Unit 1: Late Medieval Europe: Protestant Reformation and Renaissance

• Change in Europe: women and the state; changing role and ideas concerning women

• Luther, John Knox, and Elizabeth I

• Moravian view of women, education, and leadership: Commenius, Zinzendorf, and Rebecca Protten

Notes:

• Rebirth of classic ancient Greek and Roman thinking

• Holy had concentration of wealth, power, and intellect in church -> birthplace

  • Center of trade in Mediterranean Sea, middle of many trade routes

    • More interaction and spread of knowledge

• Florence specifically birthplace of renaissance

  • Many early writers and artists come from here

  • Political power rested to wealthy merchants

  • Medici family supported artists and writers

    • Controlled Europe’s wealth for over 200 years

    • Lorenzo de Medici became Florence leader @ 20

• Giovanni de Medici started Medici Bank

• Wool and banking allowed them to gain prominence

  • Could then become patrons of the arts

• Closely tied to church

  • Family became popes, queens, dukes, etc

• Medieval catholic church questioned nothing and looked to faith alone

• Thomas Acquitnas (catholic priest) believed faith and reason should coexist

• Leonardo da Vinci’s designed helped us invent tanks, parachute, helicopter, etc

  • Renaissance Man

  • Well known for Mona Lisa and Last Supper

• Michealangelo worked on Medici Chapel, St. Peter’s Basilica, in Rome

  • Commissioned by Pope to paint sistine Chapel

• Shakeshepere embraced renaissance by:

  • Updating two-dimensional writing style

  • Used knowledge of Greek and Roman Classics

• Renaissance art showed individuals, less churches, realism, depth, naked

  • Secular themes

  • Imitates classic art and rejects medieval

• Leonardo Bruni (1369) wrote biography of Cicero and encouraged people to become politically active

• Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press Bible which increased circulation of books

  • Spread renaissance ideas

• Northern Renaissance writers tried to create more perfect world by combining ancient and Christian world

• Italian Humanists stressed secularism and individualism

• William Shakeshphere (1564) considered greatest poet

  • Known for Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Henry IV, etc

• Francois Rabelais (1483) wrote romances

• Geoffery Chaucer (1342) write Canterbury Tales

• Niccolo Machiavelli (1469) served as Florentine Republic Secretary

  • Advisor to the Medicaid's and had radical beliefs

  • Wrote The Prince on manners for how to rule

    • Maintain power by ignoring right and wrong

  • The end justifies the means

• France won Hundred-Years-War (1453), but country was left devastated

  • Louis XI one of the most successful monarchs

• England had War of Roses between York and Lancaster

  • Lancaster, Henry Tutor gained control and ruled till 1600’s

• Hasburgs ruled Spain

• Giotto (1267) born in Florence known for St. Francis Preaching to Birds

• Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378) was a sculptor

• Donatello (1485) painted the David

• Michelangelo (1475) painted Sistine Chapel, statue of David

Identify at least two reasons why the Renaissance began in Italy:

Started in Florence, Italy because many writers came from here and it being in the center of trade w/ Mediterranean.

• Started in Florence because of the Medicis, Roman Catholic Church, trade agreement for alum and political power rested in wealthy merchants

  • Alum known as potassium alum is a natural bacteria used for dyes

Explain why Leonardo da Vinci was considered a Renaissance man:

Renaissance man is defined as having mastery in many areas of knowledge, which da Vinci had.

• He has mastery in many topics and categories of life, especially topics related to the Renaissance

Two ideas that Machiavelli shared about the practice of governing:

• Better to be feared than loved

• The ends justify the means

Five characteristics of the Renaissance:

• Rising middle class, artistic patronage, new monarchies (England, France, and Spain), national languages, challenges to the Catholic Church

Three differences between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance:

Impact of the Catholic Church on the Renaissance:

• Patronage of the arts (created less secular artwork where the subject matter was religious)

• Gutenberg Printing Press allowed more bibles to be printed *in English* for more to read

Explain how the conditions in the Renaissance helped lead to the Protestant Reformation:

Renaissance in Northern Europe (in comparison with the Italian Renaissance):

• Northern Renaissance writers tried to create more perfect world by combining ancient and Christian world

• Ideas such as Humanism spread around Europe

  • Questioned everything and made sense of the world

• Linked to the Protestant Reformation (caused by conflict with Roman Catholic Church)

What invention sparked the beginning of the Renaissance period? How did it impact the Church and Europe as a whole?:

• Gutenberg Printing Press

• This created mass printing of the Bible which allowed people to form their own ideas (in English)

• Pope Leo also needed money to build the Basilica and sold indulgences and the Thesis of Martin Luther

How did the Crusades/Silk Road (Global Trade) help the Renaissance):

• Acquiring new shiny things (like spices, citrus, porcelynn, silk) makes you feel fancy, is a sign of wealth, silk feels better

What is the significance of Humanism?:

• Basis of the Protestant Reformation

• Believed the Church should be more attuned to people’s needs

• Focused on intellectual and human achievements!

  • Improvement of individual service to the state

  • Created progressive community

• Questioned everything and made sense of the world, Catholic Church questioned nothing

How did the Bubonic Plague impact Europe in relation to the Renaissance:

• Impacted Europe with the amount of death it created

  • Thinned of the heard and gave more resources to everyone

• Created growth of Middle Class

• Opened up trade

*Crusades aided Renaissance by bringing back goods for trade

• Traders are in the middle class

The Crusades:

• Christians v. Muslims

• First was a success and fought for Jerusalem, Second lost, Fourth fought for Constantinople

Black Plague:

The Hundred Years War:
War of the Roses:

• Lancaster v. York fight for power

• Tutors (Lancaster) reign as a result

The Prince by Machiavelli:

Botticelli:
Michelangelo:
Raphael:

Florence Italy:

Royal Dynasty:

England: Tutor

France: Valois

Spain: Ferdinand of Aragon and Italy of Habsburgs

Spanish Inquisition (1479):

Holy Roman Empire (Habsburgs):

Charles V?

The Medici Family (Leo X, Clement VII):

The Borgias (Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borgia):

Protestant Reformation:

• Two different motivations in the two different reformations:

  • English involved Henry VIII, Catherine, Sir Thomas Moore, Henry wants to divorce wife

  • Europe had Martin Luther and John Calvin

    • Florence had Medici, School for Artists, Patrons

    • North had Humanists, and more philosophy

Martin Luther (95 Theses):

Other Reformers (Jon Hus, John Wycliffe, John Calvin, Ulrich Swingli, John Knox):

• Jon Hus wanted bishops elected, burned @ Council of Constance, spiritual leader of moravians

Henry VIII (divorce from first wife):

Catholic Church:

Crusades (how did these impact the Renaissance):

Pope Urban II (called for first crusade):

Patron of the Arts:

Council of Trent (defined Catholicism in contrast to Proterstantism):

Diet of Worms (luther is excommunicated):

Humanism (Patriarch, Erasmus, Sir Thomas Moore, Christine de Pizzane):

• Francesco Patracha (1304) was the Father of Humanism

  • Works led to rise of civic-humanists

  • Wrote sonnets in Italian, many for Laura

• Desiderus Erasmus (1466) known as Prince of Humanism and criticized religious abuses of the church

  • Held to Catholic doctrines like predestination (rejected free will)

• Sir Thomas Moore (1478) wrote utopia w/ social equality

  • Executed in 1535

  • Henry VIII’s religious advisor