Honors History Midterm Review

#### Unit 1: Cultural Connections & Exchanges

Textbook Chapters: Topic 1 (Lessons 1-5)

- Feudalism  

  Draw the feudal structure:  

  - King  

  - Nobles  

  - Knights  

  - Peasants/Serfs  

  Who benefited most from the feudal structure? Why?  

  The Church because they owned a lot of land and collected taxes on it.

- Black Plague  

  Effects of disease on European population:  

  Half of the population wiped out.  

  How did the Black Plague contribute to the Renaissance?  

  The feudal structure collapsed due to disproportionate peasant deaths.

- Medieval Art (Middle Ages)  

  Characteristics:  

  1. Focus on religious themes  

  2. Use of gold and rich colors  

  3. Lack of perspective  

- Where did the Renaissance begin?  

  Florence, Italy.  

  Why did it start there?  

  Florence was a center of trade and had wealthy patrons, fostering arts and culture.

- Patron  

  A wealthy individual who supports artists and writers financially.

- Scholars  

  Individuals dedicated to studying and promoting knowledge and learning.

- Perspective  

  A technique used in art to create the illusion of depth and space.

- Fresco  

  A painting technique where water-based pigments are applied to wet plaster.

- Realism  

  Artistic representation that aims to depict subjects as they appear in everyday life.

- Leonardo DaVinci  

  Why is he “the Renaissance Man”?  

  He excelled in multiple disciplines, including painting, science, and invention.

  Works:  

  - Mona Lisa  

  - The Last Supper  

- Michelangelo  

  Important Works:  

  - Statue of David  

  - Sistine Chapel ceiling  

- Johannes Gutenberg  

  Invention: Printing Press.  

  Why was it important?  

  It revolutionized the spread of information and ideas, making books more accessible.

- William Shakespeare  

  Noted for his contributions to English literature and drama.  

  Importance to Northern Renaissance: He wrote plays that explored humanism and individualism.

- Vernacular  

  The language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular region.

- Causes of the Reformation  

  1. Humanism: Focus on human potential and achievements, questioning the Church.  

  2. Corruption in the Church: Scandals and abuses of power.  

  3. Printing Press: Spread of Reformation ideas.  

  4. Sale of Indulgences: Church selling forgiveness to fund projects.  

- Desidirius Erasmus  

  A key figure of humanism who criticized Church practices and promoted education.

- Martin Luther  

  Location: Wittenberg, Germany.  

  95 Theses: Critiques of Church practices nailed to the church door.  

  Diet of Worms: An assembly where Luther refused to recant his writings.  

  Practices of Lutheranism: Focused on faith alone and the authority of scripture.  

  Peace of Augsburg: Allowed for coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany.

- John Calvin  

  Location: Geneva, Switzerland.  

  Predestination: The belief that God has already determined who will be saved.  

  Rules/Practices of Calvinism: Strict moral code and community governance.  

  Huguenots: French followers of Calvinism.

- Henry VIII  

  Religion: Anglicanism (Church of England).  

  Location: England.  

  Reason for leaving the church: Wanted a divorce that the Catholic Church wouldn't grant.  

  Impact on England: Established the Church of England, leading to religious reforms.

- Anabaptists  

  Beliefs: Believed in adult baptism and that only believers should be baptized.  

  Why were they considered “radical”? They rejected state control of religion and promoted separation of church and state.

- Counter Reformation  

  Who started it: The Catholic Church in response to the Reformation.  

  Council of Trent: Addressed issues of corruption and clarified Catholic doctrine.  

  Changes:  

  1. Reaffirmation of Catholic beliefs.  

  2. Emphasis on education of the clergy.  

  3. Regulations on indulgences.  

  4. Creation of new religious orders (e.g. Jesuits).

- Inquisition  

  A group of institutions within the Catholic Church to combat heresy.

- Index of Banned Books  

  A list of publications deemed heretical by the Catholic Church.

- Society of the Jesuits  

  A religious order focused on education and missionary work.  

  Impact on Jewish population: Jesuits engaged with Jewish communities through education and evangelism.

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#### Unit 2: East Asia & the Muslim Empires

Textbook Chapters: Ch. 6 (Lessons 1-3), Ch. 7 (Lessons 1-3)

- Five Pillars of Islam

  1. Declaration of Faith (Shahada)  

  2. Prayer (Salah)  

  3. Almsgiving (Zakat)  

  4. Fasting during Ramadan (Sawm)  

  5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)

- Islam  

  Two sects of Islam: Sunni and Shia  

  Why did they split? They disagree on who should succeed Muhammad as leader of the Islamic Faith.

- Janissaries  

  Elite soldiers in the Ottoman Empire, often taken from Christian families.

- Ottoman Empire  

  Created by: Osman I.  

  What invention helped them to conquer territory? Gunpowder weapons.

  Siege of Constantinople: Marked the end of the Byzantine Empire.  

  Tried to expand into: Europe and the Middle East.  

  Results: Established the Ottomans as a dominant power.

- Shah  

  A title used in some Islamic countries for a monarch.

- Caliph  

  A religious leader considered a successor to Prophet Muhammad.

- Religious orthodoxy  

  Adherence to accepted and traditional religious beliefs.

- Safavid Empire  

  Location: Persia (modern-day Iran).  

  Why was location an issue? It was situated between the Ottoman and Mughal empires, leading to conflict.  

  Trade and Economy: Bazaars were central to trade.  

  Major exports: Silk, carpets, and spices. 

- Mogul Empire  

  Location: India.  

  Founder: Babur.  

  Akbar the Great: Known for his religious tolerance and administrative reforms.  

  The Taj Mahal: A mausoleum built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife.  

  British East India Company: Gained control over India, affecting local governance and trade.

- Ming Dynasty  

  Improvements: Revitalized trade and economy, restored the Great Wall.  

  Imperial City: Beijing, home to the Forbidden City.  

  Zheng He’s Voyages: Diplomatic and exploratory maritime expeditions.  

  Port of Macao: Only traded with Europe for silver.

- Manchu Conquest  

  Invaded: China before Ming China.  

  Queue: “Lose your hair or lose your head.”  

- Qing Dynasty  

  Problems: Resistance from Han Chinese and internal rebellions.  

  Treaty of Nerchinsk: Established boundaries between Russia and China.  

  Trade relationship with Europe: Increased trade but with strict regulations.

- Japan  

  Shogunate: Military dictatorship led by shoguns.  

  Policy of isolation (Sakoku): Restricted foreign relations and trade to protect culture.

- Korea  

  The “hermit” Kingdom: Isolated from foreign influence.  

  Reasons for isolation:  

  1. Fear of foreign invasion.  

  2. Desire to preserve culture.  

  Spice trade: Limited but notable.

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#### Unit 3: Exploration & Empire Building

Textbook Chapters: Topic 2 (Lessons 1, 4, 5, and 6), Topic 3 (Lesson 1-4)

- Columbian Exchange  

  Started by: The voyages of Christopher Columbus.  

  Impact on Europe: Introduction of new crops and resources, leading to population growth.  

  Impact on North America: Transformation of indigenous societies and landscapes.

- Mercantilism  

  Definition: Economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy through protectionism.  

  Balance of trade: Difference between a country's exports and imports.

- Import/Export  

  Import: Goods brought into a country.  

  Export: Goods sent out of a country for trade.

- Line of Demarcation  

  Between which two nations: Spain and Portugal.  

  Why? To resolve disputes over newly discovered lands.  

  Treaty of Tordesillas 1494: Adjusted the line further west.

- Reasons for Exploration:  

  - God: Spread of Christianity.  

  - Gold: Wealth and resources.  

  - Glory: National pride and territorial expansion.

- Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:  

  The forced migration of Africans to the Americas to work on plantations.  

  Impact on African continent: Depopulation, cultural disruption, and increased warfare.

- Divine Right of Kings  

  The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.

- Absolute monarch  

  Definition: A ruler with complete and ultimate power over their state.

- Phillip II of Spain  

  Inquisition: Suppression of heresy in Spain.  

  Spanish Armada: A fleet sent to invade England.  

  Defeated by: English naval tactics and weather.

- Elizabeth I  

  How did she make her rule absolute? Strengthened the monarchy and promoted national unity.

- The Stuarts  

  James I of England (James VI of Scotland): Faced conflicts with Parliament.  

  Charles I: Engaged in conflict with Parliament leading to civil war.  

  Petition of Right: Limited the powers of the king.

- English Civil War  

  Royalists vs. Parliamentarians.  

  Who won? The Parliamentarians.  

  Constitutional monarchy: A system of government where a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

- Oliver Cromwell  

  Religion: Puritan.  

  Changes made in England: Abolished the monarchy and led as Lord Protector.  

  Made England into a republic.

- The Restoration  

  The return of Charles II to the throne after Cromwell's rule.

- Glorious Revolution  

  William and Mary of Orange.  

  English Bill of Rights: Limited monarchy’s power and ensured rights for Parliament.  

  Habeas Corpus: Protection against unlawful detention.  

  Limited government: The government’s power is limited by law.

- Louis XIV  

  How is he the “most absolute?” Centralized power, famously stated "L'état, c'est moi."  

  Versailles: His grand palace symbolizing his power.  

  Edict of Nantes: Previously protected French Protestants, revoked by Louis XIV.  

  Results of his rule: Expansion of French influence but increased debt and conflict.

- Peter the Great  

  Westernized Russia by adopting cultural and technological advancements.  

  Reformed the military and government.

- Catherine the Great  

  How did she come to power? Overthrew her husband, Peter III.  

  Impacts of her rule: Expanded Russian territory and influenced European politics.