SlideDeck_Chapter 4

Page 1: Introduction

• Title: CORLSECECHDSYCS Chapter PowerPoint

• Source: OpenStax College Psychology

Page 2: What is Consciousness?

• Consciousness: Awareness of internal and external stimuli (e.g., feelings of hunger, pain, light).

• Sleep: Described as a quiet and mysterious pause in daily life.

• Wakefulness: High levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

• Illustrated with an art piece titled "Two Sleeping Girls on the Stove" by Albert Anker.

Page 3: Biological Rhythms

• Biological Rhythm: Internal cycle of biological activity.

  • Includes: Fluctuation of body temperature, menstrual cycles, alertness levels.

• Circadian Rhythm: Biological rhythm occurring over approximately 24 hours.

  • Generated by the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN).

  • Sleep-wake cycle linked to natural light-dark cycles.

• Hypothalamus: Maintains homeostasis in biological systems.

Page 4: Circadian Rhythms

• Illustration showing circadian changes in body temperature over 28 hours.

  • Body temperature rises during waking hours, peaks in the afternoon, and falls during sleep.

Page 5: Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

• Location: In the hypothalamus, acting as the brain's clock.

• Function: Synchronizes with light information from the retina to align with the external environment.

Page 6: Melatonin and Sleep Regulation

• Melatonin: Hormone regulating the sleep-wake cycle; secreted by the pineal gland.

  • Release stimulated by darkness, inhibited by daylight.

• Chronotype: Individual's unique circadian activity pattern.

Page 7: Disruptions of Normal Sleep

• Jet Lag: Symptoms due to mismatches in internal circadian cycles and the external environment (fatigue, irritability).

• Rotating Shift Work: Changing work hours disrupt normal circadian rhythms, leading to exhaustion and agitation.

• Bright light therapy can help align biological clocks.

Page 8: Sleep Deprivation

• Negative consequences of persistent sleep deprivation illustrated.

• Sleep Debt: Chronic insufficiency in sleep.

• Sleep Rebound: Shorter sleep onset after deprivation.

Page 9: What is Sleep?

• Sleep Definition: Low physical activity and reduced awareness state.

• Controlled by brain areas: thalamus and hypothalamus, pons for REM sleep.

• Hormones regulated during sleep: Melatonin, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Growth Hormone.

Page 10: Brain Areas Involved in Sleep

• Key Structures: Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Pineal Gland, Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), Pituitary Gland, Pons.

• Pineal and Pituitary glands secrete multiple hormones during sleep.

Page 11: Why Do We Sleep?

• Adaptive Function: Restores resources exhausted during the day, responds to darkness-related predation risks.

• Cognitive Function: Crucial for cognitive processes and memory formation; deprivation leads to cognitive deficits.

• Benefits: Vital for maintaining weight, lowering stress, improving mood, and enhancing cognition and memory.

Page 12: Stages of Sleep

• Describes various stages of sleep: Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, Stage 5.

Page 13: Brainwaves During Sleep

• Brainwave activity alters significantly across sleep stages; observed via EEG.

  • Types: Alpha (low, high amplitude), Theta (low frequency, low amplitude), Delta (low frequency, high amplitude).

Page 14: Stages 1 and 2

• Stage 1: Transitional phase; respiration and heartbeat slow, muscle tension decreases.

• Stage 2: Deep relaxation; characterized by Theta waves, sleep spindles, K-complexes.

Page 15: Stages 3 and 4

• Stages 3 and 4: Known as slow-wave sleep; characterized by Delta waves,

  • Further decrease in respiration and heart rate.

Page 16: Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

• Characterized by rapid eye movements, paralysis of voluntary muscles, frequent dreaming.

• Brainwave activity resembles that of wakefulness.

Page 17: Hypnogram of Sleep Stages

• Hypnogram: Visual representation of different stages of sleep throughout a sleep cycle.

Page 18: Dreams

• Varied theories regarding dream meanings, including:

  • Freud: Dreams access the unconscious (manifest and latent content).

  • Carl Jung: Dreams tap into the collective unconscious; symbols reflect universal archetypes.

  • Research suggests dreams reflect life events or provide a mental prototype.

  • Lucid Dreams: Awareness during dreaming.

Page 19: Insomnia

• Defined by difficulty in falling/staying asleep at least 3 times weekly for a month.

• Common sleep disorder; may be linked with depression.

• Contributing Factors: Age, drug use, exercise, mental status, bedtime routines.

• Treatment: Stress management techniques, behavioral changes, cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Page 20: Parasomnia

• Parasomnias: Unwanted motor behaviors or experiences during sleep.

  • Includes sleepwalking, REM sleep behavior disorder, restless leg syndrome, night terrors.

Page 21: Sleep Apnea

• Sleep Apnea: Breathing stop during sleep for 10-20 seconds.

  • Leads to fatigue; more common in overweight individuals.

  • Types: Obstructive and Central sleep apnea; treated with CPAP.

Page 22: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

• SIDS: Sudden cessation of breathing in infants; highest risk below 12 months.

• Contributing Factors: Prematurity, household smoking, hyperthermia.

• Safe to Sleep campaign aims to reduce risk factors.

Page 23: Narcolepsy

• Narcolepsy: Irresistible sleep urge during wakefulness, often triggered by stress or arousal.

• Shares features with REM sleep: cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations.

• Treatment: Psychomotor stimulant drugs.

Page 24: Substance Use Disorders

• Substance Use Disorder: Compulsive drug use despite negative consequences.

  • Involves physical and psychological dependence:

    • Physiological Dependence: Normal bodily function changes, withdrawal upon cessation.

    • Psychological Dependence: Emotional need for drug.

    • Tolerance: Increased quantity needed for effects; linked with physiological dependence.

    • Withdrawal: Negative effects from discontinued use.

Page 25: Drug Categories

• Overview of various classes of drugs including:

  • Antipsychotics: Haldol, Risperdal, Seroquel.

  • Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines.

  • Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates.

  • Narcotic Analgesics: Morphine, Heroin.

  • Hallucinogens: LSD, Mescaline.

Page 26: Depressants

• Depressants: Drugs that suppress CNS activity.

  • Commonly GABA agonists with a quieting effect.

• Examples: Alcohol (impacts reaction time and alertness), Barbiturates (anticonvulsants).

• Can lead to loss of consciousness.

Page 27: GABA

• GABA-gated chloride channel's role in neuron activity; binding of depressants reduces neuronal firing through chloride entry.

Page 28: Stimulants

• Stimulants: Increase levels of neural activity; typically dopamine agonists.

  • Highly addictive due to effects on dopamine reuptake.

• Examples: Cocaine, Amphetamines.

Page 29: Dopamine Agonists

• Mechanism: Block dopamine reuptake, increasing synaptic levels of dopamine.

Page 30: Nicotine and Caffeine

• Caffeine: Increases alertness by antagonizing adenosine; associated with arousal.

• Nicotine: Highly addictive; interacts with acetylcholine for arousal and reward.

Page 31: Opioids

• Opioids: Decrease pain through effects on the opioid neurotransmitter system; highly addictive.

  • Includes: Heroin, Morphine, Methadone, Codeine.

Page 32: Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogens: Cause changes in perception and sensory experiences; often result in vivid hallucinations.

  • Mechanisms variable, affecting different neurotransmitter systems (e.g., Serotonin, NMDA receptors).

Page 33: Other States of Consciousness: Hypnosis

• Hypnosis: Extreme self-focus with suggested behavior changes; differs from media portrayals.

  • Can aid in memory recall, pain management, depression treatment, smoking cessation, weight loss.

Page 34: Other States of Consciousness: Meditation

• Meditation: Focus on a single target (e.g., breath) to achieve a modified state of consciousness.

  • Benefits include stress management, improved sleep, pain management, and mood enhancement.