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1. Identify challenges that affect a college student’s academic performance.
a. Time management issues: many students struugle to balamce acadmics, work and social life
b. Stress and mental health: imcreased stress levels and mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression can negatively impact focus and productivity.
c. Financial struggles: The burden of tuition fees, loans, and living expenses can distract students from their studies.
d. Poor sleep habits: Lack of proper sleep leads to fatigue and decreased academic performance.
a. Health issues: Both physical and mental health issues affect energy and the ability to concentrate.
2. Identify reasons people in the early 1900s did not live as long as we do today.
Infectious diseases: Diseases like smallpox, polio, and tuberculosis were rampant due to a lack of vaccines and treatments.
Limited healthcare: There was inadequate access to medical care, and medical advancements were still in their infancy.
Poor sanitation: Unsafe drinking water and inadequate sewage systems contributed to widespread illness.
Unsafe working conditions: Industrial accidents and exposure to harmful substances were common.
Poor nutrition: Food security and access to balanced diets were major challenges.
3. Identify the top ten greatest public health achievements of the 20th century.
a. Vaccination: Eradication or control of diseases like smallpox and polio.
b. Motor vehicle safety: Seatbelts, airbags, and improved road designs reduced injuries and fatalities.
c. Safer workplaces: Occupational safety measures drastically reduced workplace injuries and illnesses.
d. Control of infectious diseases: Use of antibiotics and sanitation practices significantly lowered mortality rates.
e. Decline in deaths from heart disease and stroke: Medical advances and preventive measures improved cardiovascular health.
f. Safer and healthier foods: Regulations for food safety and fortification improved public health.
g. Healthier mothers and babies: Improved prenatal and infant care reduced maternal and infant mortality rates.
h. Family planning: Access to contraception and reproductive health services allowed for better family management.
i. Fluoridation of drinking water: Helped prevent tooth decay across populations.
j. Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard: Anti-smoking campaigns and regulations improved overall health.
4. Define the following terms:
1. Life expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality trends.
2. Mortality: The rate of death within a population over a specific period.
3. Morbidity: The presence or rate of disease, illness, or disability within a population.
4. Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
5. Health promotion: Policies and programs aimed at encouraging behaviors that support good health, focusing on prevention rather than treatment.
6. Well-being: A state of overall happiness, health, and life satisfaction, encompassing social, emotional, mental, and physical dimensions.
7. Quality of life: An individual's perception of their position in life, including physical health, emotional well-being, and social relationships.
8. Health-related quality of life: A subset of quality of life focusing on how health impacts a person’s ability to lead a fulfilling life.
9. Antecedents: Factors or events that precede and influence a particular outcome or behavior.
5. Identify the top three leading causes of death in the following age groups:
a. Ages 15-24
1. Unintentional Injuries (including motor vehicle accidents)
2. Homicide
3. Suicide
b. Ages 25-34
1. Unintentional Injuries
2. Suicide
3. Homicide
c. Ages 35-44
1. Unintentional Injuries
2. Heart Disease
3. Suicide
d. Ages 45 and older
1. Heart Disease
2. Cancer
3. Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases
6. Briefly describe and give an example of the following wellness dimensions:
a. a. Intellectual Health
i. Description: Intellectual health involves engaging in creative and stimulating activities that enhance critical thinking and knowledge. It includes being open to new ideas and experiences that challenge one’s mind.
ii. Example: A person practices intellectual health by participating in educational workshops or online courses, reading a variety of genres, or joining a book club to discuss and explore new ideas with others.
b. b. Emotional Health
i. Description: Emotional health refers to the ability to understand and manage one’s emotions effectively, cope with stress, and express feelings in a constructive manner. It emphasizes self-awareness and resilience.
ii. Example: An individual enhances emotional health by practicing mindfulness techniques to stay present, journaling to reflect on feelings, and seeking support from friends or professionals during challenging times.
c. c. Social Health
i. Description: Social health involves building and maintaining positive relationships and having a strong support network. It encompasses effective communication and the ability to empathize and connect with others.
ii. Example: A person fosters social health by actively participating in community service, engaging in group activities, and making a conscious effort to reach out and maintain connections with friends and family.
d. d. Spiritual Health
i. Description: Spiritual health focuses on finding purpose and meaning in life, which can involve personal beliefs, values, and a connection to something greater than oneself. It encourages reflection and personal growth.
ii. Example: An individual develops spiritual health by practicing mindfulness meditation, exploring different philosophical or religious perspectives, and engaging in activities that promote gratitude and connection to nature.
e. e. Occupational Health
i. Description: Occupational health relates to finding satisfaction and fulfillment in one’s work. It includes balancing professional responsibilities with personal well-being and creating a positive work environment.
ii. Example: A person achieves occupational health by pursuing career goals aligned with their passions, seeking opportunities for professional growth, and ensuring they maintain a healthy work-life balance by setting aside time for personal interests and relaxation.
f. f. Environmental Health
i. Description: Environmental health involves understanding how the environment impacts human health and well-being. It includes recognizing the importance of clean air, water, and safe living conditions, as well as advocating for sustainable practices that protect the planet.
ii. Example: An individual promotes environmental health by participating in community clean-up events, reducing waste through recycling and composting, supporting local initiatives for clean energy, and making conscious choices to minimize their carbon footprint, such as using public transportation or biking instead of driving.
7. Differentiate between acute diseases and chronic diseases. Give examples of each.
Acute Diseases:
· Definition: Acute diseases are conditions that develop suddenly and typically have a short duration. They often have clear symptoms and may require immediate medical attention.
· Examples:
o Influenza (Flu): A viral infection that can cause fever, cough, and body aches, usually lasting a few days to a couple of weeks.
o Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix that causes severe abdominal pain and often requires surgical intervention.
Chronic Diseases:
· Definition: Chronic diseases are long-lasting conditions that may not have a clear onset and can persist for months or years. They often require ongoing management and can significantly impact a person’s quality of life.
· Examples:
o Diabetes: A condition that affects how the body processes blood sugar (glucose) and requires continuous management through diet, exercise, and medication.
o Hypertension (High Blood Pressure): A condition characterized by consistently elevated blood pressure levels, which can lead to more serious health issues if not managed over time.
8. What is the leading cause of death in America?
As of recent data, the leading cause of death in America is heart disease. Heart disease encompasses various conditions affecting the heart, including coronary artery disease, heart attack, and heart failure. Risk factors for heart disease include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity, and poor diet.
Health Behavior Change Models Comparison
Health Belief Model (HBM):
· Focus: The HBM emphasizes the role of individual beliefs in the decision to engage in health-promoting behaviors.
· Key Components:
o Perceived seriousness of the health problem.
o Perceived susceptibility to the health problem.
o Perceived benefits of taking action.
o Perceived barriers to taking action.
o Cues to action (triggers for change).
· Application: If someone wants to quit smoking, the HBM can help identify their beliefs about the seriousness of smoking-related health risks and the benefits of quitting, as well as barriers they might face.
Social Cognitive Model (SCM):
· Focus: The SCM highlights the interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavior.
· Key Components:
o Observational learning (learning from others).
o Self-regulation (setting personal goals and self-monitoring).
o Self-efficacy (belief in one's ability to succeed).
· Application: To reduce alcohol consumption, an individual could observe a friend who has successfully cut back, reflect on that success, and apply similar strategies while building their confidence to make the change.
Transtheoretical Model (TTM):
· Focus: The TTM outlines the stages individuals go through when making behavior changes, emphasizing that change is a process.
· Key Components:
o Stages: Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination.
· Application: If someone wishes to lose weight, understanding their current stage (e.g., preparation) can help tailor the approach they take—like setting realistic goals, seeking social support, and planning their diet and exercise regimen.
Using Models for a Specific Behavior Change
For example, if someone wants to reduce their fast food intake, they could use these models as follows:
· Health Belief Model: Assess their beliefs about the health risks of fast food and identify perceived benefits of healthier eating, such as improved energy and weight loss.
· Social Cognitive Model: Look for role models who maintain a healthy diet and adopt behaviors they observe, such as meal prepping or choosing healthier options when dining out.
· Transtheoretical Model: Identify their stage (e.g., contemplation) and create a plan to move toward action, like researching healthy recipes and planning to cook meals at home.
9. What effect does a sedentary and obese lifestyle have on one’s overall health?
A sedentary and obese lifestyle can lead to numerous health problems, including:
Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases: Higher likelihood of developing chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.
Mental Health Issues: Sedentary behavior and obesity can contribute to anxiety, depression, and lower self-esteem.
Decreased Life Expectancy: These lifestyle factors are associated with a higher risk of premature death.
10. Define and give an example of preventive behavior.
Preventive Behavior: Preventive behavior refers to actions taken to reduce the risk of developing health problems.
Example: Getting vaccinated against the flu is a preventive behavior that helps to reduce the risk of flu-related complications.
11. Briefly describe and give an example of the following models:
a. Medical Model:
Description: The medical model focuses on diagnosing and treating diseases and health conditions primarily through medical interventions.
Example: A doctor prescribing medication to treat high blood pressure.
b. Public Health Model:
Description: The public health model emphasizes the prevention of disease and promotion of health at the population level through community efforts and policies.
Example: A public health campaign promoting vaccination to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases.
12. Briefly describe the following determinants of health and how each plays a role in our overall well-being:
a. Individual Behavior:
Description: Personal choices and habits that affect health, such as diet, exercise, and substance use.
Role: Healthy behaviors can enhance well-being, while unhealthy behaviors can lead to disease.
b. Biology and Genetics:
Description: Inherited traits and biological factors that influence health.
Role: Genetics can predispose individuals to certain health conditions, affecting their health outcomes.
c. Social Factors:
Description: Environmental conditions, such as socioeconomic status, education, and social support.
Role: Positive social factors can promote health, while negative factors can create barriers to access care and healthy lifestyles.
d. Policy-Making:
Description: Laws and regulations that influence health outcomes, including health care policies and public health initiatives.
Role: Effective policies can improve health equity and access to resources.
e. Health Services:
Description: Access to and quality of health care services.
Role: Availability of preventive and curative health services can significantly affect health outcomes and quality of life.
13. Briefly describe the following health models:
a. Health Belief Model:
Description: This model posits that health behavior change is influenced by individual beliefs about health risks and benefits.
Example: A smoker may quit if they believe that smoking significantly increases their risk of lung cancer.
b. Social Cognitive Model:
Description: Emphasizes the interaction of personal factors, behaviors, and environmental influences in health behavior change.
Example: Observing a friend successfully lose weight can inspire someone to pursue a similar goal.
c. Transtheoretical Model:
Description: A framework that outlines the stages individuals go through when changing behaviors (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance).
Example: Someone wanting to increase exercise might first contemplate their current habits before planning a workout schedule.
14. Define mindfulness. State how mindfulness impacts our overall well-being.
Mindfulness: Mindfulness is the practice of being present and fully engaged in the moment, with awareness of thoughts, feelings, and the surrounding environment without judgment.
Impact on Well-Being: Mindfulness can reduce stress and anxiety, improve emotional regulation, enhance focus and memory, and promote overall mental and emotional health.
15. Write a SMART goal.
Example SMART Goal: "I will walk for 30 minutes every weekday morning at 7 AM for the next month to improve my physical fitness."
16. Define the following types of reinforcements and give an example of each:
a. Consumable:
Definition: Reinforcement that involves food or drink.
Example: Rewarding oneself with a piece of chocolate after completing a workout.
b. Activity:
Definition: Reinforcement that involves engaging in enjoyable activities.
Example: Allowing time to watch a favorite TV show after finishing a study session.
c. Manipulative:
Definition: Reinforcement involving physical objects or tasks.
Example: Using a new gadget or tool as a reward for completing a home project.
d. Possession:
Definition: Reinforcement that involves obtaining or using an item one desires.
Example: Buying a new book after reaching a personal goal in fitness.
e. Social:
Definition: Reinforcement derived from social interactions or recognition.
Example: Receiving praise from friends or family for achieving a health goal.
17. Define and give an example of shaping.
Shaping: Shaping is a behavioral technique that involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior.
Example: A coach rewarding a child for each small improvement in their basketball shooting technique until they can make a basket consistently.
18. Define and give an example of self-talk.
Self-Talk: Self-talk refers to the internal dialogue individuals have with themselves, which can be positive or negative.
Example: A student preparing for an exam might engage in positive self-talk by saying, "I’ve studied hard, and I can do this!"
19. What is the essential prerequisite for changing a behavior?
The essential prerequisite for changing a behavior is the awareness of the need for change. Individuals must recognize that their current behavior is problematic or undesirable before they can take steps to change it.
20. What is an essential step for one to stay motivated to meet their goal?
An essential step to stay motivated is to set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals. This framework helps individuals track their progress and maintain focus.
21. What is Healthy People 2030? How is this blueprint used to assess health in the United States?
Healthy People 2030: Healthy People 2030 is a comprehensive set of objectives aimed at improving the health and well-being of people in the United States over the next decade. It provides a framework for identifying health priorities, setting goals, and measuring progress.
Use: It serves as a blueprint for public health initiatives, guiding policymakers, health professionals, and communities in addressing health disparities and improving overall health outcomes.
22. What are activities of daily living? Give three examples.
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs): ADLs are basic self-care tasks essential for an individual’s day-to-day functioning.
Examples:
Eating: Preparing and consuming food.
Dressing: Putting on and taking off clothing.
Bathing: Maintaining personal hygiene through washing or showering.Bottom of Form
CLASS NOTES:
Intellectual wellbeing:
Emotional wellbeing: includes the degree to which one feels postitive and enthursiastic about oneself and life.
Social/culture wellness: encourages contributing to onesd human and physical environment to the common welfare of ones community.
Occupational wellness”goal is to establishing a satisfying career. Relates to preparing for a career in which an individual will gain personal enrichment and satisfaction.
Spiritual wellness: goal is to establishing a sense of self beyond physical being. Being mindful
Environmental: goal is to protecting oneself from the worlds physical hazards
After work each day, Samuel goes on a hike to reflect his day, while observing the beauty of nature and the sound of nearby birds singing
ANSWER: spirtical or environmental
Jill has many friends is resoected by her coworkers and maintains a great r
Kathernine – emotional wellness
Heart diseases is the leading cause of death for over a centuary for all ages
For my age: unintentional injury
What trend are you able to see: it goes from unintentional to diseases, sudice rates drop, the younger we are the immune systems seem to be stronger, as we get older our immune system gets slower, we take a lot of medication.
WHAT IS HEALTH:
Health: free of illness or injury
Wellness: optimal health
Health promotion: policies/programs that promote health behaviors
Quality of life: outcome of your health, satisfaction
Health-related quality of life: impacts of one’s health
Models of health: broadened from focus on the physical body to the community
Medical model: focuses primarily on individual(appendectomy)
Public health model: focuses on individual’s interactions with their physical and social environment
- Air pollution: walk/bike
- Proper disposal of toxic waste
IMMEDIATE BENEFITS:
- Level of energy:
- Weight management
- Improved memory
- Deeper sleep
- Better mood
- Unintentional injuries
LONG-TERM REWARDS:
- Longevity:
- Skin, teeth and eye health: as we get older, skin dries out, bruises easier. Teeth: better able to chew food. Eye: needed to drive
- Boost immunity
- Stronger bones: helps with mobility
- Lower risk of chronic conditions: the more active we are the behaviors we decisions we make today impact us forever
- Digestive function: we get older we tend to have more processed foods/sugars
Wellness continuum: states that our health is always moving and changing. Balancing on trying to stay as healthy as possible. Understanding that our health always functions
Growth: have an overall understanding of the signs/symptoms, preventive
- The scale of the continues flow of our health
Continuum: repeated cycle
- We have a neutral point
- Treatment paradigm
Life Expectancy: A Key Measure of Health
• Mortality Rates (death rates): to see what the average death rate is and how that compares with other countries in the world, also looking at life expectancy
• Life Expectancy
• 1900s vs Today: we are living longer
• Populations with higher mortality
rates
Reasons we are living longer:
- Vaccinations
- Motor vehicle safety
- Workplace safety
- Control of infectious diseases
- Reduction in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and stroke death
- Safe and healthy foods
- Maternal; and infant care
- Family planning
- Fluoridated drinking water
- Recognition of tobacco as a health hazard
