Malaria Lecture Notes Review

Malaria

Concepts of Infection

Facts about Malaria

• Remains a significant global health threat.
• High mortality rate, especially in children, and is the leading cause of death in some regions.
• Malaria is a preventable disease.

General Information

• Malaria is a potentially life-threatening parasitic disease.
• It is transmitted to humans by female Anopheles mosquitos.
• Malaria is prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical regions.
• The disease is caused by Plasmodium, a single-cell parasite that infects red blood cells (RBCs).

Symptoms

• Fever and chills.
• Flu-like symptoms.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
• In late stages, symptoms can include anemia, organ failure, and coma.

Transmission Process

• The transmission process involves several stages:
  • Infected mosquito bites a human.
  • Sporozoites develop.
  • Ookinete differentiates into an oocyst.
  • Gametocytes transform.
  • The process involves infected blood and infected liver.

Diagnostic Testing

• Microscopic examination of blood samples.
• Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs).
• PCR Testing: looks for genetic materials like DNA and RNA.

Treatments

• Antimalaria medications, including:
  • Chloroquine
  • Doxycycline
  • Atovaquone
  • Quinine
• Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications.

Prevention

• Avoiding mosquitos is the most effective way to prevent malaria.
• Use insect repellent containing DEET or lemon eucalyptus oil.
• Wear protective clothing, such as long sleeves and pants.
• Use bed netting.
• Seek travel health advice before visiting malaria-prone areas.