Untitled Flashcards Set

What is the correct order of biological organization from smallest to largest?

cells, molecules, organism, communities, biosphere

molecules, cells, tissues, ecosystems, communities

organelles, cells, organ system, community, ecosystems

cells, organs, population, ecosystems, communities

organelles, cells, organ system, community, ecosystems

For natural selection to result in evolutionary change, ______.
Reproductive success of different phenotypes must differ
All of the choices are correct
Variation must exist in a population
Variation must be inherited from one generation to the next

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following biogeographic systems best illustrates how geography and isolation play key roles in evolution and speciation?
Northern hemisphere continental landmasses that have been connected to one another for long time periods
Isolated islands, like the Gálapagos or the Hawaiian Islands, that are distant from the nearest mainland
Mountain systems like the Sierra Nevada of California that are embedded within a larger continent
Latitudinal diversity gradient, where more species are found in the tropics and fewer species are found in the high latitudes.

Isolated islands, like the Gálapagos or the Hawaiian Islands, that are distant from the nearest mainland

Tiktaalik rosae is a fossil tetrapod (sometimes called a fishapod). Morphologically, it shares some similar characteristics with an ancestral fish lineage found in the same region, and it also shares some traits with one of its descendents, an early amphibian. This example best illustrates:

that all species present on Earth today share a common ancestor

that convergent evolution allows animals to adapt to their environments

that fossils preserve biogeographic evidence for evolution across islands and continents

that fossils show evidence of successive evolutionary changes

that fossils show evidence of successive evolutionary changes

Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, kohlrabi, and kale are all agricultural crops that arose via selection for different traits found in their shared wild mustard plant ancestor. This is an example of:
Artificial selection
Convergent evolution
Anatomical homology
Invasive species

Artificial selection

Which of the following CANNOT undergo evolution?
A population of lab rats
Your new puppy
Petri dish covered with yeast cells sitting in the laboratory
The mold covering a piece of fruit on your counter

Your new puppy

Which of the following statements about evolution is true?
The fittest individuals always survive during the process of evolution.
Species are able to evolve new adaptations when they need them.
The goal of evolution is to make species better suited to their environment.
Populations and species can evolve, but individual organisms cannot.

Populations and species can evolve, but individual organisms cannot.

One equation underlying the concept of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is p + q = 1. In this equation, p represents the ______ and q represents the _______.
frequency of the recessive allele; frequency of the dominant allele
frequency of the dominant allele; frequency of the recessive allele
frequency of heterozygote genotypes; frequency of homozygote genotypes
frequency of the homozygote genotypes; frequency of the heterozygote genotypes

frequency of the dominant allele; frequency of the recessive allele

A class of 100 students was tested for the ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). It was found that 50 students could taste it very strongly (genotype TT), 10 students could taste it weakly (genotype Tt), and 40 students could not taste PTC at all (genotype tt). What is the frequency of the recessive allele, t, in the population?
0.45 or 45%
0.55 or 55%
0.4 or 40%
0.9 or 90%

0.45 or 45%

Two populations of the same jellyfish species occur on different sides of the Panama Canal in Central America. On rare occasions, a few jellyfish from the Pacific Ocean travel through the Panama Canal and become members of the population that occurs in the Caribbean Sea, potentially altering allele frequencies. Which population genetic mechanism is occurring in this scenario?
genetic drift
natural selection
gene flow
non-random mating

gene flow

The display of colorful feathers on a male peacock (bird) is an example of _______.
Natural selection
Sexual selection

Either natural or sexual selection is correct, because sexual selection is a type of natural selection
Neither natural or sexual selection is correct, because this is an example of frequency-dependent selection
Only sexual selection is correct
Only natural selection is correct

Either natural or sexual selection is correct, because sexual selection is a type of natural selection

Evaluate the following two statements about lizard speed:
1. The fastest members of a lizard population are most likely to escape from a new predator and reproduce.
2. A lizard evolves faster leg muscles in order to escape from a new predator in its habitat and reproduce.
Do these statements accurately represent the process of evolution?
Only the first statement is accurate
Neither statement is accurate.
Both statements are accurate.
Only the second statement is accurate.

Only the first statement is accurate

In a species of lizard, there are two forms, green and brown. As the brown form becomes less common due to predation and the green form becomes more common, the brown form becomes less likely to be eaten and more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, the brown form then becomes more common and the consequences of predation on green and brown forms reverse. This is an example of:
negative frequency-dependent selection
directional selection
stabilizing selection
diversifying selection

negative frequency-dependent selection

A desert region in Arizona is characterized by two types of rocks: light granite rocks and dark basalt lava flows. A population of rock pocket mice, Chaetodipus intermedius, lives in this desert. The fur of pocket mice that live on the granite rocks is lighter, and the fur of pocket mice that live on the basalt lava rocks is darker. Fur color is a trait that can arise by genetic mutation. Over many generations, the frequency of mice with darker vs lighter fur fluctuates a bit, but overall, individuals with both fur colors occur in this population over many generations. This is an example of which type of natural selection?

stabilizing selection

diversifying selection

directional selection

sexual selection

diversifying selection

Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic barrier?
different mating seasons
occupying different habitats
different (or incompatible) gametic cells
the failure of fertilized eggs to develop normally

the failure of fertilized eggs to develop normally

Desert flower formation can be quite sensitive to weather. One desert plant species produces flowers one week after a big rainstorm, whereas a closely related species flowers four weeks after the storm. Based on pollinator behavior, we know that pollination only occurs within 5 days of flowering. Based on their flowering behavior, which type of reproductive isolating factor do these two species exhibit?
temporal isolation
hybrid inviability
habitat isolation
gametic isolation

temporal isolation

The Alpine Chipmunk (Tamias alpinus) occurs in forest habitats at the top of the Sierra Nevada mountains, whereas a closely related species, the Least Chipmunk (T. minimus), occurs in forest habitats at the top of mountains within the Great Basin to the east. Today, the forested habitats of the Sierra Nevada mountains are separate from the forested habitats of the Great Basin mountain tops. But, the two regions used to be connected many thousands of years ago via continuous forest. Based on this scenario, it is likely that the two chipmunk species were formed via ________.

allopatric speciation

extensive gene flow between two species

postzygotic barrier

prezygotic barrier

sympatric speciation

allopatric speciation

When grouping organisms, which classification is the most general for a particular type of organism?
Kingdom
Domain
Class
Supergroup

Domain

The scientific name for the giant kelp, found in the ocean off the coast of California, is Macrocystis pyrifera. Based on this information, giant kelp is a member of what genus?

M. pyrifera

Macrocystis pyrifera

Macrocystis

pyrifera

Macrocystis

In the following phylogenies, taxa are listed in black and traits are marked in green. Both of these phylogenies are correct. Which is the most parsimonious phylogeny?

Phylogeny B is most parsimonious
Both Phylogenies A and B are equally parsimonious
Phylogeny B has the highest likelihood
Phylogeny A is most parsimonious

Phylogeny A is most parsimonious

Match the terms with their appropriate location on the following phylogeny:

A = Ancestral lineage; B = Node; C = Paraphyletic clade; D = Monophyletic clade
A = Most recent common ancestor; B = Ancestral lineage; C = Paraphyletic clade; D = Polyphyletic clade
A = Node; B = Extinct taxon; C = Monophyletic clade; D = Paraphyletic clade clade
A = Ancestral lineage; B = Node; C = Polyphyletic clade; D = Paraphyletic clade

A = Ancestral lineage; B = Node; C = Paraphyletic clade; D = Monophyletic clade

Cyanobacteria use light as a source of energy for the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O or H2S. This strategy for obtaining nutrition places cyanobacteria into which category?
photoautotroph
photoheterotroph
chemoheterotroph
chemoautotroph

photoautotroph

Which of the following are key characteristics of Archaea? Pick all that apply
Divides by mitosis
Has circular chromosome
Can have cell walls made of protein
Often live in ecologically extreme environments
Has distinctive membranes that include ether bonds

Has circular chromosome
Can have cell walls made of protein
Often live in ecologically extreme environments
Has distinctive membranes that include ether bonds

Which of the following is the definition of a obligate anaerobe?
They use light as a source of energy for the synthesis of organic molecules
They require oxygen to survive.
They control all biogeochemical cycles necessary for life
They are poisoned by oxygen and obtain energy by fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

They are poisoned by oxygen and obtain energy by fermentation or anaerobic respiration.

Which three features define most protists? Pick all that apply.
are often microscopic
do not have a nucleus
have mineral shells
are eukaryotes
live in moist or wet habitats

are often microscopic
are eukaryotes
live in moist or wet habitats

The protist group Excavata consume prey by the process of phagocytosis, thus obtaining the organic materials they need for both energy and a source of carbon. This strategy for obtaining nutrition places Excavata into which category?
photoheterotroph
chemoheterotroph
chemoautotroph
photoautotroph

chemoheterotroph

All of the following represent possible ecological roles of organisms on our planet. Which one is not a role of fungi in the ecosystem?

Decomposers

Producers

Symbionts

Pathogens

Producers

Which statement best describes sexual reproduction in fungi?

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of nuclei from two fungal cells.

Sexual reproduction involves the formation of outgrowths or fragmentation of hyphae or mycelia.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of compatible and genetically different hyphae or mycelium.

Sexual reproduction involves the production of spores or conidia from a single individual.

Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of compatible and genetically different hyphae or mycelium.

Which of the following are two distinct structures involved in asexual reproduction in fungi?
Spores and setae
Budding yeast and conidia
Spores and mycelium
Fruiting body and gills

Budding yeast and conidia

Which of the following describes a mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi, where both organisms benefit from their association?
Lichens, composed of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria, where the fungi provide protection and moisture, and the photosynthetic partners provide organic carbon.
All of these are examples of mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi.
Mycorrhizae, composed of fungi and plant roots, where the fungi enhance the absorption of water and minerals, and the plants provide organic carbon.
Endophytes, composed of fungi and plant tissues, where the fungi produce toxins or hormones that deter herbivores or pathogens, and the plants provide organic carbon.

All of these are examples of mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi.

In triploblastic animals, the outer layer of cells in the embryo which will become the skin and neural tissue is called the
coelom
mesoderm
endoderm
ectoderm

ectoderm

Each of the following is a critical difference between protostomes and deuterostomes except
deuterostomes have bilateral symmetry
the blastopore becomes the anus in deuterostomes
protostomes have radial symmetry
the blastopore becomes the mouth in protostomes

protostomes have radial symmetry

You walk into class late and the professor is discussing an organism that is a multicellular, eukaryotic heterotroph that ingests nutrients and spends most of its life cycle in a diploid state. You immediately know that today's lecture is covering
bacteria
fungi
animals
archaea
plants

animals

You find an animal that has the following characteristics: jointed appendages, segmented, and an exoskeleton. How would you classify this animal?
mollusk
arthropod
echinoderm
annelid

arthropod

Based on this phylogeny from research by King et al. 2008, which species is the sister group to animals (Metazoa)?

Zygomycete, a type of fungus

M. brevicollis, a choanoflagellate protist

Arabidopsis sp., a member of Plantae

D. discoideum, a slime mold protist

M. brevicollis, a choanoflagellate protist

Which animal phylum does not have true tissues?
Mollusca
Cnidaria
Porifera
Chordata

Porifera

Which of the following is NOT one of the core concepts of biology?

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

Scientific theories are the basis of biological understanding

Life is subject to chemical and physical laws (systems)

Living systems depend on flow and exchange of information

Scientific theories are the basis of biological understanding

Which of the following is NOT an observation that led to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
There is heritable variation among individuals.
Only a fraction of an individual's offspring may survive.
Species produce more offspring that the environment can support.

Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.

Both pigs and dogs have dewclaws - reduced, nonfunctional digits that don’t touch the ground at all - which arose as the digits in the foot of these two lineages were modified through evolution from their common ancestor. This is an example of:

Artificial selection

A vestigial structure

Convergent evolution

Molecular homology

A vestigial structure

What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution describes the evolution occurring within populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of species or groups of species over long periods of time.
Microevolution describes the evolution of small-bodied organisms while macroevolution describes the evolution of large-bodied organisms.
Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms over their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms across multiple generations.
Microevolution describes the evolution of molecules, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms.

Microevolution describes the evolution occurring within populations, while macroevolution describes the evolution of species or groups of species over long periods of time.

You survey a population and find that the allele frequencies are p = 0.95 and q = 0.05. What would happen to the allele frequency of q if the population followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for 20 generations?
Increase
Remain the same
Decrease
Change randomly

Remain the same

The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections commonly called staph infections. One antibiotic that has been used to treat staph infections is methicillin. However, resistance to this antibiotic has become a widespread problem. Antibiotic resistance is an example of ______.

genetic drift

nonrandom mating

gene flow

natural selection

natural selection

Evaluate the following statements about fitness in giraffes:
A weak and short-necked giraffe that fathers many surviving offspring throughout its life has relatively high fitness.
A strong and long-necked giraffe that fathers one surviving offspring throughout its life has relatively low fitness.

Do these statements accurately represent fitness?
Only the second statement is accurate.
Only the first statement is accurate.
Neither statement is accurate.
Both statements are accurate.

Both statements are accurate.

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch (the set of eggs laid at a given time). Starlings producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?
directional selection
sexual selection
stabilizing selection
diversifying selection

stabilizing selection

A mule is an offspring produced from a mating between a male donkey and a female horse. Mules are not usually able to produce offspring. This is an example of ______.
hybrid sterility
prezygotic barrier
gametic isolation
hybrid inviability

hybrid sterility

Which of the following is NOT a domain?
Archaea
Protozoa
Eukarya
Bacteria

Protozoa

The scientific name of the Pacific gooseneck barnacle is Pollicipes polymerus. What taxonomic level does "polymerus" designate?

species

subspecies

genus

supergroup

species

Choose the phrase that most accurately completes this sentence: A phylogeny is _________
a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among various species
a diagram about evolutionary relationships among species that does not change as new information becomes available
a hypothesis about the ecological relationships among various species
a diagram that shows how species ecological, non-heritable traits are related to one another

a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among various species

Which of the following organisms would be classified as a prokaryote? Choose all that apply.

Methanopyrus kandleri (organism that lives at temperatures of 183-230 degrees Fahrenheit)

Salmonella enterica (bacteria that causes food poisoning)

Canis lupus (dog)

Aleuria aurantia (ascomycete fungi)

Methanopyrus kandleri (organism that lives at temperatures of 183-230 degrees Fahrenheit)

Salmonella enterica (bacteria that causes food poisoning)

You are given an unknown organism to identify from Lake Yosemite. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, propelling itself via many tiny hair like extensions on the outside of the cell. It has well-developed organelles. This organism is most likely a member of which group?
animal such as jellyfish
protist such as a ciliate
animal such as a sponge
protist such as a green algae

protist such as a ciliate

Which of the following statements is not a reason why protists are important in medical, environmental and evolutionary contexts?

They are important in producing oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere.

They are important primary producers (autotrophs) in many aquatic food webs.

They are a major source of nutrients for large land plants and animals.

They can be harmful to human health including brain-eating amoebae, causing malaria (Plasmodium), or severe intestinal distress (Giardia intestinalis).

They are a major source of nutrients for large land plants and animals.

Compare the cell wall composition of fungi and animals. How does the presence of chitin relate to both groups?
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while some animals have exoskeletons made of chitin which protect them from predators and desiccation.
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while all animals have cell membranes made of only phospholipids and proteins.
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while animals have cell walls made of cellulose, another polysaccharide.
Fungi and animals all have cell walls made of chitin.

Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while some animals have exoskeletons made of chitin which protect them from predators and desiccation.

Which of the following is a correct association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise?
ectoderm: blastopore
endoderm: gut
mesoderm: outer covering of digestive system
mesoderm: skin

endoderm: gut

Which of the following is thought to be the most closely related to the common animal ancestor?
bacterial cells
plant cells
fungal cells
protist cells

protist cells

You find an animal that has the following characteristics: jointed appendages, segmented, and an exoskeleton. How would you classify this animal?
echinoderm
arthropod
annelid
mollusk

arthropod

You find an animal that has the following characteristics: has no real form, lots of pores, nonmotile and a tough outer covering. How would you classify this animal?
cnidaria
sponge
echinoderm
mollusk

sponge

A common characteristic of Arthropods and Annelids is
vertebrae
an exoskeleton
a segmented body
radial symmetry

a segmented body

Which of the following core concepts best represents the following statement:
The characteristics of populations change over time due to changes in allele frequencies. Changes in allele frequencies are caused by random and nonrandom processes.
Transformations of energy and matter
Evolution
Information flow
Structure function

Evolution

The p53 gene encodes the p53 protein, a checkpoint protein of the cell cycle. The following table shows variation in the amino acid sequence for part of the protein among nine different species, who have differing levels of similarity with the human amino acid sequence for the p53 protein. The p53 gene is an example of:
Developmental homology
Molecular homology
Convergent evolution
Inbreeding

Molecular homology

Imagine that a population of beetles has invaded a local wheat field. At some point after the invasion, light-colored beetle wings arise via a new mutation. Light wings makes the beetles less likely to be detected by predators within the wheat field. As a result, the beetles with lighter wings are more likely to survive and pass on their genetic information to the next generation. Over many generations, this population of beetles has a higher number of individuals with light wings compared to dark wings. This is an example of which type of natural selection?
balancing selection
diversifying selection
frequency-dependent selection
directional selection

directional selection

Based on your readings and the figure below, which of the following is not true of horizontal gene transfer?
it was prevalent in the early stages of evolution
it is common in the unicellular Domains of Bacteria and Archaea
it describes the phenomena of obtaining genetic material from a parental organism
it can provide a survival advantage, such as antibiotic resistance

it describes the phenomena of obtaining genetic material from a parental organism

Peptidoglycan is a key structural and molecular characteristic of which type of organism?
protist cell walls
fungal cell walls
bacterial cell walls
archaeal cell walls

bacterial cell walls

What role do exoenzymes and hyphae play in the process of fungi absorbing food from their environment?
Fungi secrete digestive enzymes that break down organic matter into smaller molecules, which are then absorbed by the hyphae.
Fungi produce digestive enzymes that bind to organic matter and transport it across the hyphal wall.
Fungi use hyphae to penetrate organic matter and the hyphae digest it internally.
Fungi rely on digestive enzymes produced by other organisms to break down organic matter, which they then absorb through their hyphae.

Fungi secrete digestive enzymes that break down organic matter into smaller molecules, which are then absorbed by the hyphae.

This clade of animals is characterized by spiny skin and a water vascular system
vertebrates
Porifera
tetrapods
Echinodermata

Echinodermata

Which of the following is the most accurate definition of evolution?
Evolution is change in a population
Evolution is change in a population from one generation to the next of one or more heritable characteristics that results from gene flow into the population
Evolution is change in a population from one generation to the next of one or more heritable characteristics
Evolution is change through time

Evolution is change in a population from one generation to the next of one or more heritable characteristics

True or False: An individual evolves through natural selection.

False

Microevolution is ___________.
the formation of a new species
speciation that occurs via geographic separation
the evolution of species over long periods of time
changes among populations within a species over time

changes among populations within a species over time

Birds, bats, mice, and crocodiles all have four limbs (tetrapods). The ancestor of tetrapods evolved four limbs, and its descendents have inherited that feature from a common ancestor — so the presence of four limbs is an example of ______.
an analogous structure (analogy)
a homologous structure (homology)
taxonomy
phylogeny

a homologous structure (homology)

In many species, the EPAS1 gene has been found to be involved in adaptation to life in high-altitude, low oxygen environments. This is true for several species of ducks that live in the Andes of South America. In Andean speckled teal duck populations, SNPs at locations 554, 603, and 651 within Exon 12 of the EPAS1 gene showed signatures of adaptation to life in high-altitude environments. However, yellow-billed pintail duck populations, also found in the Andes, showed adaptation at SNPs 595 and 628 within Exon 12 of the EPAS1 gene. This is an example of:
developmental homology
vestigial endemism
selective breeding
convergent evolution

convergent evolution

What might you conclude if allele or genotype frequencies of a population change from the expected values from generation to generation?
The population is not at equilibirum, it is evolving, and evolutionary forces are at play.
The population is at equilibrium, it is not evolving, and there are no evolutionary forces acting upon it.

The population is not at equilibirum, it is evolving, and evolutionary forces are at play.

A gene pool is
all the alleles for every gene in a given population.
diversity of alleles and genotypes in a population.
a group of species that look alike, but are not located in the same area at the same time.
a swimming hole for geneticists.

all the alleles for every gene in a given population.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, p and q represent __________ frequencies, while p2, 2pq, and q2 represent __________ frequencies.
genotype; phenotype
genotype; allele
allele; phenotype
allele; genotype

allele; genotype

In plants, violet flower color (V) is dominant over white (v). If p = 0.8 and q = 0.2 in a population, what percentage of the flowers would you expect to be homozygous dominant (VV)? Assume this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Hint: Calculate the genotype frequencies of the 2nd generation.

80%

32%

20%

64%

4%

64%

Polydactyly (being born with more than 5 fingers or toes) is caused by a dominant allele of a single gene. If the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.9 (or 90%) in a certain population, what percentage of the population would you expect to be heterozygotes? Assume this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Note: In reality, there are other causes of polydactyly when it is accompanied by other disorders, so this problem is an over-simplification.

18%

1%

81%

90%

18%

Over generations in a population, traits seen in individuals with higher fitness values will
become less prevalent in the population.
become more prevalent in the population.
stay at the same frequency in the population.
decrease the population's mean fitness.

become less prevalent in the population.

Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption underlying Darwin’s mechanism for natural selection?

c. More offspring are produced than are able to survive as resources for survival and reproduction are limited

a. Offspring inherit characteristics/traits from their parents

b. Individuals within a population have different characteristics/traits

d. Individuals will strive to survive, thus evolving and adapting to their environment over their lifetime

d. Individuals will strive to survive, thus evolving and adapting to their environment over their lifetime

Which of the following would most likely result in a bottleneck event?
A hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails.
A small population of geese migrates and joins a large flock of the same species. The two groups subsequently begin interbreeding.
A population of broomsedge grass is studied and determined to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
A mutation occurs in an individual poison ivy plant, doubling the number of seeds it produces. The mutation is inherited by future generations.

A hurricane blows through a coastal swamp inhabited by an apple snail population. The hurricane drastically changes the hydrology of the swamp, killing 98% of the apple snails.

In ________ selection, individuals intermediate in a phenotypic distribution have greater reproductive success.
stabilizing
disruptive
directional
diversifying

stabilizing

American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) and European sycamore (Platanus orientalis) are tree species that will interbreed if planted nearby but will not normally interbreed because they occur on different continents. This is an example of ______.

allopatric speciation

sympatric speciation

prezygotic barrier

postzygotic barrier

prezygotic barrier

Two species of three-spined stickleback fish live in a single lake in British Columbia. They are closely related but occupy different niches. They exist nowhere else. These species most likely arose by ______ from a single species of three-spined stickleback.
prezygotic barriers
allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation
postzygotic barriers

sympatric speciation

Which is NOT a characteristic of the biological species concept?

A group of individuals that cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species

Works for sexually reproducing organisms

A group of individuals that has the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring

Based on the habitat the organism occupies in the environment

Based on the habitat the organism occupies in the environment

Of the taxonomic groups listed below, which is the broadest (contains the most species)?
Family
Class
Order
Kingdom

Kingdom

A phylogenetic tree shows the hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms, meaning that its structure can be revised and changed as new information about those relationships becomes known.
True
False

True

Which of the five dots in the tree below corresponds to the most recent common ancestor of a mushroom and a sponge?
e
c
a
d
b

d

Which of the following are key characteristics of Bacteria? Pick all that apply
Divides by mitosis
Can have cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Can have diverse shapes and types of movement
Often live in ecologically extreme environments
Has circular chromosome

Can have cell walls made of peptidoglycan
Can have diverse shapes and types of movement
Has circular chromosome

Which of the following is the definition of a chemoheterotroph?
Must obtain organic molecules both for energy and as a carbon source.
Are poisoned by oxygen and obtain energy by fermentation or anaerobic respiration.
Uses light as a source of energy for the synthesis of organic molecules
Controls all biogeochemical cycles necessary for life

Must obtain organic molecules both for energy and as a carbon source.

A scientist isolates a single-celled organism from the edge of Lake Yosemite. When examined under the microscope, it is clear that the cell is small and does not contain a nucleus. Based on this evidence alone, in what Domain(s) of life might this organism belong? Pick all that apply.
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

Bacteria
Archaea

Which of the following organisms would be classified in the Domain Archaea?

Aleuria aurantia (ascomycete fungi)

Canis lupus (dog)

Sequoiadendron giganteum (Giant Sequoia tree)

Methanopyrus kandleri (organism that lives at temperatures of 84-110 degrees Celsius)

Methanopyrus kandleri (organism that lives at temperatures of 84-110 degrees Celsius)

Obtaining genetic material from another organism without being an offspring is a definition of
anaerobes
phytoplankton
phagocytosis
horizontal gene transfer

horizontal gene transfer

Which three features define most protists? Pick all that apply.

are eukaryotes

have mineral shells

are often microscopic

live in moist or wet habitats

do not have a nucleus

are eukaryotes
are often microscopic
live in moist or wet habitats

Protists play a minor or insignificant role in global ecology and human health.
True
False

False

Fungi absorb food from the environment to grow. Which of the following is not involved in that process?
Digestive enzymes break down food outside of the fungal hyphae
New cell walls are made to support growing hyphae.
Organic polymers combine to form larger molecules
Water and organic food molecules are transported through the cell membrane

Organic polymers combine to form larger molecules

Which of the following structures is involved in asexual reproduction in fungi?
spores
fruiting bodies
conidia
mating types

conidia

Fungi are similar to animals in all but which of the following ways:
Both are heterotrophs, organisms that eat organic matter for nutrition.
Both have chitin, for example, in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.
Both belong to the domain Eukarya.
Both are highly mobile.

Both are highly mobile.

Which ecological roles do fungi have? [Select all that apply]
They cycle nutrients in the environment.
They are a food source for other organisms.
They decompose organic matter.
They partner with other organisms in symbiotic relationships.
They make carbon.

They cycle nutrients in the environment.
They are a food source for other organisms.
They decompose organic matter.
They partner with other organisms in symbiotic relationships.

What is the main function of the relationship between plants and fungi?
Fungi must reproduce on plant tissue.
Fungi provide nutrients to plants in exchange for sugars.
Fungi provide the structure for plants to sprout from.
Fungal networks allow plants to communicate with other plants.

Fungi provide nutrients to plants in exchange for sugars.

Fungi are used in a variety of industries. For example, fungi can be used to replace Styrofoam products in packaging (see image of bottle casing made by mycelium). How does the biology of fungi allow the mycelium to make Styrofoam replacement?
The rapid growth rate of fungi ensures a constant supply of material.
The fungi's ability to produce digestive enzymes enables them to create materials.
Fungi can absorb large amounts of water, making them ideal for packaging.
The chitin in the cell wall of fungi is durable and the mycelium is moldable.

The chitin in the cell wall of fungi is durable and the mycelium is moldable.

Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals?

asexual reproduction

multicellular with specialized tissues

heterotrophic, ingests food

embryos pass through a series of developmental stages

asexual reproduction

You have identified a new animal species. You can divide the organism in equal halves through a number of different planes. How would you describe the symmetry of this animal?
radial
asymmetrical
diploblastic
bilateral

radial

What is the fate of the embryonic germ layers?
The layers are sequential structures that all disappear during development, with the endoderm appearing first and then is replaced by the mesoderm, which in turn is supplanted by the ectoderm.
The endoderm is an embryonic structure that disappears early, whereas the ectoderm persists as the skin and the mesoderm as the internal organs.
The endoderm forms the gut, the ectoderm forms the reproductive tract and endocrine system, and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.
The endoderm forms the gut, the ectoderm forms the epidermis and parts of the nervous system, and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.

The endoderm forms the gut, the ectoderm forms the epidermis and parts of the nervous system, and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.

Protostomes and deuterostomes can be classified based on _______.
type of symmetry
presence of vertebrae
the fate of the blastopore or opening in the blastula
number of germ layers

the fate of the blastopore or opening in the blastula

Which animal phylum does not have true tissues?
Mollusca
Cnidaria
Porifera
Bilateria

Porifera

You find an animal that has the following characteristics: soft-bodied with a muscular foot, a mantle that secretes a hard outer covering, aquatic, contains all body systems. How would you classify this animal?
echinoderm
mollusk
sponge
annelid

mollusk

In the figure below, the Lophotrochozoa clade is most closely related to which other clade?

Cnidaria

Porifera

Ecdysozoa

Deuterostomia

Ecdysozoa

Why is studying developmental homology in vertebrates useful as evidence for evolution?
It shows that vertebrate organisms have similar modes of reproduction.
It shows that vertebrate organisms have shared evolutionary history by revealing similar early stages of development.
It shows that mammals have similar nurturing habits.
It shows that vertebrates have similar behaviors.

It shows that vertebrate organisms have shared evolutionary history by revealing similar early stages of development.

The embryonic tail in humans shortens during development until all that is left is the tailbone of the spine, which serves no purpose. The tailbone is a vestigial structure. Using the context of this question, choose the best definition of vestigial structures.
Vestigial structures are bones for tails on tailless animals of all different species.
Vestigial structures are mutations in the development of different species.
Vestigial structures are evolutionary features that humans have elected not to utilize.
Vestigial structures are features that no longer have a significant function in the species.

Vestigial structures are features that no longer have a significant function in the species.

Which of the following best describes an allele?
A similar characteristic observed in two unrelated species.
One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.
A specific trait expressed by an organism.
Two different genes that encode proteins with different functions.

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene.

Evaluate the following statements about seeds from two biology textbooks:
I. The seed coat is an adaptation that protects the plant embryo from damage, water loss, and infection.
II. Evolution has come up with a clever solution for protecting plant embryos: seed coats that prevent damage, water loss, and infection.
Do these statements accurately represent the evolution of seeds?
Only the first statement is accurate.
Only the second statement is accurate.
Yes, both statements are accurate.
No, neither statement is accurate.

Only the first statement is accurate.

Which of the following are necessary for evolution? Choose all that apply.
Offspring
Time
Humans
Multiple different species interacting with each other
Differences in alleles

Offspring
Time
Differences in alleles

What is true of a fossil that is classified as a "transitional form"?
It has some of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.
It has all of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants.
It has some of the traits of its ancestors and all of the traits of its descendants.
It has all of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.

It has some of the traits of its ancestors and some of the traits of its descendants.

Over generations in a population, traits seen in individuals with higher fitness values will
stay at the same frequency in the population.
decrease the population's mean fitness.
become more prevalent in the population.
become less prevalent in the population.

become more prevalent in the population.

Which of the following is the ultimate source of genetic diversity in a population?
natural selection
genetic drift
mutation
gene flow

mutation

The microevolutionary mechanism most sensitive to population size is:
sexual selection
genetic drift
migration
natural selection

genetic drift

Which three features define most protists? Pick all that apply.
do not have a nucleus
have mineral shells
live in moist or wet habitats
are often microscopic
are eukaryotes

live in moist or wet habitats
are often microscopic
are eukaryotes

What does the "root" of a phylogenetic tree represent?
The most recently evolved species on the tree.
The most recent common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree.
A branching point from the ancestral population.
An individual species unrelated to the other species on the tree.

The most recent common ancestor of all the organisms in the tree.

What is the order of biological organization from smallest to largest?

molecules, cells, tissues, ecosystems, communities

cells, molecules, organism, communities, biosphere

cells, organs, population, ecosystems, communities

organelles, cells, organ system, community, ecosystems

organelles, cells, organ system, community, ecosystems

Looking at the following graph, two hours after eating, what is the percent of the basal metabolic rate at which lipids and proteins are being metabolized? (Listed as lipid, protein)
5, 20
3, 8
6, 28
15, 28

6, 28

Looking at the following graph, which shows the near-extinction and then subsequent increase of the California condor species, which of the statements is true?
The lowest number of California condors was around 1970
The California condor species is increasing by at least 100 individuals per year
There were more California condors in 1965 than in 2006
Shortly after the year 2000 there were about 200 California condors

Shortly after the year 2000 there were about 200 California condors

volution occurs when:
a. A species acquires new genetic material via horizontal gene transfer from another species
b. A species acquires new genetic material via the accumulation of mutations over time within a lineage
Only #1 is true
Only #2 is true
Both of the statements are true
Neither one of the statements is true

Both of the statements are true

In some plants, the allele for blue-colored flowers (B allele) is dominant to the allele for white flowers (b allele). If a population of these plants in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium contains individuals with white flowers (bb) at a frequency of 0.09, what is the frequency of the blue flower allele (B)?
0.91 or 91%
0.7 or 70%
0.3 or 30%
0.49 or 49%

0.7 or 70%

A species can be defined as:
a. a group of related individuals that share a distinctive set of attributes in nature
b. a group of related individuals that have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but cannot produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other species.
Which of the following statements is true?
The first definition is an example of the general lineage concept and the second definition is an example of the biological species concept
The first definition is an example of the ecological species concept and the second definition is an example of the evolutionary lineage concept
The first definition is an example of the ecological species concept and the second definition is an example of the biological species concept
Both definitions are examples of the biological species concept

The first definition is an example of the general lineage concept and the second definition is an example of the biological species concept

A mule is an offspring produced from a mating between a male donkey and a female horse. Mules are not usually able to produce offspring. This is an example of ______?
hybrid sterility
hybrid inviability
prezygotic barrier
gametic isolation

hybrid sterility

In the following phylogenies, taxa are listed in black and traits are marked in green. Both of these phylogenies are . Which is the most parsimonious phylogeny?
Phylogeny B has the highest likelihood
Phylogeny A is most parsimonious
Both Phylogenies A and B are equally parsimonious
Phylogeny B is most parsimonious

Phylogeny A is most parsimonious

Which of the following are key characteristics of Archaea? Pick all that apply
Has circular chromosome
Divides by mitosis
Can have cell walls made of protein
Has distinctive membranes that include ether bonds
Often live in ecologically extreme environments

Has circular chromosome
Can have cell walls made of protein
Has distinctive membranes that include ether bonds
Often live in ecologically extreme environments

Cyanobacteria use light as a source of energy for the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and H2O or H2S. This strategy for obtaining nutrition places cyanobacteria into which category?
chemoautotroph
photoheterotroph
photoautotroph
chemoheterotroph

photoautotroph

The protist group Excavata consumes prey by the process of phagocytosis, thus obtaining the organic materials they need for both energy and a source of carbon. This strategy for obtaining nutrition places Excavata into which category?
chemoautotroph
chemoheterotroph
photoheterotroph
photoautotroph

chemoheterotroph

Which three features define most protists? Pick all that apply.
are eukaryotes
live in moist or wet habitats
are often microscopic
have mineral shells
do not have a nucleus

are eukaryotes
live in moist or wet habitats
are often microscopic

Fungi are used in a variety of industries. For example, fungi can be used to degrade plastic. How does the biology of fungi allow the mycelium to degrade plastic?
Fungi have specialized hyphae that can secrete enzymes that break down plastic into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the mycelium.
Fungi have a unique genetic code that enables them to recognize and degrade plastic as a foreign material.
Fungi have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that can degrade plastic and share nutrients with the mycelium.
Fruiting bodies of fungi have a high metabolic rate that allows them to consume plastic as a source of energy and carbon for the mycelium.

Fungi have specialized hyphae that can secrete enzymes that break down plastic into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the mycelium.

You walk into class late and the professor is discussing an organism that is a multicellular, eukaryotic heterotroph that ingests nutrients and spends most of its life cycle in a diploid state. You immediately know that today's lecture is covering
archaea
fungi
plants
bacteria
animals

animals

You have identified a new animal species. You can divide the organism in equal halves only through a single vertical plane at the midline. How would you describe the symmetry of this animal?
radially symmetrical
bilaterally symmetrical
diploblastically symmetrical
asymmetrical

bilaterally symmetrical

In the figure below, the Ecdysozoa clade is most closely related to which other clade?

Porifera

Deuterostomia

Lophotrochozoa

Cnidaria

Lophotrochozoa

This clade of animals is characterized by spiny skin and a water vascular system
vertebrates
Echinodermata
tetrapods
Porifera

Echinodermata

You find an animal that has the following characteristics: has no real form, lots of pores, nonmotile and a tough outer covering. How would you classify this animal?
echinoderm
mollusk
sponge
cnidaria

sponge