Nature-Of-Materials (1)

Nature Of Materials

• Overview: Introduction to fundamental concepts of Materials Science and Engineering.

• Key Focus Areas:

  • Structures and properties of materials.

  • Material selection process.

  • Types of engineering materials.

  • Nature of chemical bonds and their differences.

• Goals: Understand how material structure dictates properties and how processing influences these structures for effective material utilization.

Intended Learning Outcomes 1

1. Fundamental Concepts: Understand core principles of Materials Science and Engineering.

2. Material Selection: Identify key criteria for selecting materials for specific applications.

3. Design, Production, and Utilization: Recognize and understand the interrelationship among design, production, and utilization of materials.

4. Material Classification: Distinguish between classifications of materials and their distinct characteristics.

Fundamental Concepts

• Materials Science: Investigates the relationships between material structures and properties.

• Materials Engineering: Focuses on designing or engineering material structures for desired properties based on structure-property correlations.

Materials Development

1. Stone Age: Used naturally occurring materials with minimal modifications.

2. Bronze Age: Materials refined through heat, chemical modifications (alloying), and mechanical deformation (cold working).

3. Iron Age: Mastery of casting and alloying techniques led to steel production and the Industrial Revolution.

4. Plastic Age: Discovery and advancement of polymers enabling the synthesis and processing of plastics.

5. Silicon Age: Commercialization of silicon technology driving advances in various fields.

6. Future: Exploration of nanotechnology, biotechnology, energy/environmental advancements, and materials informatics.

Materials Development Timeline

• Stone Age (Beginning - 3000 BC): Reliance on naturally occurring materials, basic shaping techniques.

• Bronze Age (3000 BC - 1200 BC): Use of heat for refining, creation of stronger alloys like bronze.

• Iron Age (1200 BC - Present): Advanced microstructural design techniques.

• Plastic Age (1940 - Present): Innovations in polymers and synthetic materials.

• Silicon Age (1950 - Present): Silicon technology commercialization yielding electronic advancements.

Engineering Materials Composition

• Atomic Structure:

  • Atoms: Smallest units of matter (Nucleus with protons and neutrons, electrons orbiting).

  • Subatomic Particles:

    • Protons: Charge +1.60 x 10^-19 C, Mass 1.67 x 10^-27 kg

    • Neutrons: Charge Neutral, Mass 1.67 x 10^-27 kg

    • Electrons: Charge -1.60 x 10^-19 C, Mass 9.11 x 10^-31 kg

Four Components of Material Science

• Structure: Material's arrangement at atomic and organic levels.

• Processing: Methods used to shape and form materials.

• Properties: Characteristics, behaviors, and performance under various conditions.

• Performance: How materials function in application contexts.

Types of Engineering Materials

• Definition: Materials used in constructing man-made structures.

• Major Classifications:

  • Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Composites.

Material Classification

• Non-Metals: Wood, stone, cement, ceramics, etc.

• Metals: Strong, arranged in crystalline forms. Includes ferrous (iron-based) and non-ferrous metals.

• Ceramics: Compounds of metallic and non-metallic elements, often insulating and heat resistant.

• Polymers: Low-density, flexible materials derived from carbon and hydrogen, can be natural or synthetic.

• Composites: Mixtures of materials designed for enhancing features; examples include fiberglass and concrete.

Chemical Bonding

• Ionic Bonding: Bond between metallic and non-metallic elements through electron transfer.

• Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons, stabilizing atoms through shared pairs.

• Metallic Bonding: Delocalized electrons generating a "sea of electrons" in metals, allowing for conductivity.

Types of Chemical Bonds

• Secondary Bonding: Weaker interactions, includes van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding, necessary for various chemical behaviors.

• Hydrogen Bonding: Stronger form of secondary bonding, important for properties of water and other substances.

Conclusion

• Summary: Understanding the fundamental structure, properties, and classification of materials is crucial in materials science and engineering, impacting both historical and future developments in this field.