Untitled Flashcards Set

Chapter 1: The Human Body – An Orientation

11 Organ Systems & Functions

1. Integumentary – Skin, hair, nails; protects against environmental hazards, regulates temperature, sensory reception.

2. Skeletal – Bones, joints; supports structure, movement, stores minerals, blood cell formation.

3. Muscular – Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscles; movement, heat generation, posture.

4. Nervous – Brain, spinal cord, nerves; controls responses, communication, processes information.

5. Endocrine – Glands (thyroid, adrenal, pancreas); hormone regulation, growth, metabolism.

6. Cardiovascular – Heart, blood vessels; pumps blood, transports oxygen/nutrients.

7. Lymphatic/Immune – Lymph nodes, spleen; fights infections, returns fluids to blood.

8. Respiratory – Lungs, trachea, bronchi; oxygen intake, CO₂ removal.

9. Digestive – Stomach, intestines, liver; breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.

10. Urinary – Kidneys, bladder, ureters; filters waste, maintains fluid balance.

11. Reproductive – Ovaries/testes; produces gametes, supports reproduction.

Homeostasis & Feedback Mechanisms

• Homeostasis: Maintains internal balance despite external changes.

• Negative Feedback: Reverses a change (e.g., body temp, blood sugar).

• Positive Feedback: Enhances a process (e.g., labor contractions, blood clotting).

• Homeostatic Imbalance & Disease: Failure leads to illness (e.g., diabetes from glucose imbalance).

Anatomical Terms & Body Cavities

• Position: Standing upright, palms forward.

• Directional Terms: Superior (above), Inferior (below), Anterior (front), Posterior (back).

• Body Planes: Sagittal (left/right), Frontal (front/back), Transverse (top/bottom).

• Cavities:

  • Dorsal (CNS): Cranial (brain), Vertebral (spinal cord).

  • Ventral (Organs): Thoracic (heart/lungs), Abdominopelvic (digestive/reproductive).

Chapter 4: Tissues

Epithelial Tissue

• Characteristics: Avascular, regenerates, tight cell junctions.

• Types & Locations:

  • Simple Squamous – Lungs, rapid diffusion.

  • Simple Cuboidal – Kidneys, secretion.

  • Simple Columnar – Digestive tract, absorption.

  • Stratified Squamous – Skin, protection.

Connective Tissue

• Common Features: Extracellular matrix, varying blood supply.

• Types & Functions:

  • Loose (Areolar, Adipose): Supports, insulates.

  • Dense (Tendons, Ligaments): Strength, attachment.

  • Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage): Cushioning, flexibility.

  • Bone: Support, mineral storage.

  • Blood: Transport, immunity.

Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal: Voluntary, striated, movement.

• Cardiac: Involuntary, striated, pumps blood.

• Smooth: Involuntary, non-striated, organ function.

Nervous Tissue

• Neurons: Transmit signals.

• Neuroglia: Support neurons.

Chapter 5: Integumentary System

Skin Layers & Functions

• Epidermis: Protection, keratinized.

• Dermis: Strength, elasticity, sensation.

• Hypodermis: Fat storage, insulation.

Glands

• Eccrine: Sweat, cooling.

• Apocrine: Odorous sweat.

Skin Cancer

1. Basal Cell Carcinoma: Slow-growing, least severe.

2. Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Grows faster, may spread.

3. Melanoma: Aggressive, metastasizes quickly.

Burns & Classification

• 1st Degree: Redness, epidermis damage.

• 2nd Degree: Blisters, dermis damage.

• 3rd Degree: Full-thickness, nerve damage.

• Rule of Nines: Estimates burn area for fluid replacement.

Chapter 6: Skeletal System

Cartilage Types

• Hyaline: Joints, ribs, smooth surface.

• Elastic: Ear, flexible.

• Fibrocartilage: Vertebrae, shock absorption.

Bone Structure

• Compact Bone: Dense, strength.

• Spongy Bone: Lightweight, houses marrow.

• Bone Marrow:

  • Red: Blood cell production.

  • Yellow: Fat storage.

Bone Cells

• Osteoblasts: Build bone.

• Osteocytes: Maintain bone.

• Osteoclasts: Break down bone.

Chapter 8: Joints

Joint Classifications

• Fibrous: Immovable (skull sutures).

• Cartilaginous: Slightly movable (vertebrae).

• Synovial: Freely movable (knee).

Arthritis Types

• Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear.

• Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune.

• Gout: Uric acid crystals.

Chapter 9: Muscle System

Muscle Contraction

• Sliding Filament Theory: Actin-myosin interaction.

• Neuromuscular Junction: Nerve impulse triggers contraction.

• ATP Regeneration:

  • Creatine Phosphate: Quick energy.

  • Glycolysis: Short-term ATP.

  • Aerobic Respiration: Long-term ATP.

Chapter 11: Nervous System

Divisions

• CNS: Brain & spinal cord.

• PNS: Nerves outside CNS.

Neurons & Functions

• Sensory (afferent): Detects stimuli.

• Motor (efferent): Response activation.

Electrical Signals

• Resting Potential: -70mV charge.

• Action Potential: Nerve impulse.

Chapter 12: Brain & CNS Protection

Brain Regions

• Cerebrum: Thinking, memory.

• Diencephalon: Thalamus (relay station), Hypothalamus (homeostasis).

• Brain Stem: Basic functions (breathing, heart rate).

• Cerebellum: Balance, coordination.

CNS Protection

• Meninges: Protective layers.

• CSF: Cushions brain, removes waste.

Chapter 13: PNS & Reflexes

Sensory Receptors

• Mechanoreceptors: Touch.

• Nociceptors: Pain.

• Thermoreceptors: Temperature.

Cranial Nerves

• 12 pairs controlling head & neck.

Reflex Arc

• Steps: Receptor → Sensory neuron → Integration → Motor neuron → Effector.

Chapter 15: Special Senses

Eye Structure

• Cornea: Focuses light.

• Retina: Light detection.

• Lens: Adjusts focus.

• Humors: Maintain pressure.

Hearing Pathway

• Outer Ear: Collects sound.

• Middle Ear: Amplifies vibrations.

• Inner Ear: Converts to nerve signals.

Balance Mechanisms

• Semicircular Canals: Detect rotation.

• Vestibule: Detects head position.