Chapter 3 - Cell Process
Chapter 3 - Cell Process
Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy: anything that brings about change
hold together or break apart matter
- solid, liquid, gas → atoms
- nucleus →Neutrons and protons (+)
- Electrons on the outside (-)
→ involved chemical reactions
Element: made up of only 1 kind of atom
→ all living things are made up of 6 elements
sulfur nitrogen
phosphorous carbon
oxogyn hydrogenn
- compounds: 2 or more elements combined in exact proportions
H2O
2 hydrogen
1 oxygen
NaCI
1 sodium
1 chloride
different properties from the elements they are made of
- molecular & Ionic
→ molecules are the smallest part of the molecular compound
Atoms can be positively or negatively charged
( when an atom is positively or negatively charged when they combine it is called an ion)
- ion: positive or negatively charged
Ex: NaCI Na +1 CI -1
- ionic compound
Mixtures: a combination of substances in which individual substances will retain their properties
EX: Fruit salad
- cytoplasm
SUSPENSION
suspension: when a liquid or a gas has another substance evenly spread throughout it
- blood cells
The difference between a suspension and a solution is eventually in a suspension the substances sink to the bottom
ORGANIC
- organic: carbon & hydrogen so anything with carbon and hydrogen even if other things are in it
- Carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
- Carbohydrates
- supply energy
- sugar
- Lipids
- do not mix w/ H2o
- fats or oils
- energy
- Proteins
- made up of smaller molecules called amino acids
- building blocks
- Nucleic Acid
- store coded info
EX: DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
- genetic material
RNA - ribonucleic acid
Enzyme: regulations of chemical reactions
INORGANICS: Doesn’t have carbon or hydrogen
- H2o
(MORE THAN 50% OF ALL LIVING THINGS!!)
- Temperature
- molecules attracted to each other
- basically an insulator
Moving Cellular Material
- cells get everything from the environment
- H2o
- energy
- oxygen
- food
Cell membrane: selectively permeable
How do things move through the cell membrane?
1) size
2) path
3) Energy
Passive Transport: no energy is required
- diffusion: random movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
- equilibrium: molecules are in relatively equal #'s
- ex: Oxygen
- Osmosis
diffusion of h2o
cells contain h2o
also surrounded by h2o
Plant cell: cell:
it will start to wilt and die if u don’t water I because the cell membrane will start to pull away from the cell wall
animal cells → no cell wall
burst if it has lack water or gives it tooooooooo much water
Energy
Enzymes
- allow chemical reactions to occur
(without the right enzyme = no reaction)
food → chemical energy
- cells change energy into forms they can use
Chemical reactions
- total of all reactions: metabolism
Living things: producers or consumers
make food consume producers
Plants → convert light energy into chemical energy
→Chlorophyll: Green pigment
light energy → sugar and oxygen photosynthesis
Respiration:
co2 + H2o → sugar and oxegyn
- break down your food into smaller molecules
- Carbohydrates (starches) → glucose (sugar) energy
Respiration → oxygen
Fermentation
breaks down into glucose & energy
- no oxygen
- lactic acid
- alcohol & co2
Bacteria carry out fermentation to make
- yogurt
- cheese
Yeast - one-celled organism
- fermentation breakdown sugar in bread dough
- alcohol & Co2
Photosynthesis, preparation & Fermentation are related
Cell Division
cells come from cells
→ divide into 2: 1 new cell and one old cell
repair, growth, reproduction
yeast → reproduces by cell division growth structures → strawberry plants
carry out regular functions
Cell Division
- the cell grows & doubles its content
- interphase
- divide its contents
Mitosis
cytoplasm divides
- cytokinesis
- prophase - DNA condense
- Metaphase - chromosomes line up in the middle
- Anaphase - separate to the middle
Interphase
copied DNA (chromosomes)
replication
Animal cell - pinch cell membrane, divide into 2
plant cell-cell plate