Main Actors in MENA and Their History

1. Egypt: Known for its pyramids and pharaohs; it has significant political and cultural influence in the Arab world. Egypt founded a modern state in the early 20th century and was pivotal in Arab nationalism, especially during the 1952 revolution.

2. Saudi Arabia: Home to Islam's two holiest cities and transformed by 20th-century oil discoveries. A key player in OPEC, it shapes regional politics as the guardian of Islamic faith.

3. Iran: Once ancient Persia, it became an Islamic Republic after the 1979 revolution. It plays a significant role in Shia Islam and regional conflicts, often maintaining a contentious relationship with the West while supporting various militias.

4. Turkey: A bridge between East and West, with a rich Ottoman history. Turkey is reasserting its influence in MENA through economic and military means while balancing relations with Europe and the U.S.

5. Israel: Established in 1948 post-British Mandate, Israel is central to Arab-Israeli relations, seeking security and recognition from Arab states.

6. Syria: The ongoing civil war since 2011 has led to a humanitarian crisis and shifted regional power dynamics. Historically significant in Arab politics, Syria is now fragmented and influenced by foreign powers.

7. Jordan: A stable monarchy playing a strategic role in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It hosts many refugees, which impacts its social dynamics and policies.