Term: Annealing of primers
Definition: The process of primers binding to the complementary sequences on single-stranded DNA during PCR.

Term: BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)
Definition: A tool used to compare a query sequence against a database to find regions of local similarity.

Term: Bioinformatics
Definition: The use of computational tools to analyze and interpret biological data, such as sequencing data.

Term: Bioremediation
Definition: The use of organisms, such as bacteria, to clean up environmental pollutants.

Term: Cas9
Definition: An enzyme used in the CRISPR gene-editing system to cut DNA at specific sites.

Term: Chromosome maps
Definition: Diagrams that represent the positions of genes on chromosomes.

Term: Clone-contig assembly
Definition: A method of assembling DNA sequences from clones into larger sequences called contigs.

Term: Cloning vectors
Definition: DNA molecules used to insert foreign genes into host cells for cloning purposes.

Term: Coding DNA
Definition: DNA sequences that are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins.

Term: Contig
Definition: A continuous sequence of DNA assembled from overlapping fragments.

Term: Comparative genomics
Definition: The study of similarities and differences in the genomes of different species.

Term: Complementary DNA (cDNA)
Definition: DNA synthesized from mRNA using reverse transcriptase, used to study gene expression.

Term: Conditional inactivation
Definition: A method of selectively disabling a gene under specific conditions in experimental organisms.

Term: CRISPR
Definition: A gene-editing technology that allows for targeted modifications in DNA sequences.

Term: Denaturation
Definition: The process of unwinding and separating double-stranded DNA into single strands, often used in PCR.

Term: Dideoxynucleotides
Definition: Modified nucleotides used in DNA sequencing that terminate chain elongation.

Term: DNA fingerprinting
Definition: A technique for identifying individuals based on unique patterns in their DNA.

Term: DNA libraries
Definition: Collections of DNA fragments representing the genome of an organism, stored in vectors.

Term: DNA microarrays (“gene chips”)
Definition: A technology used to measure the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.

Term: DNA synthesis
Definition: The process by which new DNA strands are created, including through PCR or in vitro methods.

Term: Exons
Definition: Coding regions of a gene that are transcribed into mRNA and eventually translated into proteins.

Term: Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)
Definition: A technique that uses fluorescent probes to detect specific sequences of DNA or RNA in cells.

Term: Functional element
Definition: A segment of DNA or RNA that has a specific biological function, such as encoding a protein.

Term: Functional genomics
Definition: The study of gene functions and interactions, often through experimental manipulation.

Term: Gel electrophoresis
Definition: A technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein fragments based on size using an electric field.

Term: Genetic maps (physical maps)
Definition: Diagrams that show the relative positions of genes or markers on a chromosome.

Term: Genome
Definition: The complete set of genetic material in an organism, including all its genes and non-coding regions.

Term: Human Genome Project
Definition: An international research project that mapped the entire human genome.

Term: Immunoassays
Definition: Laboratory techniques used to detect or quantify specific proteins or antibodies.

Term: Introns
Definition: Non-coding regions of genes that are transcribed into mRNA but removed during RNA splicing.

Term: Knockin mice
Definition: Mice that have had a specific gene inserted into their genome.

Term: Knockout
Definition: The process of inactivating a gene to study its function in an organism.

Term: Mapping genomes
Definition: The process of determining the locations of genes within the genome of an organism.

Term: Mass spectroscopy
Definition: An analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions, often used for protein identification.

Term: Matured RNA transcript
Definition: The final processed form of RNA after splicing and modification, ready for translation.

Term: Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
Definition: High-throughput sequencing technologies that allow for rapid, large-scale DNA sequencing.

Term: Non-coding DNA
Definition: DNA sequences that do not code for proteins but may have regulatory or structural roles.

Term: Physical maps
Definition: Maps that represent the actual physical locations of genes and markers on chromosomes.

Term: Plasmid
Definition: A small, circular DNA molecule often used as a vector in genetic engineering.

Term: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Definition: A method used to amplify specific DNA sequences by repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

Term: Primary RNA transcript
Definition: The initial RNA molecule synthesized from DNA before splicing and other processing.

Term: Proteome
Definition: The entire set of proteins expressed by a cell or organism at a given time.

Term: Sequence-tagged site (STS) maps
Definition: Maps that use short, unique DNA sequences to locate specific regions in a genome.

Term: Shotgun sequencing
Definition: A method of sequencing DNA by randomly fragmenting it and then assembling the pieces.

Term: Short Tandem repeats (STRs)
Definition: Repeated DNA sequences that vary in length among individuals, often used in genetic profiling.

Term: Transcriptome
Definition: The full set of RNA molecules expressed in a cell at a given time.

Term: Transgene
Definition: A gene that has been transferred from one organism to another.

Term: Recombinant DNA
Definition: DNA molecules created by combining genetic material from different sources.

Term: Restriction endonucleases
Definition: Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences, used in molecular cloning and analysis.

Term: Restriction maps
Definition: Diagrams that show the locations of restriction enzyme recognition sites within a DNA sequence.

Term: Reverse transcriptase
Definition: An enzyme that synthesizes cDNA from an RNA template.

Term: Reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
Definition: A technique that uses reverse transcriptase and PCR to amplify cDNA from RNA.

Term: RNA interference (RNAi)
Definition: A process by which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules.

Term: Transformation
Definition: The process of introducing foreign DNA into a cell, often used in genetic engineering.

Term: Synteny
Definition: The conservation of gene order across different species' genomes.

Term: Vectors
Definition: DNA molecules used to carry foreign genetic material into cells for cloning or expression.