APUSH pd 7 vocab

Alfred Thayer Mahan – A naval strategist and author of "The Influence of Sea Power upon History" (1890), Mahan argued that control of the seas was crucial for global dominance, influencing U.S. foreign policy, particularly imperialism and the construction of a modern navy.

Queen Liliuokalani – The last monarch of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani was overthrown in 1893 by a group of American businessmen and sugar planters, leading to Hawaii’s annexation by the U.S. in 1898.

Pan-American Conference – A series of meetings beginning in 1889, designed to promote cooperation and trade among the nations of the Western Hemisphere, initiated by the U.S. to foster better relations in the Americas.

Jingoism – A term referring to extreme nationalism and a desire for aggressive foreign policy, often leading to imperialist actions, especially prominent during the Spanish-American War.

Cuban Revolt – The Cuban War of Independence (1895-1898) against Spanish rule, which garnered U.S. sympathy and led to the Spanish-American War after the explosion of the USS Maine.

Yellow Journalism – Sensationalist and often exaggerated news reporting, popularized by newspaper magnates William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, which helped stir public support for war with Spain.

De Lome Letter – A 1898 letter written by Spanish diplomat Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, which insulted President McKinley and fueled U.S. outrage, contributing to the Spanish-American War.

Teller Amendment – A 1898 amendment to the U.S. declaration of war against Spain, stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba but would help it gain independence.

Platt Amendment – A 1901 amendment that restricted Cuba's sovereignty, allowing the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs and establishing a U.S. naval base at Guantanamo Bay.

Sphere of Influence – A region where a foreign power exerts economic or political control, often seen in the context of China and the U.S. during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

George Dewey – U.S. naval officer who led the U.S. Navy to a decisive victory over the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War in 1898.

Emilio Aguinaldo – Leader of the Filipino independence movement against both Spain and later the U.S. After the Spanish-American War, he led a rebellion against American colonial rule in the Philippines.

Rough Riders – A volunteer cavalry regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War, known for its charge up San Juan Hill in Cuba.

Hawaii – Annexed by the U.S. in 1898, Hawaii became a strategic military location and a key economic site, particularly for the sugar trade.

Theodore Roosevelt – 26th President of the U.S. (1901-1909), known for his progressive reforms, the Panama Canal project, and foreign policy initiatives like the Roosevelt Corollary and the "Big Stick" diplomacy.

Open Door Policy – A U.S. policy, proposed by Secretary of State John Hay in 1899, aimed at ensuring equal trading rights for all nations in China, opposing imperial divisions of China by European powers.

Boxer Rebellion – A 1900 uprising in China against foreign influence, leading to intervention by a coalition of eight nations, including the U.S.

Panama Canal – A massive engineering project completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, significantly enhancing U.S. naval and commercial power. The U.S. took control of the canal zone after supporting Panama’s independence from Colombia.

William Howard Taft – 27th President (1909-1913) known for his policy of "Dollar Diplomacy," which sought to promote U.S. interests in Latin America and Asia through economic influence rather than military intervention.

Dollar Diplomacy – A policy of promoting U.S. financial interests abroad, particularly in Latin America and East Asia, under President Taft, often involving the use of American investments to further U.S. influence.

Roosevelt Corollary – An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, declared by Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, asserting that the U.S. would intervene in Latin America to stabilize the region and prevent European intervention.

Russo-Japanese War – A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan over control of Manchuria and Korea. Roosevelt mediated the peace treaty, earning the Nobel Peace Prize.

Puerto Rico – Acquired by the U.S. from Spain after the Spanish-American War in 1898. It became an unincorporated U.S. territory, with its residents granted U.S. citizenship in 1917.

Woodrow Wilson – 28th President (1913-1921), known for his leadership during World War I, the creation of the League of Nations, and his "Moral Diplomacy" foreign policy.

Moral Diplomacy – Wilson’s foreign policy approach, which emphasized the promotion of human rights, democracy, and moral progress abroad, in contrast to the more pragmatic or imperialistic policies of previous presidents.

Pragmatism – A philosophical approach, particularly associated with William James and John Dewey, which stressed practical outcomes and the importance of addressing real-world problems over abstract ideals.

Ida Tarbell – A leading muckraker journalist whose 1904 exposé of the Standard Oil Company exposed the company’s monopolistic practices, contributing to the movement for antitrust regulation.

Jacob Riis – A muckraker and photojournalist, Riis highlighted the squalid living conditions of the urban poor in his 1890 book How the Other Half Lives, leading to social reforms.

Muckrakers – Journalists and writers in the early 20th century who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses of power, helping to fuel the Progressive Era reforms.

Florence Kelley – A social reformer who advocated for labor laws, particularly for women and children, and was a key figure in the movement to improve factory working conditions.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – A 1911 factory fire in New York City that killed 146 workers, highlighting dangerous working conditions and leading to labor reforms, including better fire safety regulations.

16th Amendment – Ratified in 1913, it authorized the federal government to collect an income tax, changing the revenue structure of the U.S. government.

17th Amendment – Ratified in 1913, it allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators by the people, rather than by state legislatures, to reduce corruption and increase democratic participation.

18th Amendment – Ratified in 1919, it instituted Prohibition, making the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages illegal in the U.S., though it was later repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

Square Deal – Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program aimed at balancing the needs of businesses, workers, and consumers, focusing on conservation, controlling corporations, and protecting consumers.

Mann-Elkins Act – A 1910 law that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by increasing its authority to regulate railroads and telecommunications.

The Jungle – A 1906 novel by Upton Sinclair, exposing the harsh conditions and unsanitary practices in the meatpacking industry, leading to reforms in food safety laws, such as the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act.

“Bull Moose” Party – The Progressive Party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 after a split with the Republican Party, advocating for progressive reforms like women’s suffrage and social justice.

Booker T. Washington – An African American leader and educator who promoted vocational and industrial training for Black people as a means of improving their social and economic status.

W.E.B. Du Bois – A civil rights leader and co-founder of the NAACP, Du Bois advocated for higher education and political rights for African Americans and was critical of Booker T. Washington’s more conciliatory approach.

NAACP – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909, aimed at achieving civil rights and ending racial discrimination through legal challenges, public education, and advocacy.

Alice Paul – A suffragist and women’s rights activist, Paul played a pivotal role in securing the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote.

19th Amendment – Ratified in 1920, it granted women the right to vote, a major victory for the women’s suffrage movement.

Lusitania – A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, killing 128 Americans. The incident contributed to the U.S. entering World War I.

Preparedness – A policy promoted by President Wilson prior to U.S. involvement in World War I, advocating for military readiness in case the U.S. was drawn into the conflict.

Zimmerman Telegram – A 1917 German diplomatic communication to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S. in exchange for support in regaining lost territories. Its interception helped bring the U.S. into World War I.

John J. Pershing – U.S. general who led American Expeditionary Forces in World War I, playing a crucial role in the victory over Germany.

George Creel – Head of the U.S. Committee on Public Information during World War I, Creel was responsible for wartime propaganda to boost support for the war.

Bolsheviks – A socialist faction led by Vladimir Lenin that overthrew the Russian government in 1917, establishing a communist regime and pulling Russia out of World War I.

Fourteen Points – A set of principles outlined by President Wilson in 1918 as a basis for peace negotiations after World War I, advocating for self-determination, open diplomacy, and the creation of the League of Nations.

League of Nations – An international organization proposed by Wilson in his Fourteen Points, aimed at promoting peace and preventing future wars. The U.S. did not join, as the Senate rejected the Treaty of Versailles.

Henry Cabot Lodge - a U.S. senator and key Republican leader who strongly opposed the League of Nations and played a significant role in shaping American foreign policy during the early 20th century.

Self-determination- the principle that nations and peoples have the right to freely choose their own political status and determine their own form of government without external interference.

Reparations - compensatory payments or actions taken by a nation or group to make amends for past injustices, such as those inflicted through war, slavery, or colonization.

Mobilization - the process of preparing and organizing a nation's resources, including military forces and industry, for active service or war.

Liberty Bonds-war bonds sold by the U.S. government during World War I to raise funds for military expenses, encouraging citizens to invest in the war effort and support national defense.

Spanish Flu - influenza pandemic that spread globally in 1918-1919, infecting about one-third of the world's population and causing millions of deaths, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in history.

Schenck v United States- a Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for distributing anti-draft pamphlets during World War I, ruling that speech could be restricted if it posed a "clear and present danger" to national security.

Selective Service Act -authorized the U.S. government to draft men into military service during World War I, requiring all men aged 21 to 30 to register for potential conscription.

The Red Scare (1st)- a period of intense fear and suspicion of communism, anarchism, and radical leftist ideologies in the United States, driven by fears of revolution following the Russian Revolution and a series of labor strikes and bombings.

Palmer Raids-series of government-led actions, overseen by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, aimed at arresting and deporting suspected radicals, anarchists, and communists in the U.S. during the First Red Scare.

Nativism- the belief or policy that favors the interests and rights of native-born citizens over those of immigrants, often leading to discrimination and prejudice against foreign-born individuals.

Sacco & Vanzetti- two Italian immigrant anarchists who were convicted of murder in 1921, despite controversial evidence and claims of unfair trial procedures, leading to widespread protests and debates about prejudice and the justice system in the U.S.

The Great Migration- the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North and West between 1916 and 1970, seeking better economic opportunities and escaping racial discrimination and violence.

Fundamentalism - a religious movement or belief system that emphasizes a strict, literal interpretation of sacred texts and a resistance to modernist or progressive changes in society, often associated with conservative religious groups.

Traditionalism- the adherence to long-established customs, practices, and beliefs, often in opposition to modernity or change, emphasizing the preservation of cultural or religious traditions.

Henry Ford-an American industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, best known for revolutionizing automobile production with the introduction of assembly line manufacturing, making cars affordable for the average American.

Assembly Line Process-a manufacturing method where a product is assembled in a sequential manner as it moves along a conveyor belt, allowing for the mass production of goods at a faster rate and lower cost.

Art Deco-Art Deco was a popular design style in the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by bold geometric shapes, bright colors, luxurious materials, and an emphasis on modernity and glamour in architecture, fashion, and visual arts.

Charles Lindbergh-an American aviator who became famous for making the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight in 1927, from New York to Paris, in his aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis.

Modernism-a cultural, artistic, and literary movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that sought to break away from traditional forms and explore new perspectives, emphasizing innovation, experimentation, and a focus on contemporary life and individual experience.

Scopes Trial-aka."Scopes Monkey Trial," was a legal case in Tennessee where high school teacher John Scopes was tried for teaching evolution in violation of state law, highlighting the conflict between religious fundamentalism and modern science in America.

“Scarface” Al Capone- American gangster during the Prohibition era, leading a criminal empire involved in bootlegging, gambling, and violence in Chicago, and becoming one of the most infamous figures in organized crime history.

Margaret Sanger-American activist, nurse, and birth control advocate who founded the American Birth Control League (which later became Planned Parenthood), and played a key role in the fight for women's reproductive rights in the early 20th century.

Harlem Renaissance-a cultural, social, and artistic movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, New York, where African American writers, artists, musicians, and intellectuals celebrated black culture and explored themes of racial pride, identity, and social justice.

“Jazz Age”-a period in American history marked by the popularity of jazz music, cultural flourishing, and the emergence of a more liberated and modern social atmosphere, particularly in urban centers like New York and Chicago.

Marcus Garvey-a Jamaican-born political leader, publisher, and activist who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated for black nationalism, self-reliance, and the return of African Americans to Africa through his "Back to Africa" movement.

Warren G. Harding-the 29th President of the United States (1921-1923), known for his pro-business policies and the phrase "return to normalcy," but his administration was marred by scandals, most notably the Teapot Dome scandal, which involved corruption among his appointed officials.

“Return to Normalcy”-the campaign slogan of Warren G. Harding during the 1920 presidential election, promising a return to pre-World War I conditions, emphasizing stability, economic growth, and a reduction in government intervention after the disruptions of the war and the progressive era.

Teapot Dome-was a political scandal in the early 1920s involving the illegal leasing of federal oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to private oil companies by Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, in exchange for bribes, which led to Fall's conviction and imprisonment.

Calvin Coolidge-the 30th President of the United States (1923-1929), known for his pro-business policies, belief in limited government, and his famous motto, "The business of America is business," which emphasized economic growth and laissez-faire governance during the Roaring Twenties.

Herbert Hoover-the 31st President of the United States (1929-1933), serving during the onset of the Great Depression, and was criticized for his handling of the economic crisis, with many blaming him for not doing enough to alleviate widespread poverty and unemployment.

Alfred E. Smith-an American politician who served as the Governor of New York and was the Democratic nominee for president in 1928, becoming the first Catholic to run for president, though he lost to Herbert Hoover in a landslide.

Great Depression-a severe worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929, triggered by the stock market crash, leading to widespread unemployment, poverty, and economic hardship that lasted throughout the 1930s.

Black Tuesday- October 29, 1929, the day when the U.S. stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. It saw a massive sell-off of stocks, leading to widespread financial panic and economic collapse.

Federal Reserve-central banking system of the United States, established in 1913, responsible for regulating monetary policy, controlling inflation, managing interest rates, and overseeing the nation's banking system to promote economic stability.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff- a protective trade measure that raised U.S. import duties to historically high levels, aiming to protect American industries but leading to retaliatory tariffs from other countries and worsening the global economic downturn during the Great Depression.

Bonus Army/Bonus March-aka. Bonus March, was a group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand early payment of a bonus promised to them for their military service, but their protest ended in violence when the U.S. Army forcibly removed them.

RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation)-a government agency established in 1932 during the Great Depression to provide financial support to banks, industries, and state/local governments, aiming to stimulate economic recovery by offering loans to struggling businesses.

19th Amendment- ratified in 1920, granted women the right to vote, marking a significant victory in the women's suffrage movement.

Franklin D. Roosevelt-the 32nd President of the United States (1933-1945), serving four terms and leading the country through the Great Depression with his New Deal programs, and later guiding the nation through most of World War II.

21st Amendment-ratified in 1933, repealed the 18th Amendment, effectively ending Prohibition and allowing the legal production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in the United States.

Three Rs- core principles of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs: Relief, Recovery, and Reform. These aimed to provide immediate assistance to those suffering from the Great Depression, stimulate economic recovery, and implement long-term reforms to prevent future economic crises.

First New Deal-launched by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, was a series of programs and policies designed to provide immediate relief to those suffering from the Great Depression, promote economic recovery, and reform the financial system, including initiatives like the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), and the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA).

Fireside Chats- series of radio broadcasts by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, starting in 1933, where he spoke directly to the American people to explain his policies, provide reassurance, and foster public support during the Great Depression and World War II.

New Deal Programs (know AAA, PWA, CCC, TVA, NRA, SEC, FHA, CWA, WPA)-

• AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act): Aimed to boost agricultural prices by reducing surpluses through subsidies to farmers for limiting crop production. It sought to raise farm income during the Great Depression.

• PWA (Public Works Administration): A large-scale public works program that funded the construction of infrastructure projects like bridges, dams, and schools to provide jobs and stimulate economic recovery.

• CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps): A work relief program that employed young men in environmental conservation projects, such as planting trees and building national park facilities, while providing wages and housing.

• TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority): A government agency created to provide economic development, electricity, and flood control to the Tennessee Valley, one of the poorest regions in the U.S.

• NRA (National Recovery Administration): Aimed to stimulate industrial recovery by setting fair wages, prices, and working conditions. It sought to balance the interests of businesses, workers, and consumers but was declared unconstitutional in 1935.

• SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission): Established to regulate the stock market, ensure transparency, and protect investors from fraud, helping restore confidence in the financial system.

• FHA (Federal Housing Administration): Provided government-backed loans for home construction and repairs, and regulated mortgages to make homeownership more accessible for low- and middle-income Americans.

• CWA (Civil Works Administration): A short-term work relief program that provided jobs to the unemployed during the winter of 1933-1934, focusing on public works like roads and schools.

• WPA (Works Progress Administration): A large-scale work relief program that provided jobs for millions of unemployed Americans, creating public works, art projects, and infrastructure, and was one of the largest New Deal agencies.

FDIC-(Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) was established in 1933 as part of the New Deal to restore public confidence in the banking system. It insures deposits in U.S. banks up to a certain limit, ensuring that even if a bank fails, depositors' savings are protected.

Social Security Act-New Deal program that established a system of federal retirement benefits for the elderly, unemployment insurance, and assistance for dependent children, the disabled, and the needy, marking a major step in the development of the American welfare state.

Eleanor Roosevelt-the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and a prominent American political figure, diplomat, and activist. She redefined the role of First Lady by advocating for civil rights, women's rights, and social justice, and played a key role in the creation of the United Nations, where she served as a delegate and helped draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Good Neighbor Policy -diplomatic strategy initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s, aimed at improving relations between the United States and Latin American countries by non-intervention and mutual respect, reversing previous policies of military intervention in the region.

Fascism -authoritarian political ideology characterized by dictatorial power, strong nationalism, suppression of opposition, and often the centralization of control in a single leader or party, with an emphasis on militarism, anti-communism, and the subordination of individual rights to the state's interests.

Benito Mussolini- italian political leader who founded the Fascist Party and became Italy's dictator from 1922 to 1943. He ruled with authoritarian control, promoting fascism, nationalism, and militarism, and allied with Nazi Germany during World War II.

Adolf Hitler -the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, leading the country through World War II and orchestrating the Holocaust, in which six million Jews and millions of others were systematically murdered. He promoted fascism, extreme nationalism, and anti-Semitism, aiming to expand German territory and establish a totalitarian regime.

Nazi Party - aka.National Socialist German Workers' Party was a far-right political party led by Adolf Hitler, which ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945. The party promoted fascism, extreme nationalism, anti-Semitism, and totalitarian control, leading to the outbreak of World War II and the implementation of the Holocaust.

Isolationism-a foreign policy stance where a country seeks to minimize its involvement in international affairs, focusing primarily on its own interests and avoiding entanglement in alliances, conflicts, or the political affairs of other nations.

Neutrality Acts-series of laws passed by the U.S. Congress in the 1930s aimed at preventing American involvement in foreign conflicts. They prohibited the sale of arms and loans to nations at war and restricted American citizens from traveling on belligerent ships, reflecting the country's desire to remain neutral in the lead-up to World War II.

America First Committee-isolationist group formed in 1940 that advocated for the United States to remain neutral and avoid involvement in World War II. It opposed the U.S. entering the war and promoted the idea that the nation's interests should come first, especially in the context of European conflicts.

Francisco Franco-Spanish military leader who became the dictator of Spain after leading a nationalist rebellion in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). He ruled Spain as a totalitarian leader from 1939 until his death in 1975, maintaining an authoritarian regime and suppressing political opposition.

Winston Churchill-the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during much of World War II (1940-1945) and again in the early 1950s. He is best known for his leadership, determination, and powerful speeches that inspired British resistance against Nazi Germany, particularly during the Battle of Britain.

Joseph Stalin-the leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. He implemented totalitarian rule, overseeing extensive industrialization, collectivization of agriculture, and the Great Purge, during which millions were imprisoned or executed. Stalin's policies and leadership played a crucial role in the Soviet Union's victory in World War II and the establishment of the USSR as a superpower.

Blitzkrieg-aka. lightning war  was a military tactic used by Nazi Germany during World War II, characterized by fast, coordinated attacks involving infantry, tanks, and air support. The goal was to quickly overwhelm and incapacitate the enemy, achieving rapid victories and minimizing prolonged conflict.

Cash and Carry-a policy established by the U.S. in 1939, allowing belligerent nations to purchase military supplies from the United States as long as they paid in cash and transported the goods on their own ships. This policy aimed to aid Allied nations while maintaining U.S. neutrality at the outset of World War II.

Lend-Lease Act- U.S. law that allowed the government to supply military aid and materials to Allied nations during World War II without requiring immediate payment. Instead, the goods were leased or loaned with the expectation that they would be returned or replaced after the war, significantly aiding countries like Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.

Pearl Harbor- U.S. naval base in Hawaii that was attacked by the Japanese on December 7, 1941. The surprise assault led to the destruction of much of the Pacific Fleet and prompted the United States' entry into World War II. The attack marked a pivotal moment in history, leading to declarations of war against Japan and, shortly afterward, Germany and Italy.

War Production Board (WPB)-was a U.S. government agency established in 1942 during World War II to oversee the conversion of peacetime industries to war production. The WPB coordinated the production of weapons, equipment, and supplies for the military, ensuring that resources were allocated efficiently to support the war effort.

Manhattan Project-secret U.S. government research and development project during World War II, aimed at creating the first atomic bombs. It began in 1942 and involved scientists like J. Robert Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein, leading to the successful detonation of the first atomic bomb in 1945. The project played a crucial role in the end of World War II with the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Officer of War Information-U.S. government agency created in 1942 during World War II to coordinate and oversee the dissemination of war-related information to the public. The OWI managed propaganda, promoted wartime morale, and provided news and information through various media, including radio, films, and posters, to support the war effort and maintain public support for the war.

Women’s Army Corps-a branch of the U.S. Army established in 1942 that allowed women to serve in non-combat roles during World War II. Women in the WAC worked in various support positions, such as clerks, telephone operators, and mechanics, freeing up men for combat duty and contributing significantly to the war effort.

Huey P. Long - “The Kingfish” a controversial Louisiana politician who gained notoriety for his populist "Share Our Wealth" program, advocating for drastic wealth redistribution during the Great Depression; he served as a Governor of Louisiana and later a US Senator. Higher tax on the wealth, they should not exist.

Father Charles E. Couglin - a Roman Catholic priest who gained immense popularity during the Great Depression through his radio broadcasts, often delivered highly controversial messages that had strong anti-Semitic propaganda, criticized the government and promoted populist economic views. Against President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Dr. Francis E. Townsend - a doctor from California, proposed the Townsend Plan: a radical proposal for the Great Depression that called for every American over 60 to receive a monthly pension of $200 . They are required to spend that amount in that month to stimulate the economy. Influenced the development of the social security system.

Share-the-Wealth Program - by Huey P. Long. Aimed at addressing wealth inequality during the Great Depression. The movement proposed radical measures for wealth redistribution, like heavy taxation on the rich and government programs to provide for basic needs like education and healthcare for all citizens.

Second New Deal - a series of programs and reforms launched by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 aimed at addressing the ongoing economic struggles during the Great Depression. Built upon the earlier New Deal and focused on social welfare, labor rights, and public works projects. Intended to provide the 3 R’s while trying to support the unemployed.

Court Reorganization Plan - controversial plan by FDR to expand the number of supreme court justices to get more support on his new deal plans, since he faced opposition from passing them.

Fair Labor Standards Act - mandates that eligible workers receive overtime pay at a rate of one and a half times their regular hourly rate for working over 40 hours.

Dust Bowl -  A drought in 1930 and combination of overproducing agriculture and wind storms in the Great Plains (Texas to Dakotas) led to multiple storms of dirt flooding the region. Not caused by the Great Depression.

Okies - Nickname given to farmers and families who moved from dust bowl regions to non dust bowl regions in.

Indian Reorganization Act - 1934 law that aimed to reserve assimilation policies from the Dawes act, allowing Native Tribes to gain back some self-governance.

Kellogg-Briand Pact -1928 international agreement to not use war to solve disputes between countries.

Dawes Plan - different from dawes ACT about Natives. Established after World War I as a financial arrangement to help Germany recover after the war, with the goal of restabilizing the German and overall European economy. Included war reparations payments and providing loans from the United States and easing the economic burden on Germany.

Good Neighbor Policy - President FDR's foreign policy towards Latin America, includes non-intervention in their domestic affairs, promoting cooperation and economic exchange instead of military force

Fascism - A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator.

Benito Mussolini - Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Adolf Hitler - Austrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator.

Nazi Party - "National Socialist German Workers' Party," a far-right political party in Germany led by Adolf Hitler, whose ideology was based on extreme nationalism, racism, antisemitism, and the pursuit of territorial expansion, ultimately leading to the the Holocaust 

Isolationism - the traditional belief that the United States should refrain from involvement in overseas politics, alliances, or wars, and confine its national security interest to its own borders.

Neutrality Acts - laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars. They were based on the widespread disillusionment with World War I in the early 1930s and the belief that the United States had been drawn into the war through loans and trade with the Allies.

America First Committee - influential political pressure group in the United States (1940–41) that opposed aid to the Allies in World War II because it feared direct American military involvement in the conflict.

Francisco Franco - Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War and subsequently became the dictator of Spain, ruling with an authoritarian regime until his death in 1975

Winston Churchill - A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns.

Joseph Stalin - leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953, known for his totalitarian regime, rapid industrialization policies, and aggressive communist expansionism, significantly impacting international relations during World War II and the Cold War era

Blitzkrieg - A form of warfare used by German forces in World War II. In a blitzkrieg, troops in vehicles, such as tanks, made quick surprise strikes with support from airplanes. These tactics resulted in the swift German conquest of France and Poland in 1940 

Cash and Carry - a policy implemented by the United States during the early stages of World War II, allowing belligerent nations to purchase goods from the U.S. only if they paid in full with cash and transported the goods themselves on their own ships

Lend-Lease Act - The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers

Pearl Harbor - the surprise military attack launched by the Imperial Japanese Navy on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941, which ultimately led to the United States' entry into World War II

War Production Board (WPB) - a government agency established during World War II that oversaw the production of military materials, effectively coordinating the conversion of civilian industries to wartime production and ensuring the armed forces received necessary equipment and supplies by managing resource allocation and prioritizing military contracts

Manhattan Project - a highly classified U.S. government research initiative during World War II aimed at developing the first atomic bomb, involving a collaboration between scientists, engineers, and the military, with the primary goal of preventing Nazi Germany from acquiring such a weapon first

Officer of War Information - a government agency established during World War II that primarily functioned as a propaganda arm, disseminating information and promoting support for the war effort through various media like films, radio broadcasts, posters, and publications, both domestically and internationally

Women’s Army Corps - a branch of the United States Army established during World War II, allowing women to serve in non-combat roles like clerical work, mechanics, and switchboard operators, effectively freeing up male soldiers for combat positions

Smith v. Allwright -  Supreme Court case in 1944 that ruled that the practice of "white primaries" - where political parties in the South, like the Texas Democratic Party, excluded African Americans from voting in primary elections - was unconstitutional

Tuskegee Airmen - the first African American military pilots in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II, who were trained at the Tuskegee Army Air Field in Alabama

Braceros - Mexican laborers who were allowed to work temporarily in the United States under the "Bracero Program," a bilateral agreement between the US and Mexico that ran in the mid 1900s, primarily to fill labor shortages in agriculture during World War II. Means manual labor in spanish. 

Korematsu v. U.S. - Supreme Court case during World War II where the court upheld the government's decision to intern Japanese Americans on the West Coast, ruling that the forced relocation of Japanese Americans was constitutional due to national security concerns, despite the blatant racial discrimination involved.

“Rosie the Riveter” - a cultural icon symbolizing American women who entered the workforce during World War II. Seen popularly with her “We Can Do It” slogan to convince women to enter traditionally male dominated workforces. 

Dwight D. Eisenhower - the 34th President of the United States, who served from 1953 to 1961, most notably known for his leadership during World War II as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, orchestrating the D-Day invasion of Normandy,

D-Day -  June 6, 1944 was the day that the combined Allied armies led a massive invasion on the beaches of Normandy, France. The assault involved millions of troops and workers and led to the liberation of France and eventually a stop to Nazi-occupied Europe.

Battle of Midway - U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II.

Island Hopping - a military strategy used by the United States during World War II in the Pacific theater, where they selectively captured strategically important islands while bypassing others, gradually moving closer to Japan by establishing air and naval bases on less heavily defended islands, ultimately aiming to isolate and defeat Japanese forces with minimal casualties. 

Kamikaze - Japanese term for fighter pilots who crashed their planes into American warships during the latter stages of WWII.

Douglas MacArthur - A General who commanded a broad offensive against the Japanese that would move north from Australia, through New Guinea, and eventually to the Philippines.

J. Robert Oppenheimer - an American theoretical physicist who is widely known as the "father of the atomic bomb" due to his leadership role as the scientific director of the Manhattan Project

Nagasaki & Hiroshima -  the two Japanese cities where the United States dropped atomic bombs on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, marking the first and only use of nuclear weapons in warfare and ultimately leading to Japan's surrender, ending World War II

USS Missouri - the Iowa-class battleship where the official Japanese surrender ceremony took place on September 2, 1945, marking the end of World War II

Harry S. Truman - thirty-third president of the United States; he became president upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. He led the U.S. through the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War.

Casablanca Conference -a meeting held in Casablanca, Morocco in January 1943 between US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill where they coordinated Allied military strategy against the Axis powers during World War II, most notably agreeing on the policy of demanding "unconditional surrender" from the enemy nations

Yalta Conference - a pivotal meeting held in February 1945 between the leaders of the Allied powers (Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin) during World War II, where they discussed plans for post-war Europe, including the reorganization of Germany and the fate of Eastern European countries

The United Nations - an international organization founded in 1945, aimed at promoting peace, security, and cooperation among countries around the world. Established in the aftermath of World War II, it seeks to prevent conflicts through diplomacy and collective action

Atomic weapons - powerful weapons that use nuclear reactions as their source of explosive energy. Scientists first developed nuclear weapons technology during World War II.