6.1+STRUCTURE+OF+DNA+&+RNA+

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  • Introduction to Genetic Codes

    • Sequence of nucleotides (e.g., GATCCGGAATAAG...)

    • Importance of nucleotide sequences in genetics.

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  • DNA & RNA Structure

    • Overview of the fundamental structures of DNA and RNA.

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  • Hereditary Information Transfer

    • Structures involved in passing hereditary information:

      • DNA and its role in inheritance.

      • RNA and protein synthesis.

    • Characteristics of DNA:

      • Stability and ability to store genetic information.

      • Replicability and mutation processes.

    • Mononucleotide Components:

      • Sugar, phosphate, and base.

    • Comparison of DNA and RNA:

      • Structure (double helix vs single strand).

      • Function (genetic information storage vs protein synthesis).

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  • Key Terms in Molecular Biology

    • Mononucleotides: Building blocks of nucleotides.

    • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Energy currency of the cell.

    • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA types.

    • Ribose vs. Deoxyribose: Sugar differences in RNA and DNA.

    • Bases: Purines (Adenine, Guanine) and Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).

    • Nucleic Acids/Polynucleotides: Long chains of nucleotides.

    • Phosphodiester Bond: Linkage in nucleic acid structure.

    • Complementary Base Pairs: A-T, G-C pairings.

    • Genome: Complete set of genetic information.

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  • Discovery of DNA Timeline

    • Important Scientists and Their Discoveries:

      • Gregor Mendel: Laws of heredity.

      • Watson and Crick: Structure of DNA.

      • Meselson and Stahl: Semi-conservative replication.

      • Alec Jeffreys: DNA fingerprinting.

    • Identifying years associated with discoveries.

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  • Mononucleotide Characteristics

    • Components: Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base.

    • Types of Nucleic Acids:

      • DNA: Double-stranded, carries genetic info.

      • RNA: Single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis.

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  • Components of Mononucleotide:

    • Nitrogen Bases Included: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U).

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  • Base Types:

    • Pyrimidines: Single ring (C, T, U).

    • Purines: Double ring (A, G).

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  • Polymer Formation in Nucleotides

    • Nucleotides linked via condensation reactions.

    • Formation of phosphodiester bonds.

    • Structure of sugar-phosphate backbone.

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  • Mononucleotide Components Recap

    • Review of DNA & RNA structure comparisons.

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  • Watson & Crick Model (1953)

    • Key findings regarding DNA structure.

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  • DNA Polymer Structure

    • Long polymer consisting of two polynucleotide strands.

    • The double helix formation.

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  • DNA Backbone Structure

    • Alternating phosphates & deoxyribose sugar.

    • Base pairing specificity.

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  • Strand Orientation

    • DNA strands are anti-parallel (3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’).

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  • Base Pairing and Hydrogen Bonds

    • Specific base pairing: Cytosine-Guanine, Adenine-Thymine.

    • Hydrogen bond importance in stability of DNA.

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  • RNA Structure

    • Single polynucleotide chain.

    • Formation of complex shapes and roles in protein synthesis.

    • Linking of mononucleotides through phosphodiester bonds.

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  • Components of Mononucleotide in RNA

    • Contains ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

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  • Mononucleotide Components Recap

    • Summary of DNA & RNA structures.

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  • DNA in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

    • Prokaryotes: Circular DNA in cytoplasm.

    • Eukaryotes: Linear DNA organized in chromosomes.

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  • DNA Packaging in Eukaryotes

    • DNA wraps around histones forming nucleosomes.

    • Nucleosomes group into chromatin fibers, leading to chromosomes.

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  • Relative Nucleotide Amounts in Organisms

    • Examining percentages of nucleotides (C, G, A, T) among different organisms.

    • Analyzing uracil content in RNA.

    • Implications of differing RNA compositions.

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  • Erwin Chargaff's Investigation

    • Studied nucleotide composition in DNA across various organisms.

    • Results on base percentages and their implications for DNA structure.

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  • Plenary Activity

    • Engage with quizizz.com using provided code.

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  • Reflection Activity

    • Self-assessment on understanding the material (scale from 0 to 5).

    • Opportunities to identify areas needing further support.