “Don’t give up the ship” became a rallying cry for the U.S. Navy.

Oliver Hazard Perry - “We have met the enemy, and they are ours!” 

• Controlling the Great Lakes was key for the war, and Oliver Hazard Perry cleared the lakes of British control, allowing an attack into Canada.

  • However, the attack would generally end in a stalemate.

Phase Two: Chesapeake Bay (1814)

Battle of Bladensburg - After the surrender of Napoleon in 1814, the British had a lot more available troops to send to the US.

• So, they sent a large fleet through the Chesapeake River and landed their army on the outskirts of Washington D.C. in Bladensburg.

  • There was a weak defense, and the British easily got through and burned all of Washington D.C., including the White House.

• After this, the British decided to move up the bay to Baltimore, which was a major port and the source of privateers who were harassing British ships.

  • However, Baltimore was guarded by Fort McHenry, and there, the American garrison clogged the entrance to the harbor with sunken ships.

    • The British couldn’t prepare a land force, and could only bombard from a distance.

Ft. McHenry - Francis Scott Key - “Star Spangled Banner”

• While the British were bombarding Baltimore, Francis Scott Key, who was a lawyer negotiating for the release of American prisoners on a British ship, wrote the poem “Star Spangled Banner”.

Phase Three: New Orleans (1814-1815)

Andrew Jackson - “Old Hickory” - In the South, the British landed in New Orleans and planned to advance up the Mississippi.

• However, at New Orleans, Andrew Jackson with a collection of Tennesseans, Kentuckians, Creoles, blacks, pirates, and regular army troops repulsed the British attack and caused them to retreat.

  • Jackson only lost 13 troops, while the British lost 300.

    • This was a major victory for the US, and greatly increased morale, and solidified Jackson as a hero.

      • What they didn’t know was that a peace treaty was already signed with Britain.

Hartford Convention (Dec 1814 - Jan. 1815) - The Americans lost a lot of battles in the war, and people were beginning to oppose the war, as well as the Republican government that wanted war so badly.

• Federalist representatives in government, like Daniel Webster from New Hampshire, often embarrassed Republicans over this.

• Other Federalists, who were the majority in New England began to talk about secession again and “leave a tyranny of slaveowners and backwoodsmen.”

  • So, the New England federalists met at Hartford to reassert the right of Nullification and proposed 7 new amendments to the Constitution which were designed to protect New England from the growing influence of the South and West.

    • The war was going badly, so the Federalists thought that the Republicans would have to agree with their demands.

    • However, after the news broke out about success of the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists looked almost treasonous.

      • This was a death blow to the Federalists.

Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 24, 1814) - “status quo antebellum”

• John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin led peace talks for America.

  • Status Quo Antebellum: Things would return to the way they were before the war.

    • Captured land returned to original owner, prisoners sent back.

  • The US no longer cared about Impressment because Britain was not fighting France anymore and wasn’t in need of more sailors to have sufficient manpower.

  • Peace between US and Britain and they kind of respected each other a little more.

• Very bad for the natives: While the US was supposed to give them back the land seized during the war, the US never did, and the Native Americans, without their leader, couldn’t fight back.

Consequences of War of 1812: 

• The US had entered the Era of Good Feelings because there was a real sense of optimism and nationalism for Americans.

• The Federalist party was largely gone.

• The US grew its industries during the British blockade.

• The US and Britain would begin to respect each other and become peaceful. (This was also the last major military conflict between the two).

• The war highlighted the need for infrastructure, leading to the building of canals, roads, and railroads.

• Native Americans were severely weakened after Tecumseh’s death, and the US could easily expand into the Midwest.

Lesson 3: 224-225

After the War of 1812, there was a general easing of tensions between the US and GB: 

Rush Bagot Agreement (1817) - This disarmed the Great Lakes.

Treaty of 1818 - This established the 49th parallel border between the US and British controlled Canada.

• They also agreed to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory.

Andrew Jackson and the Seminole War

Monroe/Calhoun/JQA - While JQA and the Spanish minister Onis were negotiating about Florida, Jackson was given orders from Calhoun to use any measures to stop Seminoles from raiding American territory.

• Jackson used this order as an excuse to invade Florida where he seized the Spanish forts at St. Mark’s and Pensacola and captured 2 British spies for inciting the Seminoles.

  • Calhoun did not want this to happen at all and start an international incident.

    • So he wrote to Monroe to have Jackson court-martialed.

• However, JQA uses this as leverage against Spain, stating that Florida was too weak, and that they either have to govern Florida, or we could just as easily take the entire thing.

Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental Treaty / Florida Purchase Treaty) 1819 - All of Florida is given to the USA; Spain gives up its claim to Oregon Territory; Spain owed 5 million dollars to US citizens because of the damages caused by natives; Texas is a Spanish territory, not part of the Louisiana Purchase.

Monroe Doctrine  

Text: Monroe Doctrine; December 2 1823

Context: Spain was losing a lot of their territory in Latin America due to rebellions, and new countries were being formed, and the US started to trade with these new nations.

• However, the Quadruple Alliance, who had seen the consequences of the monarchy being overthrown in France, wanted to preserve monarchies after the Napoleonic Wars.

  • Since Spain was dealing with insurgencies and new countries forming from their territory, the Quadruple Alliance met at the Congress of Vienna to help Spain in Latin America and put down the insurgencies to preserve monarchical power.

  • However, Britain was also trading with the new countries, and opposed European intervention.

    • Britain wanted us to join them and stop the Alliance from re-taking the territory, but Quincy Adams declined and said that Spain was just trying to stop up from expanding.

      • So, Quincy Adams had Monroe write the Monroe Doctrine.

Key points: The Monroe Doctrine (although it was mostly Quincy Adams’ work) said that: 

• American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by European powers.

• Any challenge to the sovereignty of already existing countries in the Americas by a European nation would be seen as an unfriendly act.

• However, our policy will not interfere with any of the European powers’ internal concerns. 

Lesson 4: 

Era Of Good Feelings  (1815 - 1825) - period of patriotism, optimism and nationalism 

Emphasis on American History and Culture - The War of 1812 reinforced the idea that the US was a capable nation, all the new land, 1 dominating party with few conflicts and opportunities created a sense of unity.

• As a result, nationalistic art and literature was created.

Gilbert Stuart  - https://www.gilbert-stuart.org

Charles Wilson Peale - https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1774.html#biography

John Trumbull - https://americanart.si.edu/artist/john-trumbull-4867

Noah Webster - http://webstersdictionary1828.com/NoahWebster

George Bancroft - History of the United States, from the Discovery of the American Continent

Decline and Virtual disappearance of political party conflict  - The Federalists were pretty much gone and did not have much support, so the Democratic Republicans didn’t have any opposition who started disputes with them.

• Four death blows to Federalist party:

  • Hartford Convention.

  • Alien and Sedition Acts.

  • Election of 1800

  • War of 1812 (Rising nationalism) (Feds opposed the war, and this ostracized them, because the war brought others closer together).

End to conflict in foreign relations - Relations with other countries had largely improved.

• Improved relations with Britain

  • Rush-Bagot Agreement.

  • Treaty of 1818.

• No more territorial disputes with Spain:

  • Spain ceded Florida to us and gave up claim to Oregon Territory in the Adams-Onis Treaty.

• The Monroe Doctrine:

  • Warned Europe from interfering in the Western Hemisphere, and established the US’s dominance in the Americas.

• Natives weakened:

  • Tecumseh died.

  • Lost British support after War of 1812.

  • Losses in battle:

    • Battle of Fallen Timbers

    • Battle of Tippecanoe

    • Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

Surge of movement to the West - Great opportunities for moving West:

• Natives were largely defeated or weakened.

• Land Acts:

  • The Land Act of 1820 dropped price for buying land, and you only needed to buy 80 acres of land for $1.25 per acre, so poor immigrants or farmers could even afford land because it was only $100 to buy a plot, allowing more people to go West.

New generation of political leaders takes center stage - 

North South West

JQA John C. Calhoun Henry Clay

Martin Van Buren William Crawford WH Harrison

Daniel Webster Robert Hayne Andrew Jackson 

(James Tallmadge) Thomas Hart Benton

Henry Clay’s American System - Henry Clay’s Vision for Advancing the Nation

1. internal improvements  - 

   1. With the surge to the west, the West needed access to the markets in the East with roads and means of transportation.

   2. Also, the difficulty of moving troops around in the War of 1812 further highlighted the need for internal improvements.

Calhoun’s Bonus Bill (1817) - John C. Calhoun proposed a bill that would have used surplus funds from the Second National Bank to finance internal improvements.

• Congress passed the bill; however, Madison vetoed it on his last day in office because he believed that Congress had no authority to fund the improvements without a constitutional amendment.

  • So, state governments and private enterprises would have to build a transportation system instead.

2. protective tariff - This was meant to protect the US industries so they could grow and not have to compete with British industries which were further in front.

   1. The South normally would have opposed this because it would hurt their trade, and they didn’t have any manufacturing industries, so it wasn’t benefiting them, and only hurting them.

      1. However, since it was the Era of Good Feelings and the country was united, they allowed for the protective tariff to pass.

         1. Calhoun did recognize it would hurt the South, and once it did pass, this would be the last protective tariff the South passed because of how it hurt their economy.

Tariff Act of 1816 - This was designed to protect the US’s manufacturing industries from British competition, and it imposed a 25% tax on imported manufactured goods.

3. national bank - Clay believed that a national bank was necessary to advance the nation by maintaining currency and credit abroad.

   1. There were a few problems the nation had to deal with:

      1. There was a 5 year stretch where state banks and wildcat banks filled the void of the National Bank.

         1. Those state banks began lending out lots of money.

         2. So, when we recreate the National Bank in 1816, those state banks can’t compete.

            1. When the National Bank was recreated, there was so much money in the economy that prices started falling and the economy contracted, leading the Panic of 1819.

McCullough v. Maryland - Since state banks were outcompeted by the National Bank, they had their state legislatures start taxing the National Bank.

• The Maryland state legislature stated it would restrict foreign banks and the National Bank, and it started taxing the National Bank.

  • The National Bank did not pay those taxes, so Maryland sued.

    • However, in McCullough v. Maryland, Marshall ruled that the National Bank was constitutional since it was an implied power, and states cannot tax the bank because the power to tax is not the power to destroy.

Panic of 1819 - Panicof1819.pdf

• Since state banks began lending out lots of money; farmers and manufacturers began overproducing, leading to falling prices, and the Second National Bank tightening loaning of money and demanding repayment, many state banks collapsed due to unpaid loans, many businesses had to shut down, and the National Bank began foreclosing on farmers who were unable to pay debts. 

  • This crisis lasted about 6 years.

Lesson 5:

Turnpikes - https://images.app.goo.gl/Ce5exrwkjaUnQnLBA

• To be able to connect western farming to eastern markets, good modes of transportation were needed.

• Transport Revolution Phases:

  • Phase One: Turnpikes

  • Phase Two: Canals

  • Phase Three: Railroads

Lancaster Turnpike - This went from Lancaster to Philadelphia and was the first turnpike. It costed a lot but it turned a 15% profit, and set off a boom of turnpike building.

Major Routes West - To be able to connect the West to the markets of the East, 5 major arteries were built.

Mohawk Genesee Turnpike 

Philadelphia - Pittsburgh

National Road * - The National Road was the first federally funded highway in the US and it facilitated expansion westward as well as boosting commerce by connecting West to East.

Wilderness Road

Federal Road  

Canals & Steamboats 

Robert Fulton  → Clermont https://images.app.goo.gl/ZhG3pJJgEEPvCENg6

impact of steamboat: The steamboat allowed for the movement of cargo up stream, which allowed for cheaper and quicker transportation because you no longer had to manually push up stream.

by 1820 → 60 steamboats on Mississippi River system

by 1860 → over 1000 steamboats (including luxury liners) operating

Gibbons vs. Ogden - Aaron Ogden has purchased right to operate ferry on Hudson River, and Gibbons got a federal coastal license that competed with Ogden on the river. Ogden said that he had the right to the monopoly, and sued Gibbons and he won.

• So, Gibbons appealed to the Supreme Court.

• The biggest question of the case was if Congress’s power to give Gibbons a license superseded the state of New York’s power to grant Ogden a monopoly.

• Marshall claimed that the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce included navigation was “complete in itself” and can be exercised to its utmost extent.

  • This was an example of the Supremacy Clause where Marshall used loose interpretation to define transport across state lines as interstate commerce.

    • So, the federal government’s power superseded the state’s power.

Erie Canal -  Gov. Dewitt Clinton - Clinton connected the Hudson River to Lake Erie through the Erie Canal which stretched all the way from Erie to Albany.

• It costed $70 Million dollars and Clinton was heavily criticized for it, but it ended up being a huge success and paid for itself in 9 years.

  • It made it so shipping freight rates went from $100 a ton to just $10 a ton, and the travel time was cut drastically.

    • It also transferred trade into New York and made the Northeast relevant again.

Black Ball Line - In the 1800s, ships left when the shipowner scheduled it to leave. 

• So, let’s say you were a farmer trying to transport produce, you would first have to bring your produce over to the port in time before the ship departs. However, oftentimes you would have to wait a couple days before the ship is ready to leave, or it could have taken longer to get back, etc, and your produce would rot.

• The Black Ball Line left at the same time each month (1st and 15th of every month).

  • So, since you already knew exactly when the ship was leaving, you didn’t have to wait while your produce goes bad, you now knew exactly when to get on the ship so you could keep your produce ripe and not have to wait.

Railroad - “iron horse” 

Advantages of railroads over canals and turnpikes: Easier to build, easier to maintain, reliable in various types of weather and all year long.

• Can move much faster and travel longer and had higher capacities.

standard gauge , air brakes, sleeping cars - These were three developments that made railroads so effective for transportation.

• Standard Gauge: All tracks followed the same width, so any car could run over them.

• Air Brakes: Allowed cars to stop all at once, meaning more cars could be attached, and more people could travel, or more cargo could be moved.

• Sleeping Cars: People could travel much further distances because they were able to go to sleep on the train as well.

Revolution in Communication: 

Samuel Morse - Created the single wire telegraph and created Morse Code which used different sounds to represent different letters and numbers. This was much more efficient than the telegraphs with multiple wires, and allowed for long distance communication. 

• The first Morse Code message sent was sent from Washington D.C. to Baltimore, Maryland and it said the message “What hath God wrought?”.

  • This convinced Congress to set up telegraph lines across America.

Cyrus Field - He organized and financed the building of the Transatlantic Cable between Europe and North America.

• It failed multiple times at first, but once it worked, it cut the time to communicate across the Atlantic from weeks by ship, to just a minute by telegraph, which revolutionized communication.

(Pony Express) - This was supposed to be a way to send messages across the US.

• It used a series of horsestations and riders that connected all the way to the frontier where riders would exchange handbags with messages and try to send it to its destination. 

  • However, it failed and messages were lost, but it was revolutionary in the sense that it combined communication with transportation.

Lesson 6:

start of 1800s → little or no manufacturing 

by 1850 → manufacturing passes agriculture in value

by 1900 → US leads world in manufacturing

Factors Stimulating / Impacting Manufacturing:

1. corporations - Based off of Joint-Stock companies. However, instead of multiple people pooling their money together to have more money and reduce risk, corporations raised money by selling stock, which also reduced risk.

Dartmouth vs. Woodward - After gaining control of the New Hampshire state government, Republicans tried reversing Dartmouth’s charter as a private university that was issued by King Charles III and make it a state university. 

• Marshall reasoned that this was a contract that could not be overturned by a state government like in the case of Fletcher v. Peck.

  • The decision went in favor of Dartmouth and placed important restrictions on the ability of state governments to control corporations.

  • By overturning the act of the legislatures and the decisions of the New Hampshire courts, the justices also claimed the right to override the decisions of state courts.

Charles River Bridge Case  - The MA Legislature gave the right to build a bridge over the Charles River and have tolls to the Charles River Bridge Company.

• The Warren Bridge Company came along and were given the right to build their bridge and collect tolls as well.

  • The Charles River Bridge Company sues and says this violated their contract their original charter, which implied an exclusive right to operate the bridge.

    • Taney (the new justice), decided that the Warren Bridge Company was also allowed to build their bridge because the original charter did not grant an exclusive right and state governments were supposed to promote competition and growth for public use.

2. technological advances - Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and interchangeable parts, and James Watt’s flywheel helped stimulate agriculture and manufacturing.

patent laws - Encourage innovation, and allow growth.

steamboat / canal  - These reduced transportation costs and allowed manufacturers to connect to a larger customer base.

Eli Whitney  - interchangeable parts /cotton gin - 

• Interchangeable parts: allowed for non-skilled workers to construct manufactured goods using standardized parts rather than specifically crafted components.

• Cotton gin: Made cotton profitable and allowed for the production of more cotton, which further stimulated the manufacturing industry.

3. factory system - 

   1. In the family system, shop owners would have apprentices who would live in the store and act like a family member, and they would be taught the entire craft (you’d be taught how to make the entire shoe), which the shop owner would teach you.

      1. In the family system, there was a tight connection between shop owners and workers because owners had to teach everything to the workers, and let them live with their family.

   2. However, now you have an order coming in for lots of shoes. You can’t each make that many shoes on your own, so you divide labor and only know how to do one part of making the shoe. 

      1. You are able to make many more shoes, and you can use new transportation to reach further markets and make more money.

         1. Because of this, shop owners began to buy their own homes in wealthy areas away from the job site, and workers went to live in dorms and low cost areas. 

            1. There started to be geographic divides between working class and owning class.

         2. Because workers now only make a part of the shoe, they are less valued and earn less money, and can easily be replaced.

         3. There is also no moral control.

            1. In the family system, apprentices lived with the owners family, so they had to be on good behavior.

            2. In the factory system, they aren’t supervised and alcoholism starts to skyrocket.

Transition from household system to factory system - Unlike in Europe, the transition from the household system to the factory system was slow, which generally made less class hostility because the change of going from a family home to a slum for workers was slower.

• Why tf did Ms. Maddox make it sound like this was a good thing??? 😭

  • You’re gonna go to the slums, but this time, we will make it transition slowly so you don’t notice how bad your life is getting!!!

Samuel Slater - arkwright system - Samuel Slater was the father of the American Industrial Revolution and brought over the arkwright system secretly.

• The arkwright system used a water wheel to power spinning machines which produced threads. 

• It followed the factory system, and utilized adult workers.

Almy and Brown Co. - Pawtucket, RI

• This was the first mill that was created with Slater’s arkwright system and it became the model for the American textile industry. 

John Moody - Waltham System - This followed the model of the arkwright system; it had one floor for spinning, but unlike the arkwright system which only had spinning, it also had an upper floor for weaving the threads.

• Also, since many farms in the North were outcompeted by farmers in the west who could now use canals and other transportation, there were many girls who were without jobs, so the Waltham system promised to give the girls dorms to live in with supervision, and food, and wages. They were given living conditions that were better than what was on the farms, so many girls went to the city and joined factories.

Boston Manufacturing Co. - This was created by John Moody under the Waltham System and was the first mill to be integrated with spinning and weaving. 

• It employed girls who used to work on farms in the North and promised better living conditions than what they had on the farm.

Francis Cabot Lowell - Lowell System / Lowell Mill Girls - The Lowell Mill System was based off of the Waltham System; however, instead of using one stream to power a mill, it utilized canals to create different drops to power more factories.

 While it first promised good living conditions with good pay for girls, it ended up becoming terrible for them.

• Windows had to be shut to 

4. changes in labor → unions

Geographic, social, & economic impact of the factory system?

Why no class consciousness? 

Impact of immigration on formation of unions?

Lesson 7:

Under the veneer of nationalism, the seeds of sectionalism are planted and take root; how might each of the 

following issues we have discussed contributed to the emergence of sectionalism? 

1. tariffs - 

2. national bank - 

3. internal improvements - 

4. land reform - 

5. slavery  - why was it regional from the beginning?  

“king cotton”  - b/w 1816 & 1820 - cotton represented nearly 40% of all exports

- from 1820 on,  cotton becomes the most important export staple; growth starts 

in South and moves west

1792 - 2000 bales/year

1800 - 156,0000 bales/year

1810 - 340, 000 bales/year

1820 - 606, 000 bales/year

1830 - 976,000 bales/year (596,000 to Great Britain)

Missouri Compromise  - sectional issues first come to a head when Missouri applies to become a state  

Since 1791-1792 when VT, KY, ans TN entered the Union as slave and free states - politicians tried to preserve the balance between the North and the South → BUT the population was growing far faster in the North than in the South  tipping the balance of power in the House of Representatives

by 1818,   N→ 105 seats

    S → 81 seats      → still manageable because Senate was still (11/11) and needed both 

houses to pass legislation

1819 - Missouri applies to enter as a slaves state

Tallmadge Amendment - (James Tallmadge (NY) )

Henry Clay proposed the Missouri Compromise (1820): https://images.app.goo.gl/Suur3UeD2J58p8Nv7

1.

2.

3. 

Consequences? 

Denmark Vesey (1822)