Section 1: Functions of the Skeletal System

List: the functions of bones and the number of bones in the body

• Functions of bones:

  • Provides support and form 

  • Its attachments of muscles create a lever system 

  • Protects inner organs

  • Stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

  • Produce red blood cells (carries oxygen) and white blood cells (fights off disease) in Red Marrow

  • Stores fat in Yellow Marrow

• There are 206 bones in the body

Section 2: Skeletal Structures

Define the following terms and provide an example for each term: 

1. joints- the area where two or more bones are connected (also known as an articulation)

ex. shoulder, knee, elbow and jaw

2. cartilage- connective tissues which cushion and protect joints and allow them to move. It acts as a shock absorber that also reduces friction. 

ex. the discs between vertebrae, at the ends of ribs, ears and nose

3. tendon- a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone (or other body structures) and is capable of withstanding tension

ex. the Achilles tendon, the rotator cuff tendon

4. ligament- a fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bones

ex. Anterior Cruciate ligament (ACL), lateral collateral ligament, etc.

5. foramen- (hole, opening) Passage, communication, or opening between two cavities, or a hole in the bone (for the passage of vessels or nerves)

ex. supraorbital, infraorbital, and mental foramina in the cranium 

6. process- a projection from a larger body or structure

ex. the process of the mandible is the part of the lower jaw that projects forward

7. bursa- small fluid-filled sacs that reduce fraction between parts in the body’s joints
   ex. located next to tendons next to large joints (shoulders, elbows, hips, and knees), bunion

Section 3: Types of joints

1. Define the following terms and provide an example for each: 

1. suture- The fibrous joint that joins the bones of the skull to each other (except the mandible). Unites skull bones and helps to protect the brain and form the face 

ex. joints between the parietal bones, in the cranium (bones of the skull)

2. symphysis- (or fibrous joints) a joint in which the body (physis) of one bone meets the body of another.
   ex. pubic symphysis, 

3. synovial joints- the most common joint in the body, freely mobile and prevents friction between articulating bones from its movement

ex. ball-and-socket joint (shoulder), hinge joint

4. ball and socket joints- (or anorthrosis) an articulation where the rounded head of one bone fits the cuploke cavity of the other and admits movement in any direction

 ex. shoulders and hip joints allow many movements (forwards, backwards, sidaways, rotating)

5. hinge joints- (Straight movements) a synovial joint in the body that serves to allow motion primarily in one plane
   ex. elbow joint, finger joint

2. Draw and insert a photo OR copy and paste an image of the types of joints listed above in the space below this question to assist in your understanding of the terms.

Section 1: The Skeleton
1) Differentiate (Differences between):  the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Axial Skeleton:


Appendicular Skeleton:

2)

Section 2: Pathology

1. Define the following conditions/disorders and give a brief description of the health impacts of the conditions/disorders below: 

   1. luxation-
      Complete dislocation when the bones in the joints are completely separated and pushed out of place
      Impacts:

   2. subluxation-
      A partial or incomplete dislocation of a joint or organ

   3. chondromalacia- (Chrondos- cartilage, malacia- softening)

 Abnormal softening and degeneration/breakdown of the cartilage inside a joint

4. fracture
   

5. crepitation