Note
Studied by 5 peopleFordist to neoliberal (Feb26)
Squatter settlements returning to migrant adjustment+
Squatter settlements, often characterized by informal and unauthorized housing in urban areas, can be a lens through which various sociological concepts are explored. Here's how these concepts might be related to squatter settlements:
Migrant Adjustment:
Squatter settlements often attract migrants seeking economic opportunities in urban areas. The informal nature of these settlements reflects the challenges faced by migrants in adjusting to new environments, often in the absence of formal support structures.
Social Reproduction:
Squatter settlements are often characterized by poverty, lack of access to education, and limited social services. This perpetuates a cycle of disadvantage, as these conditions make it difficult for residents to break out of poverty, illustrating the concept of social reproduction
The concept of social reproduction, as discussed by Carol Stack in her work "All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community," aligns with the conditions found in squatter settlements. In Stack's study, she explores how families in a low-income black community develop strategies for survival and support networks within their social environment. Similarly, squatter settlements exhibit characteristics that perpetuate a cycle of disadvantage, reflecting the broader concept of social reproduction.
Identity:
Squatter settlements may foster a distinct sense of identity among residents, shaped by their shared experiences of informal living, economic struggles, and marginalization. This identity may contrast with mainstream societal norms.
Replacing Formal Institutions:
In squatter settlements, formal institutions such as government services, law enforcement, and education may be lacking or ineffective. This can lead to the emergence of alternative, often informal, systems for governance, education, and social support within the community.
Effects on Identity:
Living in squatter settlements can influence individuals' self-perception and how they are perceived by others. The challenges and resilience associated with informal living can shape a unique identity for residents, impacting their sense of self-worth and community belonging.
Ethnic and Gender Dynamics:
Squatter settlements may be populated by specific ethnic or gender groups, and the living conditions and social dynamics within these settlements can be influenced by these factors. Ethnic and gender-based inequalities may be exacerbated or challenged within the context of informal settlements.
shows how to understand the problems of squatter settlements, one has to understand that it is a problem of intersectionality
Ulf Hannerz Exploring the City
Inquires Toward an Urban Anthropology (1980)
"The Global Ecumene as a Network of Networks" (1992): In this work, Hannerz likely discusses the concept of "ecumene," which broadly refers to the inhabited world or a particular cultural zone. Hannerz may explore how global connections form a network of networks.
"Ecumene" refers to the permanently inhabited or culturally significant parts of the world. The term is often used in geography and anthropology to describe the areas of the world that are populated and utilized by human communities. The concept of ecumene contrasts with uninhabited or sparsely populated regions
John Barnes (1954):
Associated with the study of the Bremnes Norwegian fishing village, Barnes likely conducted anthropological research to understand the social and cultural dynamics within this specific community.
Elizabeth Bott:
"Family and Social Network" (1957): Bott's work focuses on the concept of social networks within families. She introduced the idea of "personal communities" and explored the interconnections within family and social relationships.
"Mesh": The term "mesh" could refer to the intricate interconnections within social networks
Philip Meyers (1960s):
Meyers may have conducted research on the Red Xhosa and the School Xhosa, possibly exploring cultural aspects, social structures, or interactions within these communities.
The Forms of Capital Pierre Bourdieu (1986)
Pierre Bourdieu, a French sociologist and anthropologist, introduced the concept of "Forms of Capital" in his influential work "The Forms of Capital" published in 1986. Bourdieu's theory explores different types of capital beyond financial wealth, emphasizing the role of social structures and cultural knowledge in shaping individuals' social positions and opportunities.
Financial Capital:
This is the traditional economic capital, referring to money and tangible assets. It includes the resources individuals possess, such as income, savings, and property.
Social Capital:
Bourdieu conceptualizes social capital as a "web of relationships" or social networks that individuals are embedded in. The strength and quality of these connections can provide access to resources, information, and opportunities. Social capital is not only about what you know but also about who you know.
Cultural Capital:
Cultural capital involves knowledge, skills, education, and cultural awareness. Bourdieu distinguishes between embodied cultural capital (internalized knowledge and skills) and objectified cultural capital (cultural goods and credentials like degrees). The possession of cultural capital can influence an individual's social mobility and success.
Symbolic Capital:
Symbolic capital refers to the recognition and prestige one receives within a particular social field. It involves the validation of certain forms of knowledge, culture, or practices as prestigious or legitimate. Symbolic capital is tied to the concept of symbolic power and hegemony, where certain knowledge or cultural forms are deemed more valuable or legitimate.
In summary, Bourdieu's theory of Forms of Capital offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the various resources individuals possess and leverage in social contexts. The idea goes beyond economic capital and emphasizes the importance of social networks, cultural knowledge, and symbolic recognition in shaping social hierarchies and distinctions. This theory has been widely influential in sociology, anthropology, and other social sciences for analyzing social inequality and the reproduction of social structures.
Nici Nelson on coping strategies of women in Nairobi, Kenya (2001)
Nici Nelson in Nairobi, Kenya, in 2001 focused on understanding the coping strategies employed by women who migrated to the city, particularly those living in squatter settlements. The research sheds light on how these women navigate the challenges of urban life, engage in social reproduction, and build social capital despite facing economic hardship. Let's explore the key elements of this study and its connections to broader sociological concepts:
Migration and Squatter Settlements:
The study begins by examining the phenomenon of women migrating to cities, particularly Nairobi, and settling in squatter settlements. These settlements are often characterized by informal and inadequate housing, and inhabitants face various socio-economic challenges.
how these women adjusted - migrant adjustment
Social Reproductive Services:
Nelson observes that women in squatter settlements engage in providing social reproductive services, including activities like cooking, brewing beer, and offering sexual services. These activities are crucial for the survival of the community and contribute to the social reproduction of the population.
Building Social Capital:
Despite challenging conditions, the study highlights that women in squatter settlements actively build social capital. They create connections and networks within the community. Some women even engage in political activities, such as running for office, indicating a form of social mobilization and empowerment.
Transition from Traditional to New Life:
The study emphasizes that many poor women have left traditional rural lives behind to embrace a new life in urban settings. This transition involves adapting to urban challenges, but it also provides opportunities for building new social networks and connections.
Existence of Social Capital in Poorest Places:
One of the key findings is that even in the poorest places, such as squatter settlements, there is evidence of social capital. Despite economic challenges, social networks and connections are formed, indicating the resilience and adaptability of individuals and communities in these environments.
Connections to Other Material:
The study aligns with broader sociological concepts, such as Pierre Bourdieu's Forms of Capital. It illustrates how women in squatter settlements leverage social capital (connections, networks) as a valuable resource to navigate urban challenges.
The emphasis on the social reproductive role of women connects with Carol Stack's work, particularly the concept of social reproduction, where individuals contribute to the survival and well-being of the community.
It resonates with the idea that squatter settlements, despite their informal nature and economic challenges, are social spaces where individuals actively engage in forming social connections, thereby challenging stereotypes and misconceptions about poverty-stricken areas.
Caroline Brettell on Portuguese women (1970)
Caroline Brettell's study on Portuguese women in 1970 focuses on their migration experience to Canada and how they adjust to their new environment. The study explores various aspects, including the formation of new social networks, changes in traditional gender roles, and coping strategies.
Migration and Adjustment to Canada:
The study examines the experiences of Portuguese women who migrated to Canada. The focus is on how these women adjust to a new cultural and social context, highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with migration.
Formation of New Networks and Connections:
One of the key findings is that the adjustment to Canada involves the formation of new networks and connections. Migrant women actively engage in building social relationships in their new environment, which plays a crucial role in their adaptation process.
Switching Traditional Roles:
The study observes a shift in traditional gender roles among Portuguese migrant women. Notably, husbands are reported to follow their wives to Canada, reflecting a departure from more conventional patterns where the husband might lead the migration.
Coping Strategies:
Brettell explores the coping strategies employed by Portuguese women in the face of migration challenges. Coping mechanisms may include adapting to new cultural norms, finding employment, and navigating the complexities of a different society.
Reproductive Services and Rewriting Gender Relations:
The study likely delves into how Portuguese women contribute to social reproduction and family dynamics in the context of migration. This may involve providing reproductive services within the family structure. The rewriting of gender relations suggests a renegotiation of traditional gender roles within the migrant community.
In summary, Caroline Brettell's study on Portuguese women in Canada in the 1970s provides insights into the dynamics of migration, social adaptation, changes in gender roles, and coping strategies. The connections to broader anthropological themes, especially those related to migrant adjustment and social reproduction, contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the experiences of migrant women.
Robert Putnam “Bowling Alone”
Robert Putnam's influential work "Bowling Alone" explores the decline of social capital and civic engagement in American society, using the metaphor of bowling alone to illustrate the shift from group activities to individualism. Here's an overview of the key ideas from the book:
Bowling Alleys and Social Capital:
Putnam uses the example of bowling alleys where men traditionally met to bowl in leagues, arguing that such activities fostered social capital. Social capital refers to the connections and relationships within a community that create a sense of trust and cooperation.
The Concept of a Third Space:
Putnam introduces the idea of a "third space," which refers to places outside of home (first space) and work (second space) where people gather and interact. These third spaces, like bowling alleys or community centers, play a crucial role in building social capital.
Combat Power and Democracy:
Third spaces, according to Putnam, allow for the "combat power" essential for democracy. This means that in these communal settings, individuals engage in discussions, debates, and interactions that contribute to the democratic process by fostering diverse perspectives and civic participation.
Disappearance of Third Spaces:
Putnam expresses concern about the disappearance of these third spaces, particularly with the advent of technological advancements. The rise of the internet and social media, among other factors, has been associated with a decline in face-to-face social interactions.
Inability to Meet Diverse Perspectives:
Putnam highlights that the decline in third spaces makes it more challenging for people to meet and engage with individuals of different and sometimes conflicting viewpoints. This diversity of thought is crucial for building social capital and maintaining a healthy democracy (not able to meet people of different, competing thoughts, which is need to build social capital)
Connections to Other Material:
Putnam's ideas resonate with the broader sociological concepts related to social capital, as discussed by Pierre Bourdieu. The decline in communal activities, as illustrated in "Bowling Alone," has implications for the social fabric and connections within communities.
The concern about the disappearance of third spaces and the impact on diverse interactions aligns with discussions on the effects of technology on social relationships, echoing concerns raised in studies on migration and coping strategies.
Maids in Hong Kong
Nicole Constable's work on maids in Hong Kong, particularly focusing on Filipino domestic workers, delves into the complex dynamics surrounding migration, employment, and social reproduction:
Context of Filipino Domestic Workers in Hong Kong:
Constable's work likely explores the experiences of Filipino women who migrate to Hong Kong for domestic work due to economic needs. These women often leave their home country, the Philippines, in search of better employment opportunities to support their families.
Remittances and Economic Motivations:
The study may discuss the economic motivations behind Filipino domestic workers in Hong Kong, emphasizing the role of remittances. Remittances are the funds sent by these workers back to their families in the Philippines, playing a crucial role in the economic survival of their households.
Social Reproduction:
Constable likely explores the concept of social reproduction, examining how Filipino domestic workers contribute not only economically but also socially to the well-being of their families and communities. This involves not just financial support but also the continuation of cultural values and familial relationships.
Public and Private Space:
The research may address the challenges these domestic workers face in navigating public and private spaces. As individuals providing intimate services within private homes, they negotiate boundaries between their work environment and personal space.
Gathering Spaces and Support Networks:
Constable's work may discuss places where domestic workers gather, providing them with opportunities to share experiences, exchange advice, and potentially address issues of abuse or mistreatment. These gathering spaces become crucial for emotional support and collective empowerment.
Addressing Abuse and Challenges:
The study likely touches on the abuse and challenges faced by domestic workers in their jobs. These challenges may include long working hours, low wages, isolation, and potential mistreatment. Gathering spaces become platforms for solidarity and addressing these issues collectively.
David Harvey on Fordism
David Harvey, a Marxist geographer and social theorist, has made significant contributions to the understanding of how capitalism shapes cities and the transformations within capitalist systems. One of his key concepts is that of Fordism, the shift to flexible accumulation, racial capitalism, and the impacts of neoliberalism, including the carceral complex:
Fordism:
David Harvey has extensively discussed Fordism as an economic and social system. Fordism is characterized by mass production, assembly-line manufacturing, and a standardized and hierarchical division of labor. It was named after Henry Ford and his innovations in the automotive industry. This system had a significant impact on the organization of work, urban development, and social relations during the mid-20th century.
Flexible Accumulation:
Harvey has examined the transition from Fordism to what he terms "flexible accumulation." This shift involves changes in production processes, labor relations, and the global economy. Flexible accumulation is characterized by the rise of flexible production systems, globalization, the outsourcing of production, and the emphasis on innovation and flexibility in response to economic competition.
Racial Capitalism:
Harvey incorporates a racial dimension into his analysis of capitalism, recognizing how racialized social relations intersect with economic structures. The concept of racial capitalism underscores the ways in which capitalism and racial hierarchies are intertwined. It highlights how race is not merely a social construct but a system that is integral to the functioning of capitalism, impacting labor markets, social mobility, and urban development.
Neoliberalism and the Carceral Complex:
Harvey has critically analyzed the rise of neoliberalism, an economic and political paradigm that emphasizes free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduced government intervention. In the context of urban development, neoliberal policies often result in privatization, gentrification, and social inequalities.
The carceral complex refers to the expansion of the prison-industrial complex under neoliberalism. Harvey discusses how the state, as part of neoliberal governance, increasingly relies on incarceration as a means of social control. This leads to the proliferation of prisons, the militarization of policing, and the criminalization of marginalized communities.
In summary, David Harvey's work on Fordism, the transition to flexible accumulation, racial capitalism, and the impacts of neoliberalism on cities provides a Marxist perspective on how economic systems shape urban landscapes, social relations, and power structures. His analyses contribute to understanding the historical and contemporary dynamics of capitalism and its effects on both economic and social aspects of urban life.
Fordism - The Model-T, 1908-1927
The Fordist production model, exemplified by the development of the Model-T from 1908 to 1927, represents a significant era in industrial and economic history. Here are key elements of Fordism and its connection to the Model-T:
Assembly Line and Mass Production:
One of the hallmarks of Fordism is the implementation of the assembly line in manufacturing processes. The assembly line, introduced by Henry Ford and his team, revolutionized the production of the Model-T. Instead of individual workers completing entire tasks, assembly line production involved each worker specializing in a specific, repetitive task. This dramatically increased the speed and efficiency of production.
Efficiency and Cost Reduction:
The assembly line allowed for a much faster and more efficient production process. With each worker focused on a specific task and the continuous flow of materials, cars could be produced at a much higher rate. This increased efficiency led to a significant reduction in the cost of manufacturing each unit.
Economies of Scale:
Mass production on the assembly line led to economies of scale. Producing a larger volume of cars allowed for cost savings in terms of materials, labor, and time. As the quantity of production increased, the cost per unit decreased, making cars more affordable to a broader market.
Taylorism and Scientific Management:
Fordism was complemented by principles of Taylorism, named after Frederick W. Taylor. Taylorism involved the scientific study of work processes to identify the most efficient ways of performing tasks. This scientific approach aimed to maximize productivity and minimize waste, aligning with the assembly line's goals.
Huge Physical Plants:
The success of Fordism, particularly the assembly line production of the Model-T, required massive physical plants. These facilities were designed to accommodate the sequential and specialized nature of assembly line production. The sheer scale of production necessitated extensive and well-organized manufacturing facilities.
Impact on Industry and Society:
The Fordist model of production not only transformed the automotive industry but also had a profound impact on industrial practices across various sectors. The principles of mass production, efficiency, and cost reduction influenced manufacturing practices worldwide. The affordability of the Model-T, in particular, contributed to the widespread adoption of automobiles and the transformation of transportation and urban landscapes.
In summary, the Model-T and the era of Fordism marked a revolutionary shift in industrial production, with the assembly line becoming a symbol of efficient mass production. The principles of Fordism and Taylorism had a lasting impact on manufacturing and influenced subsequent developments in industrial organization and management practices.
Fordist compromise: national capitalism
The Fordist compromise, associated with national capitalism, represents a particular socioeconomic arrangement that emerged during the mid-20th century, particularly in the aftermath of World War II. Here are key elements related to the Fordist compromise:
National Capitalism and Fordist Compromise:
The Fordist compromise refers to a set of social and economic arrangements characterized by a close relationship between capital and labor. This model emerged as a way to address social and economic tensions by creating a compromise between capital owners (businesses) and the working class. It is often associated with the economic policies and practices prevalent during the mid-20th century.
Economies of Scale:
Fordism emphasized economies of scale, wherein large-scale production led to cost efficiencies. The idea was that producing goods on a massive scale would result in lower production costs per unit, making products more affordable for a wider consumer base.
Vertical and Horizontal Integration:
Vertical integration involves the ownership and control of different stages of the production process, from raw materials to the finished product. Horizontal integration, on the other hand, involves owning and controlling various enterprises at the same stage of production or distribution. Fordist practices often involved both vertical and horizontal integration, contributing to centralized and efficient production processes.
National Industrial City and Detroit:
The Fordist compromise often manifested in the development of national industrial cities, with Detroit being a prominent example. Detroit became a symbol of economic power due to its concentration of automotive manufacturing. The city's growth and prosperity were closely tied to the success of the Fordist model in the automotive industry.
Mass Society and Mass Consumption:
Fordism is associated with the development of mass societies characterized by large-scale industrialization and mass production. This model facilitated mass consumption by making products more affordable for a broader segment of the population, leading to an increase in the standard of living for many.
Keynesian Economics:
Keynesian economics, associated with the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, played a crucial role in the Fordist compromise. Keynes argued for government intervention in the economy to manage demand and stabilize economic fluctuations. The emphasis on higher wages as a means to stimulate demand and maintain economic stability was part of the Keynesian approach.
Higher Wages and Economic Stability:
Keynesian economics promoted the idea that higher wages were beneficial for the economy. By ensuring that workers had more disposable income, it was believed that they would contribute to increased demand for goods and services, thereby fostering economic stability and growth.
In summary, the Fordist compromise represents a historical moment characterized by a close collaboration between capital and labor, with practices such as economies of scale, integration, and Keynesian economic policies shaping the development of national industrial cities and mass societies. The Fordist model had a profound impact on economic and social structures during a specific period in the 20th century.
Big Science and the Baby Boomers
The period following World War II witnessed a unique confluence of factors that contributed to significant economic and scientific developments in North America, particularly in the United States. The post-WWII era, often associated with the Baby Boomers generation, saw a boom in manufacturing potential, massive scientific advancements, and the emergence of what is referred to as "Big Science." Here are key elements of this historical context:
Post-WWII Economic Boom:
The conclusion of World War II marked the beginning of a substantial economic boom in North America, particularly in the United States. The war had stimulated industrial production, and the post-war period saw a surge in demand for goods and services.
Manufacturing Potential:
The manufacturing sector experienced tremendous growth during the post-WWII period. The war effort had spurred technological advancements, and the transition to peacetime production allowed industries to harness these innovations for civilian purposes. The increased manufacturing potential contributed to economic prosperity.
Massive Scientific Development:
The post-WWII era was characterized by unprecedented scientific and technological advancements. The war had accelerated research and development efforts, leading to breakthroughs in various scientific fields. This era witnessed the rapid expansion of knowledge in physics, chemistry, biology, and other disciplines.
Big Science and Atomic Bomb Research:
"Big Science" refers to large-scale scientific endeavors that require significant resources, both financial and human. One notable aspect of Big Science during this period was the allocation of substantial funds to scientific research, particularly for the development of atomic bombs. The Manhattan Project, which produced the first nuclear weapons during WWII, is a quintessential example of Big Science.
Military-Industrial Complex:
The collaboration between scientific research, industry, and the military gave rise to what President Dwight D. Eisenhower termed the "military-industrial complex." This complex involved close ties between the defense industry, scientific research institutions, and the government, shaping the trajectory of technological and scientific developments.
Mass Consumption:
The economic prosperity and the availability of new technologies led to a rise in mass consumption during the post-WWII period. The Baby Boomers, born in the years following the war, were part of a generation that grew up in an era of increasing affluence, characterized by a higher standard of living and greater access to consumer goods.
Technological Spin-offs:
Scientific developments and research funded for military purposes often had civilian applications. The technological spin-offs from military and scientific research contributed to the growth of industries beyond defense, influencing fields such as electronics, telecommunications, and aerospace.
In summary, the post-WWII period in North America, with the Baby Boomers generation at its core, was marked by an economic boom, scientific progress, and the emergence of Big Science. The link between scientific research, the military, and the economy played a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of the era, contributing to both technological advancements and the rise of mass consumption.
Herbert Gans (1967) The Levittowners Levittown, New Jersey
Herbert Gans's work "The Levittowners" (1967) provides a sociological examination of Levittown, New Jersey, a suburb developed after World War II. Levittown is considered a quintessential example of post-war suburbanization. Here are key aspects of Gans's observations:
Post-WWII Housing Development:
Levittown, New Jersey, was developed to accommodate the housing needs of returning veterans from World War II. The GI Bill played a crucial role in providing financial support for mortgage payments, making homeownership more accessible to a larger population.
GI Bill and Prefabricated Housing:
The GI Bill facilitated the financing of homes, and Levittown saw the use of prefabricated housing techniques to expedite construction. This allowed for the quick and efficient mass production of homes to meet the demand of the returning war veterans.
Suburban Lifestyle and the Automobile:
Suburban development, including Levittown, was closely tied to the rise of automobile culture. The suburbs were designed with an emphasis on car-centric living, as families could commute to work and access amenities more easily with personal vehicles.
Housing Design and Private Spaces:
Gans highlights specific features of Levittown houses, such as yards and picture windows, which represented a significant departure from the urban living conditions experienced by many residents before. The design of the houses often turned away from the street, focusing more on the backyard, reorganizing private space for the suburban residents.
Contrast with "Life on the Street":
Gans's reference to "Life on the Street" suggests a departure from the street-oriented urban sociologist William Julius Wilson. In contrast to urban neighborhoods where life often revolves around public spaces and street interactions, Levittown's design emphasized private spaces and a suburban lifestyle.
Discriminatory Practices:
Gans highlights the discriminatory practices in Levittown, including the exclusion of applications from Black and Jewish individuals. This exclusion was often enforced through mechanisms like redlining and restrictive covenants, reflecting the racial and religious biases prevalent during the period.
Gans's work on Levittown contributes to the understanding of suburbanization trends, the impact of housing policies, and the sociological implications of post-war developments. Levittown serves as a case study that encapsulates broader societal changes, including the shift to suburban living, changes in housing design, and discriminatory practices in housing allocation.
Cedric Robinson on racial capitalism race versus class?
Cedric Robinson, a historian and political theorist, is known for his influential work on racial capitalism, particularly his book "Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition." Robinson challenges traditional Marxist analyses by emphasizing the centrality of race in understanding the development of capitalism. Here are key points related to Cedric Robinson's perspective on racial capitalism:
Racial Contours of Capitalism:
Robinson's concept of racial capitalism argues that racialization is integral to the functioning of capitalism. He contends that capitalism, from its historical origins, has been entwined with racial hierarchies and distinctions. It's not just a system of economic exploitation but also a system that incorporates racial divisions and inequalities.
Critique of Universalism:
Robinson criticizes the idea that a racial critique of capitalism should be subordinate to a more universal critique. This critique is directed at the tendency to prioritize class analysis over race or to treat race as a mere byproduct of class dynamics. Robinson argues for the importance of recognizing and analyzing the racial dimensions of capitalism in their own right.
Historical Context:
Robinson's work often explores the historical development of racial capitalism, highlighting how racial categories and distinctions have been fundamental to the establishment and maintenance of capitalist systems. His analysis extends beyond economic relationships to encompass the cultural, social, and political dimensions of racialized capitalism.
Black Radical Tradition:
Robinson's "Black Marxism" delves into the Black Radical Tradition, emphasizing the historical agency of Black people in resistance to racial capitalism. He traces the development of Black radical thought and activism as a distinct tradition that challenges both capitalist exploitation and racial oppression.
Intersectionality of Race and Class:
Robinson's work doesn't dismiss class analysis but emphasizes the need to understand the intersectionality of race and class. He argues that a comprehensive understanding of capitalism requires recognizing how racial dynamics intersect with and shape class relations.
Mistake to Separate Race and Class:
The quote by Destin Jenkins and Justin Leroy, referring to the mistake of talking about class without considering race, aligns with Robinson's perspective. Separating race and class in analyses of capitalism, according to Robinson, obscures the ways in which racial hierarchies are foundational to capitalist structures.
In summary, Cedric Robinson's contributions to the concept of racial capitalism emphasize the intertwined nature of race and capitalism throughout history. He challenges the idea that race should be subordinated to class in analyses of capitalism, advocating for an understanding of the racial contours of the capitalist system.
Africville Film: urban renewal
The reference to Africville and urban renewal likely pertains to the historical and social dynamics surrounding Africville, a predominantly African Nova Scotian community in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The experiences of Africville reflect broader issues related to racial discrimination, socioeconomic disparities, and the impacts of urban renewal policies. Here are key points related to the Africville film and its portrayal of urban renewal:
Labeling as a Slum Settlement:
Africville was often stigmatized and labeled as a slum settlement by authorities, contributing to the marginalization of its residents. Such labels were used to justify urban renewal initiatives that sought to transform or eradicate perceived blighted areas.
Lack of City Services:
Despite being a long-standing community, Africville did not receive adequate city services. The lack of essential services, such as proper sanitation and infrastructure, reflected systemic neglect and racial disparities in municipal governance.
Self-Created Housing:
Residents of Africville had built their homes and community infrastructure themselves. This self-sufficiency and community building were a response to both systemic neglect and the resilience of the residents in creating a sense of place.
Social Capital but No Symbolic Capital:
The term "social capital" typically refers to the social networks and relationships within a community. However, the mention of "no symbolic capital" likely suggests a lack of recognition, representation, or cultural value attributed to Africville by the broader society or authorities.
Government Disposition and Creation of a Park:
Urban renewal efforts, often initiated by government authorities, targeted areas like Africville for redevelopment. In some cases, this involved displacing existing communities. In the case of Africville, the government decided to dismantle the community and transform the area into Seaview Memorial Park. This act of disposition had profound consequences for the residents.
Displacement and Urban Renewal:
The displacement of Africville is emblematic of broader urban renewal practices that occurred in many cities worldwide during the mid-20th century. Often, these initiatives disproportionately affected low-income and minority communities, leading to the loss of homes, social networks, and cultural heritage.
The story of Africville is a poignant example of the social, economic, and racial injustices associated with urban renewal policies. The dispossession and destruction of Africville had lasting impacts on its residents, reflecting a historical pattern of systemic discrimination and neglect in urban planning and development.
Watts riots in 1965
The Watts riots, also known as the Watts Rebellion, occurred in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles in 1965 and played a significant role in the broader context of the Civil Rights Movement. Here are key points regarding the Watts riots and their connection to the Civil Rights Movement:
Background and Context:
The Watts neighborhood was predominantly African American and faced long-standing issues such as poverty, high unemployment rates, and police brutality. The social and economic conditions in Watts were reflective of broader racial inequalities and discrimination.
Civil Rights Movement:
The 1960s was a turbulent period marked by the Civil Rights Movement, which sought to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. The movement aimed for legal and social equality, with landmark events such as the March on Washington in 1963 and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Triggering Incident:
The Watts riots were sparked by a specific incident on August 11, 1965, when Marquette Frye, an African American motorist, was arrested by a white California Highway Patrol officer for suspicion of driving under the influence. The arrest escalated into a confrontation, leading to protests and, eventually, widespread violence.
Social and Economic Discontent:
The riots were not only a reaction to the specific incident but also a manifestation of deep-seated social and economic discontent within the African American community. Residents of Watts faced systemic racism, economic marginalization, and a lack of access to quality education and employment opportunities.
Police Brutality and Mistrust:
The Watts riots underscored the issue of police brutality and the mistrust between the African American community and law enforcement. The incident involving Marquette Frye was seen as a symbol of the broader problem of racial profiling and police violence.
Impact on Urban Policy:
The Watts riots had a lasting impact on urban policy discussions. The unrest drew attention to the conditions of inner-city neighborhoods and prompted conversations about the need for comprehensive social and economic reforms.
Broader Unrest:
The Watts riots were part of a broader trend of civil unrest during the 1960s, including riots in cities like Detroit and Newark. These events highlighted the urgency of addressing racial inequalities and social injustices.
Long-Term Effects:
The Watts riots contributed to a heightened awareness of the systemic issues affecting African American communities. While they were a moment of upheaval, they also spurred discussions and actions aimed at addressing the root causes of racial disparities.
In summary, the Watts riots of 1965 were a response to not only a specific incident of police brutality but also to the broader socio-economic inequalities faced by the African American community. The riots served as a catalyst for increased attention to urban issues, police reform, and a renewed commitment to addressing racial injustice within the context of the Civil Rights Movement.
Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961)
Jane Jacobs's "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," published in 1961, is a seminal work in urban studies that critiques prevailing urban planning and promotes a more community-oriented approach to city life. The connection to William Whyte and the Spadina Expressway is significant within the context of Jacobs's activism and her influence on urban planning debates.
Jane Jacobs's Urban Activism:
Jane Jacobs was a journalist, author, and activist who championed community-based urban planning. In her book, she criticized modernist urban renewal policies that favored large-scale development projects, like slum clearance and expressways, arguing that they undermined the social fabric of neighborhoods.
William Whyte and "The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces:"
William H. Whyte, an urbanist and sociologist, was associated with the Rockefeller Foundation and conducted influential studies on public spaces. His work, particularly "The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces," emphasized the importance of observing how people use and interact in public spaces. Whyte's ideas aligned with Jacobs's emphasis on the organic, community-driven nature of urban life.
Spadina Expressway Controversy:
The Spadina Expressway controversy unfolded in Toronto during the 1960s, and it became a focal point of Jane Jacobs's activism. The proposed expressway was part of a larger urban renewal plan that involved demolishing existing neighborhoods to make way for highways.
Community Opposition:
Jane Jacobs, along with other activists, vehemently opposed the construction of the Spadina Expressway. They argued that it would disrupt established communities, lead to increased traffic congestion, and contribute to the decline of the urban environment. Jacobs's activism in this context was rooted in her belief in the importance of preserving the organic, intricate social dynamics of neighborhoods.
Legacy and Impact:
The activism against the Spadina Expressway became a significant chapter in the history of urban planning and community-led movements. Jane Jacobs's influence, combined with the ideas of William Whyte, contributed to a shift in urban planning paradigms, emphasizing the importance of preserving existing communities, promoting mixed-use development, and recognizing the social aspects of city life.
Influence on Urban Planning:
The Spadina Expressway controversy, along with Jacobs's broader critiques in "The Death and Life of Great American Cities," had a lasting impact on urban planning. It contributed to a reconsideration of top-down, large-scale urban renewal projects in favor of more participatory and community-focused approaches.
In summary, Jane Jacobs's connection to William Whyte and their shared emphasis on observing and preserving the social dynamics of urban spaces is evident in their influence on the opposition to the Spadina Expressway. This activism became a pivotal moment in the history of urban planning, highlighting the importance of community input and the human-scale approach to city development.
Why is it always about race?
paying attention to processes of social differentiation in the city
intersectionality
how the city amplifies differences
Urban aboriginals: another marked category
Yale Belanger's work, particularly "Urban Aboriginal Youth in Winnipeg: Culture and Identity Formation in Cities," explores the experiences of Indigenous people, specifically youth, when they move from reserves to urban environments. Here are key points related to housing, identity formation, and historical challenges such as the pass system:
Urban Aboriginals and Housing:
Belanger's focus on housing for Indigenous people in urban areas, particularly in Winnipeg, speaks to the challenges faced by individuals and families as they navigate the urban landscape. Housing issues, including affordability and accessibility, are crucial factors influencing the experiences of Indigenous individuals in cities.
Identity Formation in Cities:
The title "Urban Aboriginal Youth in Winnipeg: Culture and Identity Formation in Cities" suggests a focus on how Indigenous individuals, especially the youth, navigate their cultural identity within the urban context. Moving from reserves to cities often involves a negotiation of traditional cultural practices, values, and community connections in a different environment.
Displacement and Change in City:
Belanger likely explores how the experience of moving to Winnipeg impacts Indigenous individuals' sense of self and community. The urban environment may present both opportunities and challenges, influencing the ways in which they identify with their cultural heritage while adapting to the city's dynamics.
Pass System and Historical Dispossession:
The mention of the pass system indicates an awareness of historical injustices faced by Indigenous people. The pass system was a historical policy used to control the movement of Indigenous individuals by requiring a pass to leave the reserve. Understanding this historical context is crucial for comprehending the legacy of dispossession and containment experienced by Indigenous communities (keeping them in the reserve) .
Dispossession and Containment:
Indigenous people have historically faced dispossession of their lands and containment within reserves. The pass system was one of the mechanisms used to control Indigenous mobility. This historical context contributes to understanding the broader challenges and systemic barriers faced by Indigenous individuals, even as they migrate to urban areas.
Complexity of Urban Indigenous Experiences:
The study likely delves into the complexities of urban Indigenous experiences. While cities offer opportunities, they also present challenges related to cultural preservation, discrimination, and access to services. Understanding the nuanced ways in which Indigenous youth navigate these complexities is crucial for informing policies and initiatives that support their well-being.
In summary, Yale Belanger's work on Urban Aboriginal Youth in Winnipeg sheds light on the multifaceted experiences of Indigenous individuals, particularly youth, as they navigate housing, cultural identity formation, and the historical challenges of dispossession and containment, including the impact of the pass system.
Right to the City Henri LeFebrve (1968)
Henri Lefebvre's concept of the "Right to the City," articulated in his work of the same name in 1968, explores the idea that urban spaces should be accessible and equitable for all residents. The concept challenges the idea that cities are primarily shaped by economic forces and highlights the importance of social justice and citizens' rights in urban development. Here's how it relates to the experiences of Indigenous people, particularly women, in cities:
Right to the City:
Lefebvre's notion of the Right to the City emphasizes the idea that urban spaces should be inclusive and accessible to everyone. It calls for the democratization of urban life, where citizens have the right to actively participate in shaping the city's social, cultural, and political aspects.
Indigenous People in Cities:
Indigenous people, including women, often face unique challenges in urban environments. The Right to the City framework acknowledges the importance of recognizing and addressing the specific needs and rights of Indigenous communities within urban spaces.
Violence Against Indigenous Women:
The mention of violence against Indigenous women within cities highlights a critical issue. Indigenous women may be disproportionately affected by violence, discrimination, and systemic inequalities in urban settings. The Right to the City concept would advocate for a safe and just urban environment for everyone, addressing and preventing violence against Indigenous women.
Marginalization and Exclusion:
Lefebvre's framework underscores the importance of challenging the marginalization and exclusion of certain groups from urban spaces. Indigenous people have historically experienced dispossession, displacement, and exclusion, both in rural and urban settings. The Right to the City seeks to confront and rectify these injustices.
Participation in Urban Life:
Indigenous people, like all citizens, should have the right to actively participate in shaping the social, cultural, and political life of the city. This includes having a voice in decision-making processes that affect their communities and ensuring that urban policies are inclusive and respectful of diverse cultural backgrounds.
Intersectionality:
The intersectionality of Indigenous identity and gender is crucial to understanding the specific challenges faced by Indigenous women in cities. The Right to the City framework encourages an intersectional approach, recognizing that various aspects of identity contribute to unique experiences in urban spaces.
In summary, Henri Lefebvre's concept of the Right to the City aligns with the need for inclusive and equitable urban environments. When applied to the experiences of Indigenous people, particularly women, it emphasizes addressing historical injustices, promoting participation in urban life, and challenging violence and discrimination to create cities that respect the rights and dignity of all residents.
Owen Toews
Owen Toews, based on the topics you've mentioned—racial capitalism, settler colonialism, accumulation by dispossession, and serial dispossession—likely engages with critical perspectives on the intersections of race, capitalism, and colonialism.
Racial Capitalism:
Racial capitalism refers to the interconnection between racial oppression and capitalist economic systems. This framework examines how racial hierarchies and discrimination are not separate from but integral to capitalist structures. It highlights how capitalism has historically exploited and marginalized certain racial groups for economic gain.
Settler Colonialism:
Settler colonialism refers to a form of colonization in which settlers, often from a foreign land, establish a new society on indigenous territories. This process involves the dispossession of Indigenous peoples from their lands, the imposition of new governance structures, and the transformation of the landscape to serve settler interests.
Accumulation by Dispossession:
Accumulation by dispossession is a concept associated with Marxist geographer David Harvey. It describes the process by which capital is accumulated through the forced displacement, dispossession, and privatization of resources or assets, often impacting marginalized communities. This can include the privatization of public goods, such as land, water, or natural resources.
Serial Dispossession:
Serial dispossession extends the idea of accumulation by dispossession by emphasizing its repetitive and cyclical nature. In the context of settler colonialism, it suggests that dispossession is not a one-time event but an ongoing process where Indigenous peoples face repeated incidents of land loss and resource expropriation.
pushed to the edge to make space for others
By engaging with these concepts, Owen Toews may be examining the ways in which historical and contemporary processes of racial capitalism and settler colonialism perpetuate cycles of dispossession. This could involve analyzing how Indigenous communities experience ongoing land loss, economic exploitation, and structural inequality within the framework of global capitalism.
Toews might explore the ways in which capitalism and settler colonialism intersect to shape the socio-economic conditions of Indigenous communities. Additionally, the concept of serial dispossession suggests a recognition of historical patterns of land appropriation and resource extraction that persist over time.
Patrick Wolfe
Patrick Wolfe was an influential historian and scholar known for his work on settler colonialism and the relationship between colonial powers and Indigenous populations. One of his key concepts is the idea of "the elimination of the native," which he explored in the context of settler colonial societies. Here are some key points related to Patrick Wolfe's ideas:
1) racial capitalism 2) settler colonialism 3) accumulation by dispossession 4) serial dispossession
Elimination of the Native:
Wolfe's concept of the elimination of the native refers to a historical and ongoing process in settler colonial contexts where Indigenous populations face not just dispossession of land but, in some cases, physical and cultural extermination. This goes beyond displacement and involves structural violence and attempts to eradicate Indigenous identities and lifeways.
Repetition of Colonial Logic:
The reference to the repetition of colonial logic suggests that the processes of settler colonialism are not isolated events but are ingrained in the colonial structure. The logic of coloniality, including dispossession and elimination, can persist and be repeated over time as part of the ongoing dynamics of settler colonial societies.
Railroad Construction and Dispossession:
The mention of having to build a railroad as a factor leading to dispossession highlights the historical link between infrastructure development and the colonization of Indigenous lands. Railroad construction often involved taking Indigenous territories, leading to the dispossession of their lands and disruption of their ways of life.
Settler Colonialism as a Reproductive Structure:
Wolfe argued that settler colonialism is not just a historical event but a "reproductive structure" that persists through time. The logic and mechanisms of settler colonialism can be reproduced in different contexts and eras, affecting Indigenous populations continuously.
Ongoing Impact:
Wolfe's work underscores the ongoing impact of settler colonialism on Indigenous communities. The processes of elimination and dispossession have enduring consequences that extend beyond the initial encounters between settlers and Indigenous peoples.
Structural Violence:
Wolfe's analysis often included a focus on structural violence—the ways in which colonial structures and policies perpetuate harm to Indigenous communities. This violence can be physical, cultural, and economic, contributing to the broader impact of settler colonialism.
Wolfe's contributions to the understanding of settler colonialism emphasize the deep-rooted and enduring nature of these processes, illustrating how the logic of coloniality can persist and repeat itself over time. His work encourages a critical examination of historical and contemporary manifestations of settler colonialism and its impact on Indigenous populations.
Winnipeg 1919 General Strike and Rooster Town
The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 and the history of Rooster Town in Winnipeg illustrate important aspects of urban development, labor movements, and the impact on Indigenous communities. Understanding these events in the broader context helps shed light on the dynamics of settler colonialism, urbanization, and the socio-economic challenges faced by Indigenous populations. Here are some key connections:
Winnipeg General Strike (1919):
The Winnipeg General Strike was a significant event in Canadian history where workers from various industries, including trade unions, went on strike to demand better wages and working conditions. The strike had broad implications for labor movements and political dynamics in Canada.
Urbanization and Indigenous Displacement:
Urbanization processes, including industrialization and population growth in cities like Winnipeg, often resulted in the displacement of Indigenous communities. As cities expanded, Indigenous people were often pushed to the edges, experiencing dispossession and the loss of traditional lands.
Rooster Town:
Rooster Town was a shantytown on the outskirts of Winnipeg that emerged in the early to mid-20th century. It became home to a diverse population, including Indigenous residents, many of whom were displaced from their original lands due to various factors, including urban development.
Settler Colonial Dynamics:
The displacement of Indigenous populations to the outskirts of cities reflects the broader settler colonial dynamics at play. Settler societies often imposed their structures on Indigenous lands, leading to the marginalization and containment of Indigenous communities on the fringes of urban spaces.
Economic Injustice and Labor Movements:
The Winnipeg General Strike was a response to economic injustice and labor exploitation. While the strike itself was not directly related to Indigenous issues, the broader context of economic inequalities and labor movements intersected with the challenges faced by Indigenous communities on the urban periphery.
Structural Inequality and Discrimination:
Indigenous populations on the edges of cities often faced structural inequality and discrimination. This could include inadequate access to services, housing, and employment opportunities. The intersection of labor struggles and Indigenous displacement highlights the broader social and economic challenges in urban settings.
Impact on Indigenous Livelihoods:
The expansion of cities and the development of industrial areas could disrupt traditional Indigenous livelihoods. Displacement to the outskirts could sever connections to traditional lands and resources, impacting Indigenous ways of life and contributing to social and economic hardships.
Understanding the Winnipeg General Strike and the history of Rooster Town within the broader context of settler colonialism, urbanization, and labor movements provides insights into the interconnected challenges faced by diverse communities, including Indigenous populations. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing the historical and ongoing impacts of urban development on Indigenous lives and livelihoods.
David Harvey on the shift to flexible accumulation
David Harvey, a Marxist geographer and social theorist, has contributed significantly to the understanding of capitalism, urbanization, and economic geography. Here's a brief overview of his concepts related to the shift to flexible accumulation, global cities, late capitalism, post-modern capitalism, finance capitalism, neoliberal capital, and neoliberalism:
From Fordism to Flexible Accumulation
Shift to Flexible Accumulation:
In his influential work "The Condition of Postmodernity," Harvey discusses the shift from Fordist modes of production to flexible accumulation. Flexible accumulation emphasizes a more nimble and decentralized form of production, characterized by increased mobility of capital, flexible labor markets, and the rise of service-based economies.
Global Cities:
Harvey explores the concept of global cities, which are key nodes in the global economic network. These cities play a crucial role in facilitating the flow of capital, information, and services on a global scale. They are often characterized by their concentration of financial institutions, multinational corporations, and specialized service industries.
Late Capitalism:
The term "late capitalism" is used by Harvey to describe the current stage of capitalist development. It reflects the historical trajectory of capitalism beyond earlier stages, such as industrial capitalism. Late capitalism is marked by shifts in production methods, changes in the role of the state, and the dominance of finance capital.
Post-Modern Capitalism:
Harvey engages with the idea of post-modern capitalism, where cultural and economic changes intertwine. Post-modern capitalism is characterized by a blurring of boundaries, fragmentation, and the commodification of culture. Harvey analyzes how these cultural shifts are intertwined with economic processes.
Finance Capitalism:
Harvey explores the rise of finance capitalism, emphasizing the growing importance of financial markets in shaping economic dynamics. In this context, the financialization of capital becomes a central feature, with the dominance of finance influencing investment, production, and economic policies.
Neoliberal Capital and Neoliberalism:
Harvey is known for his critiques of neoliberalism, an economic and political philosophy emphasizing free-market principles, deregulation, privatization, and reduced state intervention. Neoliberal capital, in this context, refers to the dominance of neoliberal policies in shaping economic structures and influencing social relations.
Spatial Fix and Capital Accumulation:
Harvey introduces the concept of "spatial fix" to describe how capitalism deals with crises by reorganizing space, whether through urban development, regional expansion, or globalization. This process helps sustain capital accumulation by finding new opportunities for investment and growth.
Social changes that challenge Fordism
Social Movements:
Civil Rights Movement: The Civil Rights Movement in the United States and similar movements globally challenged racial segregation and discrimination. The struggle for civil rights aimed at dismantling systemic inequalities and promoting social justice.
Second Wave Feminism: The Second Wave Feminist movement sought to address gender inequalities and advocate for women's rights. It challenged traditional gender roles and norms, influencing societal attitudes and expectations.
Capital’s Crises:
Economic crises, including periods of rising wages, dropping profits, and the relocation of capital offshore, challenged the economic underpinnings of Fordism. Capital sought more flexible and cost-effective production methods.
Resistance to Regulation and Labour Union Power:
Capital sought to resist regulations and the influence of labor unions that characterized the Fordist era. There was a push for more flexibility in labor relations and production processes.
End of Colonial Era in the Global South:
The end of the colonial era in much of the global south saw countries gaining independence. This had profound economic and geopolitical implications, as these nations sought to assert control over their resources and development.
Urban Renewal and White Flight to Suburbs:
Urban renewal projects transformed cities, often leading to the displacement of communities. Simultaneously, white flight to the suburbs reshaped urban demographics and contributed to the development of suburban lifestyles.
New technologies and communications
New Technologies and Communications:
Advances in technology, particularly in information and communication technologies, played a crucial role. The advent of computers, telecommunications, and the internet transformed the way information was processed, shared, and accessed.
Space-Time Compression (Harvey):
David Harvey's concept of space-time compression describes the shrinking of space and time due to technological advancements. The world felt smaller as information and communication technologies allowed for rapid connections and exchanges across distances.
Global Integration and 24/7 Markets:
The integration of global markets and the emergence of 24/7 trading, exemplified by continuous financial markets, allowed for constant economic activity. This global integration facilitated the flow of capital, goods, and information across borders.
Rapid Communication Between Dispersed Sites of Production:
Technologies facilitated rapid communication between geographically dispersed sites of production. This segmentation of the production process allowed for more specialized and decentralized modes of production.
These social changes and economic shifts collectively contributed to the transition away from the Fordist model, leading to a more flexible and globally interconnected economic system often characterized as post-Fordist or flexible accumulation. This era is marked by greater emphasis on information, communication, and the globalization of economic activities.