Scientific Method and Scientific Investigation
What is the Scientific Method
- Science investigates by following the scientific method; it is a plan for asking questions and testing possible answers.
- It is not a single rigid sequence; the process can be nonlinear and adapted to each investigation.
Steps of a Scientific Investigation
- Typical flow: observation → question → research → hypothesis → prediction → testing → evidence → conclusions → communicating results.
- The number and order of steps can vary by investigation.
Making Observations
- An observation is data perceived with the senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste).
- Observations initiate inquiry and guide questions.
Asking a Question
- Questions arise from observations about why or how a phenomenon occurs.
Research Existing Knowledge
- Review what is already known about the topic.
- Consider prior findings and whether to refine the question or replicate prior work.
- A hypothesis is a possible, logical answer to a question, based on scientific knowledge.
- It must be falsifiable (possible to disprove with evidence).
- Example concept: eye spots on moths might deter predators because birds avoid eye-like patterns.
Testing the Hypothesis
- Develop a prediction from the hypothesis (If A occurs, then B will happen).
- Example form: If a moth has eyespots on its wings, then birds will avoid eating it.
- Gather evidence to test the prediction via experiments or additional observations.
Evidence
- Data that can support or refute a prediction.
- Evidence may come from controlled experiments or systematic observations.
Drawing Conclusions
- If evidence supports the prediction, the hypothesis becomes more likely but is not proven true.
- A single set of evidence does not guarantee truth; alternative explanations and limitations must be considered.
Communicating Results
- Share methods, data, and potential errors so others can assess and replicate.
- Replication and peer review strengthen or challenge conclusions.
Summary
- The heart of science is the scientific investigation guided by the scientific method.
- Core elements: observations, questions, hypotheses, predictions, evidence, conclusions, and communication.
Review Questions
- Outline the steps of a scientific investigation.
- What is a scientific hypothesis? What characteristics make a hypothesis useful?
- Give an example of a scientific question that could be investigated with an experiment, and one that could not.
- Can a hypothesis be proven true? Why or why not?
- Why do scientists communicate their results?
