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Upcoming exam has content pulled from recent chapters (19-16).
Key topics include stewardship, recycling, greenhouse effect, and climate change.
Exam format:
- 60 Multiple Choice and True/False questions
- 10 Fill in the Blanks
- 5 Short Answers
- 1 Essay (5 points)
Available during finals week from tomorrow until Wednesday.

Key Definitions:
- Energy Input: The energy required to harvest or convert energy resources.
- Energy Yield: The amount of energy produced.
- Net Energy Yield: The total useful energy obtained from a resource minus the energy expended to obtain it; crucial for evaluating energy efficiency.
Energy Source Comparisons:
- Pros and cons for each energy type:
- Coal: Cheap but polluting.
- Natural Gas: Less polluting than coal but extraction (fracking) can be controversial.
- Nuclear Power: Efficient but concerns over radioactive waste (e.g., Yakamatin site).
- Hydrogen: Currently has negative net energy yield when used for electricity.
Important Comparisons in Energy Use:
- World and U.S. energy sources utilize oil and coal predominantly.
- Focus on the percentage contributions from each source rather than exact numbers.

Risk Definition: Probability of health being harmed by hazards.
Types of Hazards:
- Biological: Infectious diseases.
- Chemical: Toxic substances; key sub-types include carcinogens, mutagens, antigens.
- Natural: Earthquakes, fires.
- Cultural: Poverty, working conditions.
- Lifestyle: Smoking, diet choices.
Impact of Immunization: Reduced deaths from infectious diseases due to advancements in health technology.
Endocrine System Overview: Hormonal regulation impacted by chemical hazards.

Smog Definition: Air pollution typically results from pollutant interactions (2 types: photochemical and industrial).
Air Pollution Types:
- Primary Pollutants: Directly emitted into the air.
- Secondary Pollutants: Formed from reactions of primary pollutants.
Climate vs. Weather: Climate refers to long-term averages; weather refers to short-term conditions.
Global Temperature Rise: Average surface temperature has increased by 1.4°F since early 1900s.
Greenhouse Effect: Misleading term; climate change includes both warming and extreme weather patterns (increased droughts, storms).
Albedo Effect: Melting ice exposes darker land/water which absorbs more heat; critical to understand its role in climate change.

Issues from Solid Waste: Pollution, degradation of natural capital, health problems, increased deaths.
Hazardous Waste Types:
- Toxic Waste: Poisonous or chemically reactive materials.
- Radioactive Waste: Requires long-term storage (10,000-240,000 years).
Waste Management Strategies:
- Reuse, recycling (primary vs. secondary), composting, incineration, landfills (sanitary vs. open).
- Plasma Gasification: High-temperature vaporization of waste producing gas and encapsulating toxic residues.
Government Regulations: Basel Convention (hazardous waste shipping) and Stockholm Convention (bands on certain pollutants).

Focus on understanding the pros and cons of different energy sources, types of environmental hazards, and their effects on human health.
Familiarize yourself with definitions and their significance in context (e.g., different types of pollutants, what constitutes smog).
Review charts and graphs on energy yields and their implications.
Cross-reference notes with the study guide provided for efficient study preparation before the exam.