Unit 1: Late Medieval Europe: Protestant Reformation and Renaissance

• Change in Europe: women and the state; changing role and ideas concerning women
• Luther, John Knox, and Elizabeth I
• Moravian view of women, education, and leadership: Commenius, Zinzendorf, and Rebecca Protten

Notes:

• Rebirth of classic ancient Greek and Roman thinking
• Holy had concentration of wealth, power, and intellect in church -> birthplace
  • Center of trade in Mediterranean Sea, middle of many trade routes
  • More interaction and spread of knowledge
• Florence specifically birthplace of renaissance
  • Many early writers and artists come from here
  • Political power rested to wealthy merchants
  • Medici family supported artists and writers
  • Controlled Europe’s wealth for over 200 years
  • Lorenzo de Medici became Florence leader @ 20
• Giovanni de Medici started Medici Bank
• Wool and banking allowed them to gain prominence
  • Could then become patrons of the arts
• Closely tied to church
  • Family became popes, queens, dukes, etc
• Medieval catholic church questioned nothing and looked to faith alone
• Thomas Acquitnas (catholic priest) believed faith and reason should coexist
• Leonardo da Vinci’s designed helped us invent tanks, parachute, helicopter, etc
  • Renaissance Man
  • Well known for Mona Lisa and Last Supper
• Michealangelo worked on Medici Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica, in Rome
  • Commissioned by Pope to paint sistine Chapel
• Shakeshepere embraced renaissance by:
  • Updating two-dimensional writing style
  • Used knowledge of Greek and Roman Classics
• Renaissance art showed individuals, less churches, realism, depth, naked
  • Secular themes
  • Imitates classic art and rejects medieval
• Leonardo Bruni (1369) wrote biography of Cicero and encouraged people to become politically active
• Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press Bible which increased circulation of books
  • Spread renaissance ideas
• Northern Renaissance writers tried to create more perfect world by combining ancient and Christian world
• Italian Humanists stressed secularism and individualism
• William Shakeshphere (1564) considered greatest poet
  • Known for Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Henry IV, etc
• Francois Rabelais (1483) wrote romances
• Geoffery Chaucer (1342) write Canterbury Tales
• Niccolo Machiavelli (1469) served as Florentine Republic Secretary
  • Advisor to the Medicaid's and had radical beliefs
  • Wrote The Prince on manners for how to rule
  • Maintain power by ignoring right and wrong
  • The end justifies the means
• France won Hundred-Years-War (1453), but country was left devastated
  • Louis XI one of the most successful monarchs
• England had War of Roses between York and Lancaster
  • Lancaster, Henry Tutor gained control and ruled till 1600’s
• Hasburgs ruled Spain
• Giotto (1267) born in Florence known for St. Francis Preaching to Birds
• Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378) was a sculptor
• Donatello (1485) painted the David
• Michelangelo (1475) painted Sistine Chapel, statue of David

Identify at least two reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy:

Started in Florence, Italy because many writers came from here and it being in the center of trade w/ Mediterranean.

• Started in Florence because of the Medicis, Roman Catholic Church, trade agreement for alum and political power rested in wealthy merchants
  • Alum known as potassium alum is a natural bacteria used for dyes

Explain why Leonardo da Vinci was considered a Renaissance man:

Renaissance man is defined as having mastery in many areas of knowledge, which da Vinci had.

• He has mastery in many topics and categories of life, especially topics related to the Renaissance

Two ideas that Machiavelli shared about the practice of governing:

• Better to be feared than loved
• The ends justify the means

Five characteristics of the Renaissance:

• Rising middle class, artistic patronage, new monarchies (England, France, and Spain), national languages, challenges to the Catholic Church

Three differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance:

Impact of the Catholic Church on the Renaissance:

• Patronage of the arts (created less secular artwork where the subject matter was religious)
• Gutenberg Printing Press allowed more bibles to be printed *in English* for more to read

Explain how the conditions in the Renaissance helped lead to the Protestant Reformation:

Renaissance in Northern Europe (in comparison with the Italian Renaissance):

• Northern Renaissance writers tried to create more perfect world by combining ancient and Christian world
• Ideas such as Humanism spread around Europe
  • Questioned everything and made sense of the world
• Linked to the Protestant Reformation (caused by conflict with Roman Catholic Church)

What invention sparked the beginning of the Renaissance period? How did it impact the Church and Europe as a whole?:

• Gutenberg Printing Press
• This created mass printing of the Bible which allowed people to form their own ideas (in English)
• Pope Leo also needed money to build the Basilica and sold indulgences and the Thesis of Martin Luther

How did the Crusades/Silk Road (Global Trade) help the Renaissance):

• Acquiring new shiny things (like spices, citrus, porcelynn, silk) makes you feel fancy, is a sign of wealth, silk feels better

What is the significance of Humanism?:

• Basis of the Protestant Reformation
• Believed the Church should be more attuned to people’s needs
• Focused on intellectual and human achievements!
  • Improvement of individual service to the state
  • Created progressive community
• Questioned everything and made sense of the world, Catholic Church questioned nothing

How did the Bubonic Plague impact Europe in relation to the Renaissance:

• Impacted Europe with the amount of death it created
  • Thinned of the heard and gave more resources to everyone
• Created growth of Middle Class
• Opened up trade

*Crusades aided Renaissance by bringing back goods for trade

• Traders are in the middle class

The Crusades:

• Christians v. Muslims
• First was a success and fought for Jerusalem, Second lost, Fourth fought for Constantinople

Black Plague:

The Hundred Years War: \n War of the Roses:

• Lancaster v. York fight for power
• Tutors (Lancaster) reign as a result

The Prince by Machiavelli:

Botticelli: \n Michelangelo: \n Raphael:

Florence Italy:

Royal Dynasty:

England: Tutor

France: Valois

Spain: Ferdinand of Aragon and Italy of Habsburgs

Spanish Inquisition (1479):

Holy Roman Empire (Habsburgs):

Charles V?

The Medici Family (Leo X, Clement VII):

The Borgias (Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia):

Protestant Reformation:

• Two different motivations in the two different reformations:
  • English involved Henry VIII, Catherine, Sir Thomas Moore, Henry wants to divorce wife
  • Europe had Martin Luther and John Calvin
  • Florence had Medici, School for Artists, Patrons
  • North had Humanists, and more philosophy

Martin Luther (95 Theses):

Other Reformers (Jon Hus, John Wycliffe, John Calvin, Ulrich Swingli, John Knox):

• Jon Hus wanted bishops elected, burned @ Council of Constance, spiritual leader of moravians

Henry VIII (divorce from first wife):

Catholic Church:

Crusades (how did these impact the Renaissance):

Pope Urban II (called for first crusade):

Patron of the Arts:

Council of Trent (defined Catholicism in contrast to Proterstantism):

Diet of Worms (luther is excommunicated):

Humanism (Patriarch, Erasmus, Sir Thomas Moore, Christine de Pizzane):

• Francesco Patracha (1304) was the Father of Humanism

  • Works led to rise of civic-humanists
  • Wrote sonnets in Italian, many for Laura

• Desiderus Erasmus (1466) known as Prince of Humanism and criticized religious abuses of the church

  • Held to Catholic doctrines like predestination (rejected free will)

• Sir Thomas Moore (1478) wrote utopia w/ social equality

  • Executed in 1535
  • Henry VIII’s religious advisor

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