Knowt
Overall Syllabus
The Nationalist Movement Part – I ( 1885 – 1919 )
Nationalism Among Indians
After the failure of the Revolt of 1857, the Indians were united under a vision of an independent India. There were multiple factors that made the Indians want to remove the British Government and Live as an Independent country. A few of which are:
· The Awakening of The Indians – In the 19th Century, many European Scholars such as Max Mueller, James Prinsep, and William Jones started to take interest in India’s rich history, heritage, and culture. They wanted to translate the Veda’s and the Upanishad’s to Further Understand this History. This gave Indians a sense of pride in their country and past.
· Introduction of Western Education – Along with the introduction of western education, Indians were also exposed to western concepts of Nationalism, Democracy, and Liberty. They also learned about the American War of Independence and the French Revolution. This made them want to seek the same for their own country and lose the external control by the British.
· The Growth of Press and Literature – The widespread of English Vernacular Literature allowed for the Widespread of Nationalist Ideas Across the Country. Many Authors Like Rabindranath Tagore, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, And Bankim Chandra Chatterjee inspired many people with their inspiring writings.
· Economic Exploitation of the Indians – The Indians were heavily exploited by the British Economically in a systematic way. This made the incredibly rich country of India loose a lot of its wealth. This lead to the shutdown of traditional industries leaving the artisans jobless. Not only this, but during this time, a lot of famines had occurred. This caused many people to starve the death as they could not afford grain.
· Discriminating Laws Imposed by the British – Discriminatory laws imposed by the British made the Indians feel humiliated and hurt. Some of these Laws Were:
o The Indian Arms act ( 1878 ) – The Indian Arms act banned Indians from carrying weapons. This Does not seem bad until realizing that the British had no such Restrictions imposed on their people.
o The Vernacular Press Act ( 1878 ) – The Vernacular Press act of 1878 Made Anti – British Essays and Writing not be published in English News Papers.
o The Ilbert Bill ( 1883 ) – The Ilbert Bill of 1883 allowed for Indian Judges to trial and European in India. The Anglo – British and the British People did not like this and argued that an Indian Judge is Incapable of trialing a European irrespective of experience and seniority. This bill was later withdrawn by their government due to these reasons. This lead to Indians Feeling Ashamed in their country.
· The Unification of the Country – The Rail Roads, Roads, the Postal, and the communication systems were Severely enhanced and developed to allow for the ease of administration. However, this made planning protests and revolts against the British easier. It also made the spread of nationalism Faster.
As a Result of all these factors, Multiple Groups Started To Form Around the Country. These Groups thought were not able to grow so much, there were a few groups that were able to grow really big. One of these groups was the Indian National Congress formed in 1885. Let’s learn some more about it.
The Events Leading to 1919
· The Formation of the Indian National Congress ( 1885 ) – In 1885, The Indian National Congress Was Formed By Allan Octavian Hume ( a retired British Civil Servant ), Surendranath Bannerjee, and a few other leaders. At First, at its initial stages, the Indian National Congress was a forum for Nationalists to spread and publish their ideas across the country. It then grew into a Political Conscience that was trying to be spread across India. W C Bonnerjee was the first president of the Indian National Congress. Some of the other major Leaders Were Dadabhai Naraoji, Pherozshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Lokmanya Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai . They Consisted with their efforts for another 20 years.
· The Moderates and The Radicals ( 1905 ) – The goal of the congress at first was to gain majority control over the administration, economy, and other parts of the country. They Did this using peaceful protests and Petitions. These Leaders became known as the Moderates. A few examples of Moderate Leaders are Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Dadabhai Naraoji, Surendranath Bannerjee, etc. However, after around 20 years of persistence, some leaders got impatient and started demanding swaraj. Swaraj means complete independence. They were tired of waiting. Some of these leaders were Lokmanya Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai. These leaders became known as the Radicals.
· The Proclamation of the Partition of Bengal ( July 1905 ) – Since 1765, Bengal was a large, united province consisting of East Bengal, West Bengal, Bihar, Orrisa, and Parts of Jharkhand. After Lord Curzon was promoted to the viceroy of India, He sensed the dangers of such province. So, he decided to divide Bengal into Two Parts. East Bengal ( Which Mainly Consisted of a Muslim Population ) and West Bengal ( Which Mainly Consisted of a Hindu Population ). The Official Reason given for this was ‘ The Ease of Administration ’. Most People from various sections of society strongly opposed this decision. It also fell under the British’s ‘ Divide and Rule ’ Policy. This lead people to speculate that this was the real reason Bengal was divided. Bengal was then Later Divided in October of 1905.
· The Boycott and Swadeshi Movement ( August 1905 ) – Seeing Bengal being divided; the Indian Population was not happy at all. Various Boycott movements were launched. During these movements, British Produced Products were thrown and burned. They wanted to boycott the British Industry in India and Flip the Monopoly. Simultaneously, the Swadeshi Movement Started. Swadeshi means Made in India by Indians. This lead to the reboot of traditional industries and many swadeshi insurance companies, banks, and other production companies came into formation.
· The Formation of the All India Muslim League ( 1906 ) – Over the Part Few years, the Indian National Congress Had Grown Significantly. This made some Muslim leaders in it feel like their needs were not being met adequately. They Decided to meet in Shimla To Discuss the Possibility of them creating their own organization. Then, In a conference in Dhaka in 1906, The All India Muslim League was Unveiled. It was ruled under the leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dhaka, and Nawab Mohsin – ul Mulk.
· The Surat Split ( 1907 ) – After the Swadeshi Movement, the tension between the Moderates and the Radicals grew sharp. In A conference in Surat, these two officially split. The Moderates had reassured they will to be under the British Government but wanting to take part in the administration of India. The British took advantage of this Opportunity and Rained Heavily of the Radicals. They had also arrested Some of their leaders like Lokmanya Tilak.
· The Rise of the Revolutionaries ( 1908 ) – Due to the oppressive laws imposed on the Indians by the British, some nationalists decided to use violent methods such as bombings and lootings to obtain freedom from British Rule. These People came to be known as Revolutionaries. Some of the Revolutionaries were Khudiram Bose and Bhikaji Cama. During this period of time, Revolutionary Societies started forming around the country. Some of which were the Abhinav Bharat Society in Maharashtra and the Anushilan Samiti in West Bengal. On Top of this, news papers like the Yugantar in West Bengal and the Kal in Maharashtra also helped spread Revolutionary Propaganda across their regions.
· The Morley Minto Reforms ( 1909 ) – After Bengal was Split into East Bengal and West Bengal, The British Government Lost its popularity. People were firmly against it and were trying to overthrow it as well. After Lord Curzon, Lord Minto Succeeded the Position of the Viceroy of India. Hoping to regain support and calm down the Indians, he launched a series of reforms. Along with his friend John Morley, who was the Secretary of State in England, he launched the Indian Councils Act of 1909. It is more commonly known as the Morley – Minto Reform. This Reform increased the number of electoral seats in the Central and Provincial Legislative Council and Created Separate Electorates for Muslims. This Gave both the Indian National Congress Leaders and the All India Muslim Party Leaders a guarantee that the British Government will not allow for self – rule in India.
· The Government of India Act ( 1919 ) – Due to continuous Sustained Pressure from the Indian Leaders, The British government was forced to Launch the Indian Government Act of 1919. This Act Increased the number of people who could be elected to the provincial legislature and created a dual system of government. In This System, the British kept control over things like Finance, Law, and Police while the Indians obtained Control Over Agriculture, Education, etc. This However, was far from what the Indian Leaders wanted and pushed India into its final and strongest phase of independence ( 1919 – 1947 ).
The Gadhar Party
The Gadhar Party was another Revolutionary Party. It was formed By Lala Hardayal and Sonah Singh in the United. In was Formed in 1913. It believed in Used a more Militant approach to attain freedom from the British. It Conducted revolutionary activities in Central Punjab and is one of the main sources from which Nationalistic Feelings were spread across the country.
The Nationalist Movement Part – II ( 1919 – 1947 )
The Year of 1919
The Year of 1919 started the Final Phase in Indian Independence. It was a crucial Phase that required a lot of struggles. It was also the year the Rowlatt act had been released. Mahatma Gandhi Had Also started playing a leading role in the freedom struggle. Over the next two decades, he led India to its independence. This is why this era is also known as the Gandhian Era.
Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in 1869 in Porbandar, Gujrat. He had studied Law in England and Moved to South Africa to become a lawyer. He had faced a lot of racism in South Africa but Continued his determination. He had returned to his country ( India ) around 20 years later in 1915 after which he started leading the Indian Fight For independence. He had Quickly won over the hearts of the Masses by his following of Satyagraha. Satyagraha is a term coined my Gandhi while he saw facing racial discrimination in South Africa. It means uncovering truth with non – violence. He used the same technique while fighting for independence in India. Over the Next Few years, He firmly but peacefully guided India to independence.
The Events Leading Up To Independence
· The Launch of The Satyagraha Movement By Gandhi ( 1915 – 1918 ) – After Gandhi Returned to India, he travelled around the country in hoped of understanding the problems of his people. He then Launched the Satyagraha Movement in Champaran, Ahmedabad and in Kheda. In 1917, In Champaran, Gandhi fought for the rights of Indigo Mill workers and in 1918, Gandhi fought for the rights of peasants who could not pay their taxes due to a failed harvest.
· The Rowlatt Act ( 1919 ) – On the 6th of February 1919, the Rowlatt act was passed. This act was passed to suppress further Dissent launched by the Indians. This act allowed the British to arrest someone without a reason and search houses and places without a warrant. Gandhi was Firmly against this act. On the 6th of April, Gandhi Advised people to protest against this act. The people of India launched Large Scale Hartals ( Closing of Shops and other Stores ). The British Responded to This by performing Shootings and Lathi Charges.
· The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre ( 1919 ) – On April 13th, 1919, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Occurred. Hundreds of un – armed civilians came together at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest together. The British Army, Under the leadership of general Dyer started shooting at them. These Un – Armed Civilians had no way to respond and this lead to the killing of hundreds of people. This also marked the start of Martial Law in Punjab. The people of India were filled with uproar. This Then paved way for the Non – Cooperation Movement ( 1920 – 1922 ).
· The Khalifat Movement and The Non – Cooperation Movement ( 1919 – 1920 ) – The Khalifat Movement was a movement started by the Muslim population in India to put pressure on the British Government to Increase the authority of the Ottoman Caliphate. The Sultan of Turkey was the Caliph of the Sunni Muslims Around the world. During World War 1, the British and The French Allied together and dealt a great blow of damage to Turkey. This Caused an uprising known as the Khalifat Movement. It was Led by Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali. Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to ally Hindu and Muslim Forces together against the British as they had a partially common goal. He talked to the leaders of the Khalifat Movement and declared 17th of October 1919 as National Khalifat Day. This Marked the Khalifat Movement Inside the books of Indian Independence’s History. The Non – Cooperation Movement was launched by Gandhi in December 1920. This Movement hoped to attain swaraj ( complete control over India ) by a series of peaceful protests. He asked the people to boycott British goods. During this time, people Burned British Goods, Left Government Jobs and High Ranking Titles, Withdrew their Children From Government Schools and Colleges, and started using traditional goods again. Similar to the Swadeshi Movement in 1905, this re – booted traditional industries and goods. This was the largest Nationalist Movement so far that united the entirety of India. The Chakra and Khadi Became the Symbol of freedom in the country. However, by 1921, most leaders apart from Gandhi were imprisoned.
· The Chauri Chaura Incident ( 1922 ) – During the Non – Cooperation Movement, A protest in Chauri Chara ( Uttar Pradesh ) led by congress leaders turned Violent after police officers started firing at the protesters. The Protesters responded with anger retaliating against the Police officers. During this, Several police officers were killed. Gandhi was shocked that the people turned violent and called off the non – cooperation Movement. He was then arrested under the charges of Provoking Citizens against the government which called off the very Successful Non – Cooperation Movement. He was arrested for 6 years.
· The Swaraj Party ( 1922 ) – There were some leaders in the Indian National Congress that Firmly Opposed Gandhi’s decision to end the non – cooperation movement. They were C R Das, Motilal Nehru, and N C Kelker. Together, In December 1922, they decided to form their own Political Party Known as The Swaraj Party. They aimed to obtain full Control Over India by protesting and taking place in the new Central Legislative Assembly Elections.
· The Simon Comision ( 1927 ) – The Simon Comision was created by the British government in November of 1927 to readminister changes that should be added to the Government of India Act 1919. It was led by Sir Jhon Simon and was a team of seven people. Out of those seven people, none of them were Indian. This caused rage across the Indian Civilians who decided to Protests against this. It led to large protests. During one of these protests in Lahore, a lathi charge was done by the government. During this Lathi Charge, Lala Lajpat Rai was fatally injured. He then Died on the 17th of November 1928.
· Purna Swaraj ( 1929 ) – In 1928, A committee was formed under Motilal Nehru To create a constitution for India to be followed by the Indian Citizens. They demanded immediate dominion status ( self – governance under the British Rule ) and fundamental rights for all of India’s Citizens. This Request of theirs was denied. So, in December 1929, in a meeting in Lahore, the Indian National Congress, Presided over by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru declared the resolution of Purna Swaraj in action. Purna swaraj refers to complete independence. With this, the citizens were officially not ready to stop for less. On the 31st of December, the new tri – colored flag was Hoisted.
· Civil Disobedience Movement and the Dandi March ( 1930 ) – The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by The Indian National Congress under the Leadership of Gandhi. It was the First attempt at Purna Swaraj. It started of with the Dandi March. The Dandi March was a March done by Mahatma Gandhi and his followers against salt laws that gave British a monopoly over salt. This Protest started in Sabarmati Aashram, Ahmedabad and ended in Dandi. It started of the 12th of March 1930 and ended on the 6th of April 1930. It had metaphorically ended by Gandhi Picking Up a Fist Full of Sand from the coastline and breaking the law.
· The Government of India Act ( 1935 ) – Despite the Indian Leaders Pressuring the British Government into obtaining dominion status, the British refused. They instead passed the government of India Act 1935. This act aimed to declare India as a federation under British rules provinces and princely states, and enable provincial Autonomy. However, There was no real autonomy for the Indians and all the power remained vested in the British.
· The Provincial Assembly Elections ( 1937 ) – The first provincial assembly elections took place in 1937. The Indian National congress decided to take place in the elections. They had won by a landslide only loosing in Punjab and West Bengal which formed non – Congress / regional governments.
· The Demand for Pakistan ( 1940 ) – After the Winning of Congress, the Members of the All India Muslim League felt like their interests could not be managed when a country is being ruled by a majority Hindu party. The A I M L along with Jinnah put forward the two nation theory. They had said that the difference between Hindu and Muslims is not only religious, but also cultural, and societal. This theory had then passed as a resolution in which they demanded for Pakistan.
· The Second World War ( 1939 – 1945 ) – The Second World War Originated in Europe. The British became weaker and asked India for soldiers ( military support ). India refused but agreed to give soldiers if provided with complete independence. Britain Refused but was willing to provide India with a dominion status. Unhappy with this this, the deal was refused, and a great struggle was put on the British via the Quit India movement.
· The Quit India Movement ( 1942 ) – The Quit India Movement had officially come under resolution on the 8th of August 1942. It was lead by Mahatma Gandhi. They aimed to put pressure on the British through a series of struggles against the British. However, the following day, many congress leaders including Mahatma Gandhi were arrested. The people broke out and started revolting and protesting. The already weakened British tried to strop this by resulting into Firings, lathi charges, etc. The Crowd, shocked to see this, turned against Gandhi’s wishes and turned violent against the British.
· The Cabinet Mission and the Constituent Assembly ( 1946 ) – By the end of the second world war, Britain had agreed to grant India complete independence. They had sent a cabinet mission to India recommending the creation of a government consisting of members of all the parties. They had also suggested creating a constituent assembly to create a constitution for the country. Dr Rajendra Prasad was elected the head of the Constituent Assembly and Dr B R Ambedkar the Head of the Drafting Committee.
· Direct Action Day and The Formation of a Temporary Government ( 1946 ) – After the Congress won by a landslide in the Constituent Assemblies election, the All India Muslim League was not Happy. They Declared the 16th of August Direct Action Day. On this day, riots broke out across the country and thousands of both Hindu’s and Muslim’s were killed. In September, Nehru had formed a temporary government and in October the All India Muslim Leage Reluctantly Joined.
· The Partition of India ( 1947 ) – Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India. He came to India in March and in June Suggested breaking India into two states. India, and Pakistan. Gandhi and Nehru reluctantly Signed. They had signed just to avoid further blood – shed. It was against Gandhi’s belief that Hindu – Muslim Unity can Co – exist. The Division of India and Pakistan Caused a lot of Blood – shed. It is the record holding event in history with the highest number of migrations. It killed lakhs of people who were robbed from their homes and belongings.
· India Gains Independence ( 1947 ) – In July 1947, the British had passed the Indian Independence act officially marking the end of the British rule in India. They had transferred the powers to two individual identities of India and Pakistan. Punjab and Bengal were to be divided on the Bases of Hindi or Muslim Population and the rest of the states got to chose between India, Pakistan, or being their own nation. Pakistan Gained independence on the 14th of August 1947 and India Followed the Next day. On the 15th of August 1947, the tri color flag was hoisted at the red fort and on the same day Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn in as Prime Minister and Dr Rajendra Prasad as President.
The Indian National Army
Subhas Chandra Bose was a radical. He was tired of India’s peaceful protests and in 1943 went to Singapore where he trained and raised an army of around 40,000. He named this army as the Indian National Army ( INA ) or the Azad Hind Army. He returned to India in 1945 and declared an Azad Hind Government. They had attacked India from Burma. Though they were defeated, the had weakened the already weak British and raised patriotic sprits at an important time. They hasted the speed at which the British Left.
India After Independence
Newspaper and Literature as Sources of Information
Newspapers report incidents immediately after they happen. They are usually accompanied with Photographs. This helps us obtain a clear understanding of the Event. On the day of independence, the Hindustan Times Had a Heading Talking About a Free India with a Photo of Jawaharlal Nehru signing the draft of the constitution. This allows us to understand more about the scene. Since most newspapers cover the same / similar news, going through newspapers of other countries and companies help form an objective opinion / view on the scene. For example, when India and Pakistan were partitioned, both the Indian News Paper and Pakistani News Papers were celebrating the independence. While the Sun in New York was talking about the migration deaths, fires, and robberies and the Australian news was Praising England for donating India and Pakistan Back. This allows us to get different sides of the story. After the partition of India, independent India saw a generation of writers. Some writers like Bhisham Sahni, and Abu Zafar wrote literature that talked about the partition. Since they were the ones who truly experienced it, we can learn about their struggles from their writings.
Issues Facing Independent India
The Now independent India Faced Many issues. Some of these were:
· The Refugee crisis caused during the partition of India and Pakistan.
· Integrating all the other provinces into a United India.
· Creating a Constitution that does not overlook any racial, religious, economic, social, and cultural groups for such a diverse and widely spread out country.
· Regaining Economic Stability after being quenched out of all its wealth.
· Creating a Foreign Policy.
The Partition of India and the Refugee Crisis
The Partition of India was one of the First Problems Independent India Faced. The Partition of India was one of the biggest instances of Migration in World History. During this partition, millions of people had to heave their homes and possessions and move to another country. In India, The Sikhs and the Hindus had to come while in Pakistan the Muslims had to come. This was accompanied by communal riots and thefts. Families lost possessions, homes, and some, even their lives. Due to this large influx of people, the Indian Government Responded by creating refugee camps. These camps Provided People with a place to stay and food. Along with this, A rehabilitation ministry was formed. This Ministry was responsible for providing people employment, Loans, and Education.
Integration of the Princely States
At the time of independence, India had 562 Princely states. It was the Job of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel who was the Deputy Prime Minister on India To integrate these states with the Indian Union. While Leaving, the British offered these states a choice. To Join either India or Pakistan or to remain as an Independent Body. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a strong Diplomat. This is why he was called the ‘Iron Man of India’. This made most of the Princely states join India. By the time that he was about to finish, three states were left. Junagadh ( Gujrat ), Hyderabad, and Kashmir. All three were predominantly dominated by a Muslim Population. In the end, Junagadh Chose to Join India. The Nawab of Hyderabad wanted to create an Independent State. However, the Nation saw this as a national threat. So, Sardar Patel sent people from the army down to Hyderabad and Convinced the Nawab to Join India. Kashmir was a state with a Hindu Ruler ( Hari Singh ) but a Majority Muslim Population. However, after being invaded by Pakistani Tribes they seeked help from India and made a deal. They would protect Kashmir if They joined the Indian Union. They had then Joined, and all the Princely States were integrated.
The Writing of a New Constitution
Another Challenge Faced by India was creating a constitution that would protect the rights of all its citizens while managing such a vast, diverse, and different country. Some of the challenges faced by India while drafting the constitution are:
· Whether to Provide Universal Adult Franchise or Not?
· How to create an Equal Society?
· How to Provide Justice for Social Groups that had been discriminated against for many years?
· What Role Religion should play in the political system of the country?
· What Language should be adopter as the National Language –
o Hindi – South Indian States Firmly Against
o English.
· What the structure of the country should be? Should it have a strong center, or a federation of states loosely tied together.
In the end, The constitution took four years’ worth of debating to be made. It is the longest written constitution in the world. The Committee To make the constitution ( Drafting Committee ) was established in December 1946 and the constitution was fully made on the 26th of January 1950. This day is celebrated as republic day.
India is a Sovereign, Secular, Socialist, Democratic, Republic country that aims to provide all it’s citizens liberty, equality, Justice, and Fraternity. They have done this by abolishing untouchability to prevent discrimination against groups that have been discriminated against for multiple years, reserved a certain amount of seats for the people from scheduled castes and tribes, given every adult ( person over the age of 18 ) Universal adult Franchise or the Right to Vote, and many other things to achieve these goals.
The Re-Organization of States in India
Before Independence, the congress leaders had assured various groups that states would be divided on the bases of linguistics. However, after seeing the amount of bloodshed caused by the partition, Both Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Patel were against reorganization of states on the basis of linguistics. They were scared that the Unity of the nation would be disrupted due to this. However, the South Indian states started pressuring for this division. So, The States Reorganizing Comision was made in 1956. This division proposed the division of Bobay into Maharashtra and Gujrat based on the Marathi Speaking and Gujrati Speaking Regions, the Separation of Punjab into Punjab, and Haryana, The Separation of Bengal into West Bengal, Orrisa, and Bihar, And the Separation of Madras into Andra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Based on this, 22 National Languages were recognized.
The Challenges of Economic Development
Upon the dawn on independence, India was hit by a plague of poverty. This was a great concern of the post independent government of India. They Had to create employment to develop the country and its economy. Jawaharlal Nehru saw this as a big concern and Created the Planning Comision in 1950. This Comision was responsible for creating a plan every 5 years that effectively utilized the countries resources to develop industries such as agriculture, transportation, etc and create employment opportunities in the country.
India’s Foreign Policy
India’s Foreign Policy Consists of Two Parts, Panchsheel, and The Policy of Non – Alignment. Let’s dive deep into each of these:
· Panchsheel – In Panchsheel, the Panch Refers to 5 and sheel refers to cornerstones. So, Panchsheel is a group of the 5 cornerstones of India’s foreign policy. It was made by Nehru and First Signed by China in 1954. It was then showcased in a conference in Indonesia the Next year. This Consists of the following 5 Cornerstones:
o Maintain Territorial Respect and sovereignty of the other nation.
o Do not Interfere with The Nations Internal Matters.
o Maintain Maximum Harmony.
o Maintain Equality and Co – Operation for mutual benefits.
o Peaceful Co – Existence.
· The Policy of Non – Alignment – During the years of 1950 – 1960, a period called the cold war started. After India’s independence, India was asked to join a power bloc. The two power blocs were the USA and the USSR. These both had access to nuclear weapons and were really strong. However, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, India Created the Non – Alignment Policy and maintained a friendship with both blocs. This is why Non – Alignment is one of the main features of India’s Foreign Policy.
India’s Relation with its Neighbors
India has developed different kinds of relations with its seven neighbors. They are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. India, China, and Pakistan’s relationships have been quite stormy. India and Pakistan have fought a total of 4 wars. 3 of Which for Jammu and Kashmir and 1 for Bangladesh. India and China have fought one war in 1962. But at present, All three of these nations are trying to make amends through peaceful discussions.
Everyday Day, at the Wagah Border, The Indian Border security Force and the Pakistani Rangers perform a ritual that involves the lowering of their flags. It had been going on since 1959 and is done symbolize fraternity even through the differences.
India also Maintains a strong relationship with Its other neighbors. It has history with most of them going back thousands of years. And There is Mutual Trade and help Between all of them. India’s biggest trader is China.
Through it’s years, the Indian government and country as a hole has faced various issues. From starting of as a below third world country and needing to take loans to survive, to being one of the strongest, first world countries. It has obtained top tier technology and had managed to go through every barrier faced like discrimination, excessive refugee’s untouchability, abuse, etc but still perseveres and comes on top.
Industries
Industries
An Industry can be defined as the systematic production or organized goods and services. It is broadly of two types. Manufacturing Based and Service Based. Manufacturing is the Process of converting a Raw Material into a useful product. This usually adds value to the product and adds utility to it as well. All Manufacturing Processes are Secondary Actions. For Example, to make a cotton shirt, cotton is first taken from cotton plants, it is then cleaned, brushed, and spun into thread. This thread is then loomed into cloth which is made into a shirt. This is the process of manufacturing. It usually takes place in a factory.
Classification of Industries
Industries can be classified into many groups. Let’s go deeper into each of these groups:
· On the Basis of Ownership –
o Private Sector – A private sector company is a company owned by an individual or a group of individuals that run the company. The government is in no way related to this company. Ex – Reliance, Aditya Birla Group, etc.
o Public Sector – A company what is owned by the government. It is not owned by private individuals or a group of individuals. Ex – Air India, Indian Oil Cooperation.
o Joint Sector – Joint Sector Companies are owned by both an individual or a group of individuals and the government. These are usually partnerships. Ex – Maruti Udyog Limited.
o Cooperative Sector – In this industry, the people who usually produce the raw materials and the products own it. For example, Amul.
· On the Bases of Raw Material –
o Agro Based – Industries who’s raw materials come from agricultural products. For example, the Jute Industry.
o Mineral Based – Industries who’s raw materials come from Mineral Based products. Steel, gold, silver etc are a few minerals. So, industries prominently using them will be considered Mineral Based.
o Forest Based – Industries that use products derived from forests. Like Wood, leaves, etc. The Paper industry is an example of a forest based industry.
o Pastoral Based – Industries that use products obtained from pastor animals like sheep to work. For example, the clothes industry.
o Marine Based – Industries that use marine based products to run. For example, the food industry.
· On the Bases of Size –
o Large Scale – Large scale industries are Industries that use a large amount of capital, heavy machinery and are labor intensive. It usually takes years for an industry to grow this big. They hire both skilled and un – skilled people in the masses and have high returns as well. For example, the automotive Industry, the steel industry, etc.
o Small Scale – The Small Scale industry is not as capital intensive as the Large scale industry not as less intensive as cottage based industries. They don’t not use such heavy and large machinery but still use machinery. Ex – the Clothes Industry, the accessory industry, the food industry, etc.
o Cottage – The cottage industry is an incredibly small industry that usually does not require the mass hiring of labor, does not use machines, and is made by the people owning it. For example, the pottery, and weaving industry.
Factors that Affect the Location of industries
There are many factors that affect the location of industries. These all play a key role into seeing what benefits the industry. These factors are:
· Raw Materials – Industries that use heavy, bulky, and hard / expensive to transport raw materials prefer to stay near them to reduce transport times and costs. This also makes the resource easily accessible and cheaper to obtain. For example, the steel industry, which requires large amounts of coal and iron, stay near coal wells and iron mines to get access to these resources.
· Power – Most large scale industries require large amounts of power. This why they prefer staying near hydro – thermal plants, or near energy production facilities. This allows them to get cheap uninterrupted energy. However, now – days, due to the rise in solar energy and wind turbines producing energy, this factor will slowly loose its importance.
· Labor – Some industries need a lot of high skilled labor and some need thousands of low skilled labors. To attain availability of these types of labor, they position themselves in areas where these kinds of labor are available. For example, the cotton harvesting industry needs thousands of unskilled workers. So, they are placed near highly populated semi – rural area. Or how the IT industry needs a lot of skilled engineers and programming professionals, so, they are placed near cities or inside cities.
· Transportation – To transport their raw materials or finished products efficiently, they need to spend lesser amounts of money while taking the least amount of time. Railroads and effective networks of roadways help this. These are usually found in plains. This is why most industries prefer to stay near the highly developed plains.
· Government Policies – Sometimes, when a government wants to develop a certain industry in their region, they give out incentives for companies to come and develop there. These incentives range from free, power, low rents, to even tax cuts. These incentives make industries want to start coming there and develop and as time goes on, the government slowly reduces these incentives. The Karnataka government had done this in the 1980’s with its electronic city that is now, one of the largest IT hubs in India.
· Markets – Companies like positioning themselves near the markets they will be catering to. This reduces transportation costs and makes their product easily available and accessible to the people. Non – Perishable food items in the food industry need to be consumed fast as they don’t have a lot of shelf life. So, getting to the consumer faster allows them to use the product longer and reduces products from getting spoilt due to time taken in transportation or not being able to get to the customer in time. However, the IT industry is an exception to this. Due to the invention of the internet that allows for data to travel like distance is immaterial, they can be positioned anywhere according to the previous criteria and still be able to work with markets across the world. However, they too try to stay in the region where their market is to prevent overworking workers or burdening with time zones.
Industrial System
The industrial system consists of inputs, processes, and outputs. The inputs are the raw materials, labor, energy, transport, machines, land, etc. The processes are the steps taken to convert the raw material into the final output, and the output is the final product that is sold to the customer. Let’s take the example of the clothes industry. First, cotton, labor, tools, machinery, cotton fields, transportation, etc are the inputs, the process is the cleaning of the cotton, the combing of the cotton, the spinning of the cotton into thread, the looming of the thread into cloth, the stitching of the cloth into clothes, and the dyeing of the clothes to make them more appealing. The final output is the dyed clothes.
Industrial Regions
Industrial regions are regions in which many industries are located close to each other in the same region. These regions are thickly populated and well developed. Some of the biggest industrial regions in the world are located in North America, Central Europe, And Eastern Asia. Some regions in India include:
· The Ahmedabad – Vadodara Region
· The Delhi – Gurugram – Meerut Region
· The Bengal – Jharkhand Region
· The Bangalore – Coimbatore – Madurai Region
· Mumbai – Pune Region.
These were the Major regions. Some of the Minor regions, however, are Vishakhapatnam – Guntur Region, and the Kollam – Thiruvananthapuram Region.
The Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Usually, industrial disasters occur due to incompetent handling, technical issues, safety hazards, or worker negligence. One of the biggest industrial disasters faced by India occurring on the 3rd of December 1984 in Bhopal. It started off by an unnoticed Methane Isocyanate (MIC) leak. This leak in the United Carbide India Limited ( UCIL ) Factory however, led to a large explosion killing nearly 3800 people and Seriously injuring over 500,000 according to government reports. These people were left with long term burns, intestinal and stomach disorders, respiratory diseases, etc.
The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster
The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster happened in Chernobyl, Ukraine on the 26th of April 1986. This disaster occurred due to a power failure of the Chernobyl Reactor caused it to release nuclear material. Though the official death toll is around 40, it is believed that thousands more people died later due to the cancers developed by this radiation exposure. To take control and prevent industrial disasters, many precautions can and should be taken. We should urge our governments to put in place a body that regularly ensures the following:
· Toxic Industries are located as far away from residential areas as possible to reduce the death toll in case of a meltdown.
· Regular Checks and maintenances should be done under supervision to avoid mistakes and issues.
· Alarms should be put in that use technology to predict possibilities of issues way before they happen to call for a shut down or proper maintenance.
· The Control of Maintenance should be done by Multiple bodies to avoid negligence.
· The Toxic Waste’s Disposal Should be closely monitored.
Human Resources
Human Resources
Human Resources Comprise of the People, their skill, motivation, and knowledge. It is the most important resource a country have as it is the resource that provides other resources with value. As without it’s skill, motivation, and knowledge, the other resources would not be turned into useful products that can be used. Human Resources are also required for the development of a nation and the economy as well. The motivation to work and the effort put in by the people cause development. This is why it is important for a country to have a large amount of healthy on knowledgeable human resources. When the human resource of a country is comprised of healthy, educated, and dedicated people then the country has a good human resource. The more this amount is, the better the resource. This is why, human resource development or the development of human beings on the bases of health, skill, and knowledge is really important for countries.
The Important Role of Human Resources
Recognizing how important human resources are to a country, in 1985 the government of India decided to launch the Ministry of Human Resource Development of MHRD. This Ministry was responsible for the human resource development and functioned using two main departments. These departments are:
· The School Education and Literacy Department.
· The Higher Education Department.
Since this ministry mainly focuses on Education, it was later renamed into the ministry of Education in 2020. The Ministry has said that education plays a key role in balancing the socio – economic factors of a country.
Distribution of Population
Population is the number of people residing in a particular area. The Population may vary. More the people, the more thickly populated a place is. North America, Eastern, and South – East Asia make up most of the worlds population. These places are thickly populated. While places like the Amazon Rain Forrest, The Sahara Dessert, and the Himalaya’s are thinly populated. This shows that the population of the world is not equally distributed but distributed highly in areas with better living conditions. Population distribution can be obtained by comparing the population density of two regions. The Population density of a region is the number of people staying in a unit area. Around the world, the average is 50 – 55, while in India it is 382 people pet square kilometer. Around 10 countries of the world make up 60 Percent of the world population. Out of these 10, India and China Make up for around 36 percent. India is the country with the largest population. It is heavily populated. Eastern Asia and South Eastern Asia have a higher population density than the rest of the world. This covers countries such as India, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Pakistan, Indonesia, etc.
There are Many Factors that can by used to predict population Density. These Factors are:
· Relief – The Plains suits better for agricultural, industrial, and economic activities due to its smooth terrain and quality. This is why the Indo – Gangetic plains are densely populated. Places like mountains, forests, deserts, etc are sparsely populated.
· Climate – Places with a more suitable and moderate climate are highly polluted as they allow for a more comfortable Life. Place what are Climate Intensive with incredibly High or low temperature are thinly populated.
· Water – Water is a resource required for us to live. Without it, the human species won’t survive. This is why, places with fresh water abundance are highly populated and deserts are not.
· Resources – Places where resources are available is where people tend to go. After many Large petrol wells were discovered in the UAE the population of that desert significantly multiplied.
· Economic and Religious Factors - Many Economic and Religious factors determine where people will stay. To obtain better jobs, people prefer to stay near Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, etc. While to live a more religious life, places like Varanasi are well populated.
· Industrial Factors – People prefer to stay near industries or industrial areas to obtain better job opportunities and to reduce transport time. This is why, the Shanghai Region of China and the Bangalore – Coimbatore – Madurai Region of India are well Populated.
Population Change
The Population is never static. It always changes. This change in population is called Population Change. It is mainly affected by The Birth Rate and Death Rate. The Birth rate is the number of people born per thousand people in a specific area and the death rate is the number of people who have died per thousand people. Both of these Heavily contribute to the growth or reduction of the population. The Difference between the Birth rate and the Death rate is known as the Natural Growth Rate. Over the Past 70 + years, the death rate number has significantly reduced due to a longer life expectation, better food safety, advances in medical technology, education of fitness and taking care of oneself, etc. And due to favorable conditions rising across the world, the birthrate has significantly risen. It took over 120 years to get from 1 billion total people to two billion people, but now, it’s taking around 12 years to rise in 1 billion. It took 40 years for the population to double from 3 billion to 6 billion and around fifty for it to go from 4 billion to 8 billion.
Migration is also one of the factors that affects population change. Migration is the task of going from one country into another in hopes of settling there. People migrate for better job opportunities, to avoid wars, poor living conditions in their country, spread of diseases in their country, and many other factors. The largest migration in Human History happened in 1947 during the India Pakistan Partition. Millions of people had died during this. The process of leaving a country is called emigration while the process of moving into the new country is called immigration. Over the recent few years, thousands of skilled workers have been migrating to other countries from India. This leads to the loss of skilled resources or brain drain. This is not good for a countries growth and should be reduced by increasing better job opportunities in the country.
The Population is not growing evenly across the world. The Growth Rate of population varies from place to place. There are places where the population is remaining stable, where the population is decreasing, and places where the population is rapidly increasing.
Population Composition
The Population of a country varies differently by gender, economic groups, social groups, age, and many other factors. The Population Composes of these people. Which is why, to effectively evaluate the human resources of a country, it is important to understand its Population Composition. This can be done by analyzing 4 main things. The Age – Sex Ratio, The Dependency Rate, The Sex Ratio, and the Literacy Rate. Let’s learn more about these ratio’s and rates.
Population Pyramid
To Determine the Population, we can start by looking at the Population pyramid or the Age – Sex Pyramid. In this, the Population of a country is divided on the bases of age and gender. The age classes of 1 – 4, 5 – 9, 10 – 14, 15 – 19, and so on. The Gender is classified into Males and Females. The number of people within these age classes for the specific gender is when plotted on this pyramid. It allows us to visualize the birth rate and death rate. Developing countries like India have a graph that is Thicker at the bottom and thinner at the top. This means that they have a high Birth Rate and Low Death Rate. While already developed countries like Japan have a chart that is narrow at the top and bottom while being wide in the middle. This means that the country has a low birth rate and a low death rate. This may pose an issue to the country as after the current working class dies they will be left with an incredibly small population.
Another Statistic that can be looked at is the dependency ratio. People Below the age of 15 and above the age of 65 are called dependents are they are believed to be economically inactive ( unemployed ). The people between the ages of 15 – 64 are said to be a part of the worker class. The Dependency ratio is the Number of dependents / the number of people between the ages of 15 – 64 * 100. The Higher this ratio is, the more the burden is on the working class for the countries growth and development while the lower this ratio is, the lesser the burden faced.
Sex Ratio
The sex ratio of a country can be defined as the number of females for every thousand males. Around most of the world, males outnumber the females. However, in some African, Central European countries, and a few others, the number of females is more that the number of males. In India, in most states, there are more males than females. However, Kerala is an exception as the females outnumber the males. The sex ratio in India is 940 : 1000 while it is 984 : 1000 around the world. This shows that India has a long way to work toward a better sex ratio.
Literacy Rates
Literacy can be defined are the ability to read and write to the extent of certain comprehension / understanding. This defines the literacy rate. Developed countries such as the Usa and Russia have a higher literacy rate. Developing countries like India and Bangladesh have a lower literacy rate. Literacy is important for the future development of a country and its human resources. This is why countries should spend money and time in developing its populations education, knowledge, and skills.
The Union Executive
The President
The Executive body of India consists of the President, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers. The President is the Commander in Chief of the Indian Army and the Head of the State. According to article 53 of the Indian Constitution, all executive powers are vested in the hands of the president. However, the president is just the titular head. They have to follow the advice given by the Prime Minister and The Council of Ministers. They are bound to do this by the constitution of India. A president is elected by an electoral college. This electoral college consists of members of both the houses of the parliament, the legislative council, and the legislative assembly. These people are representatives chosen by the people. The process of election of the president is indirectly done by the people because of this. To be eligible to become a president, one must be over the age 35 years old and fully meet the criteria of joining the Lok Sabha. A president rules for a term of 5 years. However, they can be removed if the violate the constitution. This removal is done via an Impeachment motion.
The Powers of the President
The constitution of India has granted the president many powers. Out which, the main ones are:
· Legislative – The legislative powers of a president are listed below.
o Summon a session in either house of the Parliament.
o Appoint Members to the Parliament.
o Prorogue Either or both houses of the Parliament.
o Address the first meeting of the Lok Sabha.
o Dissolve the Lok Sabha.
o Pass Temporary bills / acts when the parliamentary houses are not in action.
o Assent or Grant a bill. However, the president is required to pass a bill if it comes back the second time.
o Summon A joint session with both the houses of the parliament.
· Executive – As we know, all the powers of the executive are vested in the hands of the president.
o The President can appoint and remove the Prime Minister.
o The president can appoint and remove ministers from the cabinet of ministers on the advice of the Prime Minister.
o The President can appoint the governors of states and members of the Election Commission on the Advice of the Prime Minister.
· Judiciary –
o Grant Someone a Convicted person a Pardon.
o Appoint judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
· Emergency –
o A president has the ability to declare an emergency if below happen:
- A National Emergency – A National Emergency can be declared if the security of a country is threatened by war.
- A State Emergency – A State Emergency can be declared in a state if there is a breakdown of the constitution machinery.
- A Financial Emergency – A Financial Emergency can be declared if something is affecting the Financial System of the Country.
- During Emergencies, the Fundamental Rights of Citizens remain Suspended.
Vice President
The Vice President is the Presiding Officer or the Ex Officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha. They Also act as the president in his or her absence. If the president is removed from their duty, under the advice of the prime minister, the Vice – President may act as the president till a new president is elected.
Prime Minister
The Prime Minister of India is the real or Executive Head of the Government. He or she is the ruler / leader of the party that attains a majority of votes during the elections. They do not have a fixed tenure and are the prime minister as long as they have the trust, support, and votes of the public. This is why, trust is a key feature in a democracy like ours. Below are some Powers of the Prime Minister :
· Advices the President on the Appointment of Cabinet Ministers and assigns them Portfolios ( Defense, Home, Finance, Education, etc )
· Can Remove a Cabinet Member and shuffle Portfolios.
· Presides over the Cabinet Meetings, coordinates processes between various departments and help come up with the annual budget.
· The Link Between the president and the Legislature.
· Advices the President of the appointing of Judges, Attorney Generals, Election Comision Members, etc.
· Advices the president on when to dissolve, summon, or prorogue the houses of the parliament.
· Acts as an Advisor to the president.
Disagreement Between Dr Rajendra Prasad and Jawaharlal Nehru
Soon after independence, India’s first President, Dr Rajendra Prasad and India’s First Prime Minister, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had a disagreement while trying to pass the Hindu Code Bills. The Hindu Code Bill was a bill that aimed to reform Hindu social reforms. This was a very progressive bill and had the Backing of Dr BR Ambedkar and Nehru. However, Many conservative Indians and Dr Rajendra Prasad were dead against it. Dr Rajendra Prasad told Nehru that he would provide assent when the bill came to him and that the advice of the prime minister and council was just optional and required to be followed by the president. They both then went to the attorney General MC Satelwad who told then that the Indian constitution was modeled on the British’s one and the advice of the council was binding on the president and needed to be followed. So, in 1976, to clarify this, the 42nd Amendment was added to the constitution which stated that the advice of the council of ministers and prime minister was binding on the president and had to be followed.
Council of Ministers
The council of Ministers are a group of ministers who assist the Prime Minister. They are appointed by the President under the advice of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister Advices their executive powers on them. A minister can be of either one of three types. A Cabinet Minister, A State Minister, and A Deputy Minister. A Cabinet Minister is the most important minister. They are responsible for heading individual departments like finance, defense, foreign affairs, etc. Together, they form the cabinet which is the most important body of the government. It is presided on by the Prime minister. The State Ministers and the Deputy Ministers assist them. The Council of Ministers and the Prime Minister are all responsible to the Legislature or the Lok Sabha. It is Important fort them to keep the trust of the legislature. If trust is lost in them, a no confidence motion can be bought up. If passed the council of ministers and prime minister will be forced to resign.
The Judiciary
The Judiciary
The Judiciary Is a body of the government responsible for settling disputes and granting justice to offenders. It is independent from the executive and legislative bodies and functions on its own. The Indian Judiciary Follows a Single Integrated Judicial System. This means that the judicial system in India follows a hierarchy of courts. The Supreme court comes on top, followed by the high courts of states, followed by the subordinate courts at local or district levels. This allows for justice to be provided at higher levels if not done on lower ones.
The Supreme Court
The Supreme Court is the court with the highest authority of law in India. It comes of all the other courts and is the final interpreter of the law. ]
It is composed of the chief justice of India and not more than 33 Judges.
To be eligible as a judge in the supreme court, one must be an advocate in the high court for over 10 years, a judge in the high court for over 5 years, and should be a distinguished jurist according to the president.
Supreme court judges are appointed by the president under the advice of the prime minister. They leave their post after reaching the age of 65 ( retirement ). However, they can be removed using an impeachment motion for them people incapable of their job or proven misbehavior.
Jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court of law to provide legal judgment and enforcement of laws. The Supreme Court of India Follows Three Types of Jurisdictions. They are:
· Original Jurisdiction – Original Jurisdiction is the power of the supreme court to hear cases from the time they arise. It only does so in the following disputes:
o Disputes between the Government of India and a state or a group of states.
o Disputes between the Government of India, a state / a group of states and a state / a group of states.
o Disputes between a state / a group of states and a state / a group of states.
· Appellate Jurisdiction – The Supreme Court has the highest authority. This gives it the ability to interpret cases from the high court if sent for an appeal. This, however, only happens in Civil and Criminal Cases.
· Advisory Jurisdiction – This Jurisdiction is the ability to advice the president of India on Constitutional Matters if asked to do so.
The Supreme Court is the Guardian of The Constitution. One of its jobs is to ensure that the laws passed by a state, or a union do not violate the constitution. So, it keeps checking on them. It may also declare a law null and void which means it is no longer active if in goes against the constitution of India. This ability is known as Judicial Review. The Supreme Court also has the ability to transfer cases from one high court to another.
The Supreme Court is supposed to keep a record off all the cases for future reference. This is why, in article 129 of the constitution, it is declared as the Court of Records.
Common Writs
The Supreme Court also has the Ability to provide writs or commands that enforce Fundamental Rights. Citizens who feel like there is a matter that is important to bring up to the publics attention can submit a writ petition or a Public Interest Litigation to the supreme court. It needs to be addressed to the Chief Justice of India. The Chief Justice can they review the PIL and provide them with a writ.
The High Court
The High Court is the Highest Court of Law in a State. Sometimes, a high court may be common for two states. The High Court is composed of a chief justice and judges. The number of judges depends on the size of the state and varies from state to state.
To be appointed as a Judge in the high court, one must be an advocate in the high court for at least 10 years.
The Judges of the High Court Retire at the age of 62. However, they may be removed by the president on terms of proven misbehavior and in capability of the role.
The Jurisdiction of a high court s within its state. This area also covers the subordinate courts in its territory. However, it can’t extend to areas that are other high courts’ territories. Below are some of the jurisdictions and powers of a high Court:
· The High Court Enjoys Original Jurisdiction over Cases that are deemed of a higher level than subordinate courts. For example, Divorces, Corporate Law, etc.
· The High Court Has the ability to grant writs for fundamental rights and any other writ.
· The High Court Takes cases appealed in the lower subordinate court. It has the ability to oversee it.
· The High Court is a Court of Record. This Means that all the cases records are stored for future reference.
· They oversee the working of subordinate courts.
Subordinate Courts
Below the High Court Comes the District Court. The District Court is of three types: Civil Courts, Criminal Courts, and Revenue Courts. Let’s learn a little more about these courts. The Court of the District Judge is the highest civil court in a district. Below it come the court of the civil judge and the court of the Munsif. The Court of the District Judge Is presided over by the District Judge. The Court of the Sessions Judge is Presided over the Sessions Judge and is the highest Criminal Court in a district. It consists of the chief judiciary magistrate, the first – class judiciary magistrate, and the second – class judiciary magistrate. At a village level, the courts are called Nyaya Panchayats.
Civil Disputes | Criminal Disputes |
When two people or groups have a dispute. | When a Person commits a crime like robbery, murder, fraud, etc. |
Bought to the court by an individual or group. | Bought to the Court by the Government. |
A person can not be arrested but may need to pay a fine or compensate the other group. | A Person May be arrested, and / or pay a fine, and / or compensate those harmed during the crime. |
Lok Adalat
Lok Adalat or people’s courts were formed in 1984 as a speedy way of delivering justice to people. They accept new cases or cases pending in normal courts. There are no fees in Lok Adalat’s, and decisions are usually made taking compromise in mind. It consists of three People. A retired or sitting judge, a lawyer, and a social worker. Lok Adalat’s decisions are considered Final and can not be appealed to any other body of court. This is because the decisions are made by taking both individuals interests in mind.
An Independent Judiciary
In India, the Judiciary is completely independent of both other bodies of court. This makes the smooth functioning of a democracy easy. It is not directly related to the executive or legislative bodies. However, it is still kept check on by the rest. The constitution has taken care of this through various methods. For example, to remove a judge of the supreme court, a president has to send a motion to both houses of the parliament in which it will be voted upon. If it obtains over 2/3rd of votes then a judge is removed. Once removed, a judge can not join either court of law.
