Skill acquisition, transfer of learning and practise methods

Skill – The learned ability of bring about pre-determined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy, or both.

-              Accuracy, efficiency, consistency, learned, aesthetically pleasing, control, goal directed.

Accuracy – perform with little error, high success rate

Efficiency – using up the minimum amount of energy, effort, time needed.

Consistency – Being able to repeat the skill multiple times with similar accuracy and results.

Learned – being able to learn the skill.

Aesthetically pleasing – when the skill looks good effortlessly.

Control – being able to do the skill with good awareness of the body’s position.

Goal directed – working towards a specific goal.

Skill continuums

Muscular involvement continuum

Fine ----------------------------------------Gross

Small muscle groups                                    large muscle groups

Environmental influence – conditions

Open ------------------------------------------ Closed

Team                                                                          individual. (predictable)

Difficulty continuum

Simple ------------------------------------------- Complex

Little decision making + info                               lots of decision making + info

Continuity continuum

Discreet ---------------- Serial ------------------- Continuous

Clear s+f                             no of discreet.               No clear s+f

Organisational Continuum

Low ------------------------------------------------High

Easily broken down                                                 can’t be broken down

Pacing continuum

Self ------------------------------------------------ External

Transfer of learning

The learning of a skill and the impact of this (positive and negative) on the learning of a future skill.

Positive

-              The learning of one skill can positively impact the learning of another – (also using equipment)

-              Need similar shapes/skills/form/technique

-              E.g. over arm throw in cricket – javelin throw

Negative

-              The learning of one skill can negatively impact the learning of one skill (in similar environments)

-              E.g. forehands in tennis vs in badminton

Zero transfer

-              Two unrelated skills with no impact on each other

-              Different environments, no similarities

-              E.g. darts vs pole vault

Bilateral transfer

-              Learning one skill on one side of the body can be positively transferred onto the other side of the body.

-              E.g. kicking a football with either foot

Practise methods – 30.09.24

Whole practise

-              Practising the whole skill in its entirety

-              Fast skill

-              High organisation

-              Simple

-              Skilled learner

-              Kinaesthesis

Adv

-              Feel the whole motion/skill

-              Allows the skill to be fluent

-              More realistic – competitive

Disadv

-              Could learn it the wrong way – bad habits

-              Overwhelming

-              Fatiguing/frustration for new learners

Whole part whole

-              Access the skill as a whole, identify the weakness, then put it back together

-              Whole skill first

-              Practise weakness

-              Beginners/developing

-              Low organisation – broken down

Adv

-              Feel for the whole skill

-              Work on weaknesses

-              Less intimidation/overwhelming

-              Realistic

-              Consistency and fluency

Disadv

-              Can be demotivating if not gone back to whole

-              Lose progress in part

Progressive part

-              Breaking down a skill then building it up gradually

-              Low organisation – broken down

-              Serial organisation – skills

Adv

-              Perfect each skill – weaknesses are addressed immediately

-              Low pressure – not overwhelming

-              Not tiring/fatiguing

-              Improve confidence

Disadv

-              Could be boring – time consuming

-              No realism

-              No feel for the whole skill

Types of practise

Massed practise

-              No rest intervals during training

-              Skill that needs to be repeated and the same every time

-              Closed skill

-              Discreet

-              Simple

Adv

-              Improve fitness

-              Long term memory – habitual

-              Consistency

Disadv

-              Fatigue/ tiredness

-              Negative transfer of learning – fatigue

-              Less motivation