Definition of learning Basics of classical conditioning and Pavlov Basics of Operant conditioning and Thorndike, Skinner

Learning: a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.

Classical Conditioning

Basics

• Learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired.
• A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a conditioned stimulus.
• Ivan Pavlov: Studied classical conditioning with dogs.

Pavlov's Experiments

1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that naturally triggers a response. (e.g., food)
2. Unconditioned Response (UCR): A natural response to the UCS. (e.g., salivation to food)
3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after association with the UCS, triggers a conditioned response. (e.g., bell)
4. Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. (e.g., salivation to the bell)

Operant Conditioning

Basics

• Learning through consequences of behavior.
• Behaviors are strengthened if followed by reinforcement and weakened if followed by punishment.
• Edward Thorndike: Pioneer in operant conditioning; Law of Effect.
• B.F. Skinner: Further developed operant conditioning; Skinner box.

Key Concepts

1. Reinforcement: Increases the likelihood of a behavior.
   • Positive Reinforcement: Adding a desirable