EDSP 120 Midterm Study Guide

Know the 5 components of verbal communication

• Phonology: study of speech sounds or units of speech sounds (ex. cupcake) 

• Morphology: study of speech sound’s meaning (ex. cupcakes)

• Syntax: rules of sentence structure

• Pragmatics: comprehension of social rules

• Semantics: comprehension of words/phrases

Define nonverbal communication and know the 4 functions of

nonverbal communication

• Def: Nonverbal communication communicating without the use of words

• 4 functions: replaces verbal communication, shows emotional state, clarifies, and show agreement/disagreement 

Know about the different considerations for assessing and treating

communication disorders for toddlers, children, and adolescents

• Toddlers: visuals and play based; focus more on sounds and oral motor exercises

• Children: motivating activities with visuals and tactile cues; focus on appropriate sounds

• Adolescents: speech, reading passage, direct drills and focus on phonological contrast

Know the Prelinguistic Stages of Speech Sound development

• Pre-speech→ babbling→ one word utterances→ combining words

Know the definitions and differences between articulation and

phonological disorders

• Articulation disorders: difficulty in moving speech articulators to execute a single speech sound

• Phonological disorders: difficulty in executing multiple speech sounds and is seen in a pattern

Know the different types of articulation and phonological disorders

• Types in articulation disorders: SODA → substitutions, omissions/deletion, addition, and distortion 

• Types in phonological disorders: SSAID → syllable structure, substitution, assimilation (replace nearby sound) and idiosyncratic (distinct)

Know the features in speech sounds of articulation disorder,

phonological disorder, apraxia, and dysarthria

• Articulation disorder: soda

• Phonological disorder: SSAID

• Apraxia: trouble planning

• Dysarthria: trouble executing it

Know what dysarthria is and what it impacts

• Def: it is a motor speech disorder due to weakness or paralysis in the speech muscles

• Impacts: speech muscles aka articulators

Define a language difference and a language disorder, and familiarize

yourself with types of each

• Def: language difference→ variation in an individual’s speech due to culture or language and they understand it; language disorder→ an individual’s difficulty in understanding and using their first language

• Types: dialectal differences (social, regional, cultural) and accents

Know the difficulties in diagnosing apraxia of speech in young children

• Difficult to diagnose since researchers are trying to find a general checklist to identify whether the client has CAS. It could mix with other speech sound disorders. 

Define TBI (traumatic brain injury) and implications of injury and

prognosis based on patient’s age

• Def: TBI is an injury on the brain to cause an individual to have a total or parietal functional disability or psychological impairment or BOTH

• Depending on how severe it is and the specific area of the cerebellum, AND the age of the client it may affect the physical, cognitive, and behavior 

• Prognosis: it is most important to view the client’s (child’s) reading and writing skill → later on, consider other outcomes along with severity 

Define disorders such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy,

spinocerebellar ataxia, childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)

• Cerebral palsy: is a group of disorders that influence the development of an individual’s posture and movement → activity limitation

• muscular dystrophy: disease that causes weakness in the muscles due to it degenerating 

• Spinocerebellar ataxia: disorder that affects the cerebellum that controls motor (how fast and slow), balance, or most importantly, movement coordination 

• Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS): a neurological childhood disorder that affects a child’s speech and sound due to difficulty motor planning and executing the sound 

Definition of a hearing impairment and different types of hearing loss

• Def: having difficulty hearing ranging from mild, moderate, severe, to profound 

• Types: conductive hearing loss (trouble transmitting sound from outer to middle ear), sensorineural hearing loss (trouble transmitting sound from inner to brain), and mixed hearing loss 

Be able to identify the impacts of a hearing loss on phonology and

speech and in the academic setting

• Hearing loss can impact phonology (studying sound of speech units) and speech because depending on the severity/degree of hearing loss, the individual may have trouble hearing speech units/sounds. For example, a HI student may have trouble hearing high frequency sounds/units of speech such as F, TH, and S. Hence, if they were to replicate speaking, they wouldn’t be able to get it quite correctly or intelligible. This leads to phonological delays and speech development delays.

• In an academic setting, this can affect the HI student’s motivation to learn if they are having difficulty understanding what the teacher is trying to say and teach. Instead, the teacher must be able to accommodate HI students by using a FM radio for example.