6.1+STRUCTURE+OF+DNA+&+RNA+

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• Introduction to Genetic Codes

  • Sequence of nucleotides (e.g., GATCCGGAATAAG...)

  • Importance of nucleotide sequences in genetics.

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• DNA & RNA Structure

  • Overview of the fundamental structures of DNA and RNA.

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• Hereditary Information Transfer

  • Structures involved in passing hereditary information:

    • DNA and its role in inheritance.

    • RNA and protein synthesis.

  • Characteristics of DNA:

    • Stability and ability to store genetic information.

    • Replicability and mutation processes.

  • Mononucleotide Components:

    • Sugar, phosphate, and base.

  • Comparison of DNA and RNA:

    • Structure (double helix vs single strand).

    • Function (genetic information storage vs protein synthesis).

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• Key Terms in Molecular Biology

  • Mononucleotides: Building blocks of nucleotides.

  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): Energy currency of the cell.

  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA types.

  • Ribose vs. Deoxyribose: Sugar differences in RNA and DNA.

  • Bases: Purines (Adenine, Guanine) and Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).

  • Nucleic Acids/Polynucleotides: Long chains of nucleotides.

  • Phosphodiester Bond: Linkage in nucleic acid structure.

  • Complementary Base Pairs: A-T, G-C pairings.

  • Genome: Complete set of genetic information.

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• Discovery of DNA Timeline

  • Important Scientists and Their Discoveries:

    • Gregor Mendel: Laws of heredity.

    • Watson and Crick: Structure of DNA.

    • Meselson and Stahl: Semi-conservative replication.

    • Alec Jeffreys: DNA fingerprinting.

  • Identifying years associated with discoveries.

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• Mononucleotide Characteristics

  • Components: Phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base.

  • Types of Nucleic Acids:

    • DNA: Double-stranded, carries genetic info.

    • RNA: Single-stranded, involved in protein synthesis.

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• Components of Mononucleotide:

  • Nitrogen Bases Included: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Uracil (U).

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• Base Types:

  • Pyrimidines: Single ring (C, T, U).

  • Purines: Double ring (A, G).

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• Polymer Formation in Nucleotides

  • Nucleotides linked via condensation reactions.

  • Formation of phosphodiester bonds.

  • Structure of sugar-phosphate backbone.

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• Mononucleotide Components Recap

  • Review of DNA & RNA structure comparisons.

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• Watson & Crick Model (1953)

  • Key findings regarding DNA structure.

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• DNA Polymer Structure

  • Long polymer consisting of two polynucleotide strands.

  • The double helix formation.

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• DNA Backbone Structure

  • Alternating phosphates & deoxyribose sugar.

  • Base pairing specificity.

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• Strand Orientation

  • DNA strands are anti-parallel (3’ to 5’ and 5’ to 3’).

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• Base Pairing and Hydrogen Bonds

  • Specific base pairing: Cytosine-Guanine, Adenine-Thymine.

  • Hydrogen bond importance in stability of DNA.

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• RNA Structure

  • Single polynucleotide chain.

  • Formation of complex shapes and roles in protein synthesis.

  • Linking of mononucleotides through phosphodiester bonds.

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• Components of Mononucleotide in RNA

  • Contains ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group.

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• Mononucleotide Components Recap

  • Summary of DNA & RNA structures.

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• DNA in Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotes: Circular DNA in cytoplasm.

  • Eukaryotes: Linear DNA organized in chromosomes.

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• DNA Packaging in Eukaryotes

  • DNA wraps around histones forming nucleosomes.

  • Nucleosomes group into chromatin fibers, leading to chromosomes.

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• Relative Nucleotide Amounts in Organisms

  • Examining percentages of nucleotides (C, G, A, T) among different organisms.

  • Analyzing uracil content in RNA.

  • Implications of differing RNA compositions.

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• Erwin Chargaff's Investigation

  • Studied nucleotide composition in DNA across various organisms.

  • Results on base percentages and their implications for DNA structure.

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• Plenary Activity

  • Engage with quizizz.com using provided code.

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• Reflection Activity

  • Self-assessment on understanding the material (scale from 0 to 5).

  • Opportunities to identify areas needing further support.