distress caused by exclusion has made it necessary that humans cooperate, which enabled humans to survive for centuries
the concept of being an individual is faulty, because we are constant influencing and being influenced by our environment
we are influenced and influence by bringing social facts into existence
to prove hypotheses, sociologists collective qualitative and quantitative data through sociological research methods
quantitative research was brought to america by w.e.b. du bois, which officially rooted sociology in the scientific method
data is analyzed then published to build sociological theory
researchers engage in sociological sympathy and research ethics to fully comprehend the nature of the situations they study
the central goal of sociological research is the betterment of society
sociology pays specific attention to power imbalances
diversity is essential to the creation of good sociological theory
a sociological imagination is gained by letting go of the idea that we are unaffected by the world
sociology: the science of society
social facts: products of human interaction with persuasive or coercive power that are bigger than any individual and exert a force on us
data: systemically collected sets of empirical observations
research questions: queries about the world that can be answered empirically
sociological research methods: scientific strategies for collecting empirical data about social facts
qualitative research methods: sociological inquiry involving careful consideration and discussion of the meaning of nonnumerical data
quantitative research methods: sociological inquiry involving examination of numerical data with math and computer skills
sociological sympathy: the skill of understanding others as they understand themselves
research ethics: the set of moral principals that guide empirical inquiry: respect, justice, and beneficence
sociological theory: empirically based explanations and predictions about relationships between social facts
social patterns: explainable and foreseeable similarities and differences among people influenced by the social conditions in which they live
standpoints: points of view grounded in lived reality
public sociology: the work of using sociological theory to make societies better
sociological imagination: the capacity to consider how people’s lives—including our own—are shaped by the social facts that surround us
emilé durkheim (1858-1917): french social scientist who coined the term “social facts” in 1895; published the rules of sociological method in 1895
harriet martineau (1802-1876): british sociologist who wrote the first manual for studying society scientifically, how to observe morals and manners, in 1838; wrote society in america in 1836
w.e.b. du bois (1868-1963): introduced quantitative research methods to america after studying at the university of berlin; used quantitative research to communicate facts about black people to a racist audience
maxine baca zinn (1942-) & bonnie thornton dill (1944-): women of color who developed standpoint theory together
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