CBG exam 1 ; Chapter 6 - tour of the cell

DKPCOFGS

*Domain

*Kingdom – 5 kingdoms

·      Animal

·      Plant

·      Fungi

·      Protist – ex: amoeba

o   Eukaryote (^ animal- protist)

·      Monera – ex: bacteria

o   Prokaryote

o   archaea

Phyllium

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Big Bang Theory

·      4.5 billion years old approximately

·      1^st life appeared approximately 3.6 billion years ago

Three domains of life

Archaea- 1st life ancient bacteria, appeared approximately 3.6 billion years old

Prokaryote- 3.5 billion years ago, modern bacteria

Eukaryote- 2.5 billion years old.

What do these things have in common?

·      Have all been destructive

·      Cyanobacteria contribute to one of the first major extinctions

Anaerobic: without oxygen

Aerobic: with oxygen

Endosymbiotic theory

·      Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes engulfing other prokaryotes

Prokaryotes

·      Lack membrane bound organelles

·      Ribosomes, Plasma Membrane, Nucleoid, Cytoplasm

Eukaryotes

·      Membrane bound organelles

·      Animal, Plant, Protista and Fungi

All living things have DNA

Animal vs plant cells

·      Plant cells have chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall and plasmodesmata.

·      Animal cells have gap junctions and centrioles.

Nucleus

·      Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore and Nucleolus.

·      DNA storage and control center of cell.

Condition association with unstable nucleus

·      Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome

o   Autosomal dominant gene

·      Issue with nucleus that results in rapid aging

o   Visually age when young

10 years old:

Mitochondria

·      Mitochondria-Energy production (ATP)

·      Has own DNA (mtDNA) similar to nucleus

·      All comes from mother

·      Create its own ribosomes

Chloroplast

o   Sugar synthesis

·      Has its own DNA (cpDNA) similar to nucleus

·      Can create its own ribosomes

·      Produce sugar through photosynthesis

Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

·      Rough ER –Protein production

o   Where you have ribosomes bound to ER, resulting to protein synthesis

o   Ribosomes is where translations are

·      Smooth ER- Lipid Synthesis, Detoxify cell and Calcium storage

Cytoskeleton

·      Structural Support

·      Helps keep organelles into place

·      Transport within the cell

3      major components: Actin filaments, Intermediate filaments and Microtubules

Ribosomes

·      Protein Production

Plasma Membranes

·      Composed of phospholipids, proteins and carbs

·      Phospholipids have hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail

Gap Junctions

·      Transport between cells

·      Composed of connexin proteins

Golgi Apparatus

·      Tags and modifies protein for transport.

Lysosome

·      Break down molecules in cell

Metabolic Pathways

·      A chain of reactions to produce a single product

Key Organelles

·      Nucleus- Where DNA is stored/ control center

·      Mitochondria- ATP production

·      Chloroplast- Make sugar via photosynthesis

·      Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum-lipid synthesis/ detoxify cell/calcium storage

·      Rough Endoplasmic reticulum-Produce proteins

·      Cytoskeleton-structural support

·      Ribosome-protein production

·      Plasma membrane-protection

·      Gap Junctions/plasmodesmata-Cell to cell communication

·      Golgi apparatus- transport in cell

·      Lysosome- digestion

·      Cell wall- Protection and maintain cell shape

Enzymes

·      Proteins

·      Speed up chemical reactions

Unnatural Products

·      Enzymes cannot recognize certain products

Examples:

·      High Fructose Corn Syrup (glucose-fructose)

·      Trans Fats

·      Artificial sweeteners (Splenda)

ATP

Endergonic Reaction- Absorb energy, builds a molecule

Exergonic Reaction- Release energy, molecule degradation