2 - History of Clinical Psychology [fin]

History of Clinical Psychology

• Overview of Clinical Psychology in a global context and specifically in Indonesia.

Origins of the Field

• Psychology dates back to thinkers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

• Clinical psychology is considered a relatively recent field that emerged after the 20th century.

• Development varies by country.

Mental Health in Ancient Times

• Ancient beliefs:

  • Egyptians attributed mental illness to demons or bodily fluid imbalances.

  • Treatments included trepanation, exorcisms, and herbal remedies.

• Greeks' view:

  • Hippocrates recognized mental illness as a natural phenomenon based on humoral imbalances.

  • Moral treatment focused on kindness and structured activities.

The Dark Ages and the Pioneers (1700s – 1800s)

• Mental illness viewed as demonic possession or witchcraft.

• Harsh treatments:

  • Included beatings, confinement, and exorcisms.

• Emergence of asylums with deplorable conditions.

• Pioneers attempted to dismantle stereotypes and advocate for humane treatment.

The Pioneers: The Era of Enlightenment and Reform

William Tuke (1732 – 1822)

• Founded York Retreat, emphasizing moral therapy.

• Focused on kindness, dignity, family involvement, and comfortable settings.

Philippe Pinel (1745 – 1826)

• Advocated for removing restraints from mental patients in Paris hospitals.

• Promoted moral therapy emphasizing patient interaction and understanding.

Eli Todd (1762 – 1832)

• Established the Connecticut Retreat for the Insane in 1823.

• Emphasized patients’ strengths and involvement in their treatment decisions.

Dorothea Dix (1802 – 1887)

• Notable humanitarian advocate improving conditions for mentally ill in prisons and asylums.

Science Enters the Stage: The Late 19th Century

• Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology lab in 1879, marking the birth of psychology as a science.

• Early psychologists like Sigmund Freud and William James focused on the unconscious mind.

• The Binet-Simon intelligence test emerged for diagnosing mental conditions.

The Birth of Clinical Psychology

• Lightner Witmer opened the first psychological clinic in 1896, establishing clinical psychology.

• Initial focus on assessment and diagnosis, utilizing tools like the Rorschach inkblot test.

• The American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP) founded in 1917.

Diversification and Expansion: The Mid-20th Century

Behaviorism

• Behaviorism dominated, focusing on observable behaviors and learning principles.

• WWII increased demand for mental health services for veterans.

• Psychotropic medications expanded treatment options.

Humanistic Therapy

• Critique of behaviorism; emphasis on individual experience and self-actualization.

• Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy focusing on empathy and acceptance.

• Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs for motivating human behavior.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

• Cognitive revolution highlighted mental processes affecting behavior.

• Aaron Beck created cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), modifying negative thoughts.

• Albert Bandura’s work on social learning through observation and imitation.

Current Situation: The Importance of Evidence-Based Practice

• Shift towards evidence-based treatments supported by scientific research.

• Development of standardized assessment tools and randomized controlled trials.

• Recognition of cultural competence in clinical practice.

• Culturally adapted therapies emerging to fit diverse contexts.

The Evolving Role of Clinical Psychologists

• Work settings include:

  • Hospitals, schools, community centers, forensic settings, and research institutions.

Challenges and Opportunities

• Increasing prevalence of mental health disorders.

• Stigma around mental illness hampers help-seeking.

• Limited access to services in underserved populations (WHO, 2020).

Measuring Complex Aspects of Human Behavior

• Measuring personality and intelligence is complex, often relying on subjective assessments.

• Diagnosing mental illness can be challenging with overlapping symptoms and cultural differences.

Intelligence Tests

• Examples: Weschler's tests, AJT, SC-V, WISC-V, focusing on various cognitive abilities.

Diagnostic Manuals

• Complexity of diagnosing using DSM-5 and ICD-10 due to subjective symptoms and cultural variations.

• Comorbidity complicates clear diagnostic criteria.

History and Milestones in Indonesia

• 1952: Psychology recognized as a formal discipline.

• 1955: Establishment of "Pendidikan Sarjana Psikologi" at Universitas Indonesia.

• 1958-1959: Creation of psychology departments at various universities.

• Establishment of professional associations and faculties.

Milestones in Indonesia

• 1965: Establishment of the Faculty of Psychology at UGM.

• 1998: ISPSI renamed to HIMPSI.

• 2001: Clinical Psychology Association (IPK) founded.

• 2022: Ratification of Law Number 23 on Psychology Education.

The Future of Clinical Psychology

• Research on novel interventions and technology in mental health services.

• Emphasis on interdisciplinary collaboration.

Key Takeaways

• The development of clinical psychology has taken many years to reach current standards.

• Evidence-based practice is essential moving forward.

• Indonesia is working towards increased mental health awareness and accessibility.

• Students are encouraged to contribute to the field.

Class Activity

• Discuss Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) facing clinical psychology in Indonesia.