Unit 8

4 perspectives to understand motivated behavior are Instinct Theory/evolutionary perspective, drive-reduction theory, arousal theory, and Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Instinct theory used to classify all behaviors as instincts, emphasizes instinct (behavior that is unlearned)

Drive-reduction theory focuses on physiological needs to create an aroused/motivated state that pushes to reduce the need

Able to maintain homeostasis through drive reduction

arousal theory states that human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal

In the hierarchy of Needs, needs take priority with hunger and thirst needing to be satisfied the most.

motives like food can hijack consciousness (hallucinations/ only think about need)

hunger, thirty, fatigue, and sexual arousal can cause little else to seem to matter

areas of the hypothalamus secrete appetite-stimulating/suppressing hormones

there is a point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. meaning that when the body falls below a certain weight the metabolic rate will combine to restore the lost weight

when feeling tense or depressed we intake high-calorie foods because carbs boost the neurotransmitter serotonin which has a calming effect

preference for sweet and salty foods are universal

classical conditioning can lead to a liking or dislike of certain tastes

situational influences on eating include aroused appetite, serving size, friends and food, selections/variety, and nudging nutrition

sexual motivation is natures way of making people procreate

hormones involved in sexual behavior are testosterone and estrogen

the sexual response cycle has 4 stages of sexual responding

there are external and internal stimuli for sex

sexual response to stimuli habituates. Ex. showing ankles would arouse a man

external stimuli could be seeing, hearing, or reading erotic material and can alter perspective on intercourse

brain is the most significant of sex organs

Affiliation Need: the deep need to belong

beniftis of belonging include boosting health/well-being, feel warmer, more satisfying and rich relationships, and makes life meaningful

belonging leads to loyalty to those in the group while hostilities to those outside

love is a natural pain killer

negative aspects of social networking include spending too much time one, less likely to know and lean on real-world neighbors

more online socializing and gaming has correlated with lower grades and increased anxiety/depression

people with high achievement motivation achieve more

James-Lange Theory believes arousal comes before emotion, but Cannon-Baard believed arousal and emotion occur simultaneously.

In the Cannon-Bard Theory emotion-triggering stimulus traveled to sympathetic nervous system, causing body’s arousal, and to the brain’s cortex causing awareness of emotion

Shachter-Singer Two Factor Theory states arousal + Label = emotion; arousal fuesl emotion and cognition channels it.

arousal spills over from one event to next

several psychologists believe we have many emotional reactions apart from, or before our conscious interpretation of a situation

primary emotions include anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and happiness

you can tell if someone is bored from their perspiration, pupil size, breathing, and heart rate

several brain regions multitask when processing or showing mention

positive moods tend to rigger more in the left frontal lobe

negative moods tend to trigger more into right frontal lobe?

when telling emotions facial expressions and brain activity are more reliable than heart rate, breathing and perspiration

the brain can detect subtle expressions but much harder than to discern deceit

women have superior intuition and greater sensitivity to nonverbal cues than men

women tend to be more emotionally responsive and expressive, empathic, display empathy, and experience emotional events with more brain activation in areas sensitive to emotion

facial expressions and emotions (distress, defiant, happy) tend to be more universal than gestures (hand movements)

facial feedback effect- tendency of facialmuscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

behavior feedback effect- tendency of behavior to influence our own and other’s thoughts, feeling, and actions

stess arises from how we appraise events

short-lived stress or perceived challenges can have positive effects (ex. being energised and satisfied with our lives

extreme or prolonged stress can harm us (ex. trigger sirky decisions and unhealthy behaviors)

main categories of stress include catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles/ social stress

General Adaptation Syndrome is Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases- alarm, resistance, and eshaustion

a stress respond is the tend-and-befriend response which can be common in women

persistan stress causes negative effects on the human such as lowering resistance to infection, treats to mental well-being, cancer, and heart disease, headaches, and high blood pressure

ways to reduce stress include aerobic exercise (ex. jogging, swimming, biking) and relaxation and meditation

moderate exceise adds about 7 hours for every exercise hour

psychoanalytic theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivation influence personality

humanistic theory focuses on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfilment

Freud believed the mind was mostly hidden because we repressed a mass of unacceptable passions and thoughts which powerfully influence us

there are three interacting systems; the id, ego, and superego

Freud believed children pass through series of psychosexual stages

freud proposed that the ego protects itself with defense mechanisms

defense mechanisms include regressions, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, denial

projective tests are designed to give insight on a person’s unconscious mind

modern research challenges the idea of repression

factor analysis helps identify basic components of a trait

Hans and Sybil Eysenck and believed we can reduce our normal individual variations to two dimensions, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability

extraverts seek stimulation because their normal brain arousal is low

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is the gold standard to get personalities

big 5 factors are conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion

Big 5 research shows that traits stabilize after 40 years, can be somewhat inherited, size and thickness of brain tisses correlates with several big 5 traits, and can apply across different cultures well

personality test measure the average

reciprocal determinaism is the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition,and environment

we are products and creators of experiences/situations

The best predictor of future behavior is the person’s past behavior in similar situations

possible self is the vision of the self you dream of becoming

higher self esteem usually leads to fewers sleepless nights, succumb less easily to pressures to conform, more persistent at difficult tasks, and more effort to repair their mood

artificially boosting self esteem does not work to produce better results

excessive optimum can blind us to real risks, can be self-defeating

people are often most overconfident when most incompetent

Dunning-Kruger effect is needing competence to know competence

self-serving Bias is seeing oneself favorably