history Final Exam
1. Mask of Agamemnon - 14C BCE, Gold mask that doesn’t actually belong to mask of agamemnon, but imitates king tut’s mask sort, GREEK, class relation: discovered at mycenae
2. Ubaid Pottery - Pottery and obsidian (6500 to 3800 BCE, found in northern and southern Mesopotamia which suggest trading, class relation: mesopotamia
3. Zoonoses - The diseases that move from animals to humans. 60% of all infections can be explained through zoonoses, 75% of all emerging diseases come from animals, class relation: discussion on disease
4. Meghalayan Age - 1750 BCE ish, Cave in India, 200 years of drought, has stalagmites that record how much precipitation through the rings on them (each ring mark is one year) class relation: This age is the current age, beginning 4200 years ago to present. In conjunction with our discussion on the collapse of river valleys lik the Indus River Valley and Egypt civilizations
5. Eurasian Steppe - Grassland, flat, semi-arid, no trees (The Eurasian Steppe, also called the Great Steppe or The Steppes, is the vast steppe ecoregion of Eurasia in the temperate grasslands, savannas and shrublands biome.) Class relation: Pastoral nomads and their raising of livestock, cattle.
6. Chariot - Carries people, horse driven machine basically. Horse comes first before the wheel. Horse domestication in Eurasia (5000-4500 BCE), chariot idea spreads out north of the Caspian Sea, class relation: pastoral nomads made the chariot
7. Urbs - Urbs - “The city”, Pantheon, latin term for the city. Class relation: roman empire
8. Smallpox - Smallpox - Eradicated in 1980 due to vaccination program, passed through contaminated objects, its what we think the Antonine Plague disease was. Class relation: antonine plague, roman empire.
9. Erlitou Culture - 1900-1500 BCE, river valley state (Yellow River Valley), centered around earliest domesticated cereal planet millet (state based on miilet production, they were rlly good at it), growth of palaces, they produce bronzes that have pictogram type symbols on them (seems to be Chinese writing), class relation: china, bronze
10. Tarim Mummies - Around 2000 BCE, very well preserved mummies, found in Central Asia around Xinjiang, they were Sintasha people/pastoral nomads, class relation: sintasha culture
11. Composite Bow - Laminated flexible animal bow (made of animal parts like bones and ligaments), very fast shooting (less draw time needed), invented by Xiongnu and used on horseback, class relation: xiongnu
12. Bronocice Pot - 3500 BCE, named after Polish city, a pot with writing on it, earliest invention of the wheel, symbol of a cart with yolk/reins on it, wild auroch remains (they’re related to being the pullers of the carts bc they had big horn) Class relation: the wheel
13. Oracle Bones - (1500 BCE-1100 BCE) - Oracle bones (turtles shells) that have East Asian Chinese symbols on them, used for divination by kings. Class relation: lecture on shang dynasty
14. Moche Culture - 100-700 CE, river valley people contemporary with Han Empire, produce ceramic pots, along w regular pots they made sex pots with suggestive/overtly sexual molds and sexual images, class relation: river valleys
15. Gansu Wall - Structure built by the Hans to facilitate trading. It served as a crucial military fortification, designed to protect the Chinese empire from invasions and raids by nomadic tribes from the north. Class relation: nomads xiongnu
16. Pastoral Nomadism - Mobile animal domestication/herders, good on horseback, herded sheep goat and cattle, makers of the chariots, bronze producers and gold, pastoral nomads interaction w the states became a major engine of history, nomads started trading basically. Class relation: chariots, the wheel, bronze, etc, expanders of states. STATES
17. Vedas - Religious texts (Rigveda - collection of hymns in a language stemming from Indo-Arayan fusion 1500 BCE, super-local religion has universal tentets, first in texts that make up Hinduism, Vedic Sanskrit oral transmission redacted about 500 BCE, written by Pastoral Nomads. You can figure out rigveda through dharma (behavior) class relation: language, pastoral nomads, universalism.
18. Ziggurat - Religious center/temple, multi story pyramid shaped temple. Class relation: state
19. Uruk - 3200 BCE (5200 years before present), between the rivers on the waterline, first major state, the wall around it enclosed abt 600 acres of land, bigger than ancient Athens, they controlled about 1800 acres of land. Class relation: state
20. Lactase - Enzyme that helps your body digest lactose. Drinking milk ability came after domestication of animals, Only one third of people produce the lactase enzyme during adulthood to drink milk class relation: domestication of animals
21. Ideograms - Symbol that represents concept or idea, system of hieroglyphics class relation: writing
22. Bombyx mori - A moth that only appears around mulberry trees most of the time, they are a domesticated animal, most important trait is that’s it’s been designed to be blind, they lay eggs that are known as silkworms, their egg cocoons are unfashioned silk, silk found in burials, only eat mulberry trees, genetically modified to be blind class relation: silk, silk road trade
23. Tarim Mummies - Around 2000 BCE, very well preserved mummies, found in Central Asia around Xinjiang, they were Sintasha people/pastoral nomads class relation: pastoral nomads
24. Prey Pathway - Earliest domesticated prey animal is sheep, animals bred out of aggression - class relation: domestication
25. Cuneiform - Denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets. Class relation: writing
26. Huaca del Sol - Huaca del Sol is the largest pre-Colombian adobe structure in the Americas, largest Moche temple, pyramid made of 130 million adobe bricks class relation: Moche culture
27. Nile River - 4,000 miles long, Nile Valley, flows very slow, floods every year bc of the monsoon (monsoon happens bc of imbalance in temperature). (class relation: Heirakonpolis state in nile valley, as well as memphis, merimde beni salama.)
28. Carneiro Theory - A theory that the state has to be surrounded by a harsh environment,, population pressure led to warfare that resulted in evolution of the state in of areas of circumscribed agricultural land (class relation: primary states that lived in river valleys surrounded by harsh environments (desert) they developed individually and didnt copy any other states
29. Madeira - 1420 CE. Weird little island, not great soil, very different topographical elements, Sugarcane grown there (class relation: sugarcane)
30. Antonine Plague - First global pandemic, 165 CE, social/religious response to the disease was the erecting of statues of Apollo Alexikakos (averter of bad things), bread price goes up, rent goes up, less forests cleared, class relation:roman empire and diseases
31. Silk - earliest surviving silk made in Han China in 1st century CE (Palmyrene Silk) class relation: Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and the Parthian Routes
32. Mycenae - 1400-1100 BCE, one of the first imitation states, they built palaces , biggest state called Mycenae first imitation state (class relation: states)
33. Pyramid of Djoser - King of Djoser builds a pyramid 2650 BCE, definition of monumental architecture/first stone building in the world, pyramid complex of Saqqara, oldest of all pyramids in Egypt, designed by Imhotep, tunnels underground class relation: egypt, pyramids
34. Llama - Closely related to Bactrian Camel, domesticated like 5000 YBP, can carry 30% of their body weight for 6 miles, very smart, strong, u can use their wool, u can eat it, communal pooper lol, bc their business is done in a pile and not near the water, they bring less disease. Llama is the one large domesticated animal in all of the Americas class relation: disease
35. Merimde beni Salame - Permanent settlement in Nile Valley 5000 BCE, clay head mask (earliest human representation) class relation: nile river
36. Hierakonopolis - Seemed to be a state in Egypt (Nile Valley), End of 4th century BCE, big ancient tombs, HK6 tomb 23, HK6 tomb 1, class relation: egypt, tombs
37. Primary States - Mesopotamia, China, Egypt, Mesoamerica, Indus River Valley, Peru. Developed from river valleys surrounded by harsh environments (desert) here a place developed individually, they didn’t copy anyone else class relation: river valleys
38. Quipu - Connected strands made by the Incas, some form of writing maybe. Class relation: Incas and spanish war
39. Ferdinand Magellan - First trans-global voyage, Strait of Magellan, 1519. Class relation: columbian exchange lecture
40. Ayllu - Autonomous, independent community. Valley used to graze llamas class relation: llamas
41. Ethiopian Highlands - All the water from monsoon trickles down the highlands into the Nile The Ethiopian Highlands is a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia in Northeast Africa. Class relation: nile river
42. Tibetan Plateau - Geographical feature that dominates east Asia, a barrier that cuts east Asia off from west Asia?, tons of snowy mountains class relation: asia and the xiongnu
43. Bevel-Rimmed Bowls - Very thick rimmed ceramic bowls, found in basically every household in Uruk, super popular it was like the cellphone of the ancient days, they were mass produced and used to collect taxes (grain), to make bread, class relation: first major state Uruk, early writing in form of taxes
44. Bronze Age - 3300-1200 BCE, sea people come attack Egypt ??, states falling apart 1200 BCE, axial age 2800 BCE-1800 BCE states come together w pastoral nomads class relation: pastoral nomads, egypt
45. Directed Pathway - Earliest directed path away horse, caucuses of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, 5000-4500 BCE, requires tools to keep horses domesticated, camels 1000 years after horse class relation: domestication. Directed pathway domestication is a deliberate process where humans capture, domesticate, and use a wild animal to obtain resources.
46. Memphis - Very first capital CITY of the state in the Nile Valley, around 3100 BCE, first capital of a unified single state, class relation: egypt
47. Xiongnu - 200 BC, Mega-pastoral nomad confederation that fought the state around 200 BCE, made composite bows, Mongolia class relation: pastoral nomads, state
48. Bactrian Camel - Bactrian Camel - Big camel in Bactria that could carry 1000 pounds, used to carry stuff and travel at high elevations
49. Cives - In ancient Roman history, "cives" refers to the Latin word for "citizens," meaning the full citizens of Rome who enjoyed the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship, including the right to vote, hold public office, and participate in legal proceedings
50. Miasma Theory - 4th century BCE, theory that disease was caused by bad air class relation: disease, roman empirer