ART-APP-CHAP-5-6

CHAPTER 5: DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ARTS

PAINTING

• Pre-Historical Painting
• Focused on animal spear and other rudimentary materials.
• drawn on caves, stones and on earth-filled ground.
• illustrations primary focused on hunting and stylistic treatment

GREEK ART

1. Formative or Pre-Greek Period

• Sea and nature

1. First Greek Period

• Largely Egyptian influence

1. Golden Age (480 - 400 BC)
2. Hellenistic Period (4^th century – 1^st BC)

• Heightened individualism, tragic mood, and contorted faces (Lacaustic Painting)

ROMAN ART

• • • 1. Etruscan Period (2000 – 1000 BC)
• subject matters of painting were on ancestor worship; catacombs and sarcophage
  • • 1. Roman Period (2000 BC – 400 AD
• subject matter of painting were commemorative statues, sarcophage, frescoes, design with vine motifs

MEDIEVAL PERIOD

• • • 1. Early Christian Art
• Subject matters of art were symbols: cross, fish, lamb, alpha and omega, triumphal wreaths, grapes, doves, and peacocks and later-haloed Christ, saints and the Virgin Mary, and martyrs. Spiritual expression took precedence over physical beauty and symbols were emphasized
  • • 1. Byzantine art
• The subject matters of painting were Christ as the Creator, and Mary, as the Mother of God.
  • • 1. Gothic art
• The subject matters of painting were religious and grotesque; more calm and plastic style. The picture of the. Madonna and Child gazing into each other's eyes in playful mood is an example of this style.

FRANCO-FLEMISH PAINTING

• Portable easel paintings and oil paintings were utilized. Illustrations consisting of altar pieces with general wings that open and close. Children's faces were painted like small adults; spectator was even drawn into the picture. Landscape was placed within the pictures by the open window technique where faraway landscape of towns, people and river were seen.

RENAISSANCE ART

1. Early Renaissance (14^th – 15^th century)

• The styles of painting are simplicity pretty, gesture and expression. Painting was on man and nature in fresco technique.

1. High Renaissance (16^th century)

• Its center was in Florence, Venice and Rome. Painting style consists of the deepening of pictorial space, making the sky more dramatic with dark clouds
• and flashes of light. Da Vinci introduced the chiaroscuro; Michelangelo dramatized the position of figures in his famous contrapuesto-twists.

1. Mannerism Period

• subject matter is on human figure with the use of oil painting and color. Colors were sumptuous, warm, and sensual.

BAROQUE ART

Painting style is ornate and fantastic appealing to the emotion, sensual and highly decorative; with light and shadow for dramatic effect. The paintings showed figures in diagonal, twists, and zigzags.

Famous painters included Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, El Greco, Diego Velasquez, and Murillo.

ROCOCO ART

The painting style emphasized voluptuousness, picturesque and intimate presentation of farm and country. Rococo art technique made use of soft pastel colors rendering the landscape smoking, and hazy with the subject always in the center of the canvas.

Famous Rococo painters were Watteau, Fragonard, Hogarth, Reynolds, and Ingres

ROMANTIC ART

• the painter’s reactions to past events, landscape, and people. Painting is richer than the Rococo art.
• Francisco Goyo

19^TH CENTURY PAINTING (MODERN ART)

• Art was aimed to please the public. Various movements appeared.

1. IMPRESSIONISTS

• PAUL CEZANNE was the greatest impressionist and the Father of Modern Art. His efforts were toward the achievement of simplicity, brilliance and perfect balance in art, brightness of colors and sense of depth in art.

1. EXPRESSIONISTS

• VINCENT VAN GOGH, Father of Expressionism. He used bright, pure colors mixed on the palette but applied to the canvas in small dots or strokes replying on the beholder's eyes to see them together.

1. SIMPLICITY IN ART

• PAUL GAUGUIN, simple in his artistic style. He studied the technique of craftsmen, applied these to his canvas, simplifying the outline of forms but strong patches of colors.

SCULPTURE

• Sculpture is an aesthetic art.
• The technique is modeling.

Modeling in sculpture means that a material is shaped and formed into a single mass or block of material having tri-dimensional form.

PREHISTORIC SCULPTURE

• consisted of rude forms carved in stones and woods in order to produce figures and images to commemorate heroes and heroines and perpetuate the memory of men.

EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE

1. First Dynastic Period

• 5,000 years ago
• Subject matters: sun, moon, stars, sacred animals
• Sculptors decorated the tombs of the dead with scenes from his life, with signs of his rank and profession
• Statues began to flourish in this period.

2. Old Kingdom Period

• Portrait sculpture was emphasized
• Five lifelike structure existed in every home.
• Statues were either single figure or family groups.
• The faces of statues were always calm and grave.
• Statues of royal personages were much larger than ordinary personages to give impression of movement splendor.

3. Middle Kingdom Period

• faces of statues depicted
• individual moods but their bodies were still rigid and straight in posture

4. New Kingdom Period

• figures were lifelike and vigorous looking
• The figures were depicted in usual poses as walking, dancing and bending.
• Figures showed dignity and serenity.

GREEK SCULPTURE

Prehistoric Greek sculpture had gone through three (3) periods:

1. Dedalic Period

• Marble was used as material.
• Nude male statues were usually executed.

2. Classical Age

• Golden age or Age of Pericles in Greece.
• Temples of gods and goddesses were adorned with sculptured figure.
• Human body was given emphasis: Male figures were always naked, women figures were fully draped

3. Later Greek Period

• Male and female figures were shown with very little or no clothing at all.
• Example is the Venus de Milo.

ROMAN SCULPTURE

Roman sculpture was more represented in bust forms of famous men and women. The figures showed their individual imperfections as if they were in real life.

BYZANTINE SCULPTURE

Byzantine sculpture is classified into two:

1. Early Byzantine sculpture

• No statues adorned the churches and basilicas; only symbols or signs as mosaic.
• For example, fish symbolized Christ; hand protruding from the clouds symbolized God.

2. Later Byzantine Sculpture

• statues replaced mosaic symbols and signs
• Biblical statues adorned churches, basilicas and even homes
• These statues are tall, dignified, straight, exquisitely carved, sometimes covered with jewels.
• Christ was shown as fully garbed, mature, dark-beard with haunting eyes

ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE

• Subject matter were on biblical characters and human figures.
• Biblical characters and human figures were fully clothed, flat and elongated-looking.
• The faces were grave and remote.
• Draperies were usually swirled around them in whirlpool patterns.
• Arches of churches were decorated with patterns of zigzags and geometric designs.

GOTHIC SCULPTURE

The statues of human figure were given a natural and life-like look both in bodies and facial expressions. They wore garments to give the impression of real bodies and limbs.

RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE

The Renaissance sculpture is divided into three groups:

1. Early Renaissance Sculpture

• detailed anatomical shapes, proportions and perspectives, to indicate a more scientific attitude towards art

2. Middle Renaissance Sculpture

• By the end of the 15th century, sculpture became more secular than religious in nature. Palaces were adorned with sculpture cast in bronze.

3. Later Part of the Renaissance

• Subject matter: legends and myths of Greece and Rome
• The artists were given complete freedom on the choice of a subject in sculpture.

BAROQUE SCULPTURE

• It started in the 17th century.
• Sculpture depicted beauty of the art and the expression of emotion.

ROCOCO SCULPTURE

• It is designed purely for ornamental purpose, highly ornate and exquisite.
• Appeared largely in furniture, panels, vases, and urns.
• This sculpture was first used in the court of the French King Louis XV

19^TH CENTURY SCULPTURE

There were two schools: Neo-classical and Romantic-Realistic trends.

• Neo-classical schools - depicted perfect human anatomy endowed with a calm, reflective look.
• Romantic-Realistic schools - depicted realistic figures with psychological attitudes of the French Revolution.

The famous sculptor in this school was Auguste Rodin

20^th CENTURY SCULPTURE

• Sculpture is mainly concerned with human body.
• On 1910, a sculpture of geometric shapes emerged. This led to the new tool in sculpture the blow torch.

Pablo Picasso, the Father of Abstract sculpture and Julio Gonzalez advocated a regeneration of plastic shapes through geometric organization of the human body. Abstract sculpture remains tied with biology.

Henry Moore and his associates depicted a sculpture of anxiety and terror. Through this form, the sculptor’s view of life is shown.

Alberto Giacometti carved a figure endowed with either action or feeling by using thinned-out matter rising upward in empty space. The expression of being lost in an infinite nothingness.

ARCHITECTURE

• Neolithic Age and New Stone Age lasted roughly from 8000 to 3000 BC.
• During Paleolithic and Mesolithic Periods, man used caves for shelter and most probably for religious ceremonies.
• One of the earliest pieces of sculpture was the Venus of Willendorf in Central Europe which was made between 30,000 and 25,000 BC.

The development of western architecture was divided into four formal periods:

• Ancient world
• Medieval period
• the Modern world
• the Contemporary world

ARCHITECTURE IN THE ANCIENT WORLD

It is divided into four (4) areas:

• Architecture of Mesopotamia
• Architecture of Ancient Egypt
• Aegean and Ancient Architecture
• Etruscan and Ancient Roman

(1) ARCHITECTURE OF MESOPOTAMIA

a. Architecture of the Sumerians

• the typical building of the Sumerians was Ziggurat.
• The temple on top of Ziggurat represents the God-centered structure of the society and conveys dependence on God.

b. Architecture of the Assyrians

• The Sargon’s palace stood as a representative of the Assyrian sculpture. It was built above the ground level of the city to convey the idea that the King stood between the gods and his people.

c. Architecture of the Neo-Babylonians (575 BC)

• The Ishtar-gate of Babylon was built for a Babylonian King-Nebuchadnezzar II. The one gate of the palace - Ishtar gate is lined with several beasts done in brightly colored glazed bricks and dedicated to the goddess Ishta.

d. Architecture of the Persians

• The Royal Palace at Persepolis is a representative of Persian architecture.

(2) ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENT EGYPT

a. Architecture of the Old Kingdom (3000 - 2130 BC)

• The simple steriometric and solid form of the Mastaba expressed the Egyptian aspiration for permanence, security and concern for after life.
• Stepped Pyramid of Zoser - The architectural form of this pyramid conveys the supremacy and power of the king even after his death
• Gizeh - the pyramid signifies the height of the pharaonic power. The form symbolizes permanent and stability together with transcendence.

b. The Architecture of the Middle Kingdom (2130-1580 BC)

• Among the characteristic remain of the middle kingdom are the rock-cut tombs at Beni-hasan.

c. The Architecture of the New Kingdom (1580-322 BC)

• Queen Hatsheput wanted it to be the symbol of a peace on Earth.
• The architectural style and form in this period was focused on sequences, progression, symmetry, balance and harmony with natural setting

Other temples established at this time were

• The Mortuary Temple of Ramses II
• The Temples of the Ancient Gods
• The Temple of Amon-re at Karnak
• Temple of Amon-Mut-Khonsu at Luxor

(3) AEGEAN AND ANCIENT GREEK ARCHITECTURE

a. The Aegean Architecture (1600-1200 BC)

• The oblong shape of the court and the general layout of the palace shows a centralized arrangement (The palace at Knossos, Crete (1600-1400 BC)

b. the Mycean Architecture

• The citadel consisted of heavy walls that reveal a defensive character.
• The architectural form of this era conveys security and safety; perhaps also dominance and power (Citadel of Tiryns)

c. Ancient Greek Architecture

• Doric order was the earliest of the Greek architectural.
• The capital consists of two elements, a lower called echinus and an upper, the entablature
• Doric order is massive and severe in appearance. It is a muscular order
• Corinthian order
• Was developed much later, a variant of ionic order
• Does not consist of volutes but of stylized acanthus leaves
• The ancient greek architecture is essentially columnar and trabeated
• The effect is a muscular-like human quality of the columns.
• The combination of the three parts is called an architectural order

(4) ETRUSCAN AND ANCIENT ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

The etruscan house was a simple rectangular structure which grew progressively more complex.

ARCHITECTURE IN MEDIEVAL WORLD

a. Early Christian Architecture

• The Early Christian Architecture consisted of two building types: the Christian Basilica and the martyrium.

b. The Islamic Architecture (850-I600 AD)

• The most important contribution of Islamic architecture is the development of a new kind of interior space, using the Roman and Byzantine dome as a point of departure.

c. The Carolinian, Ottonian and Romanesque Architecture (800-900AD)

• The Carolinian architecture was characterized by an emphasis on the westwork, on the temporal power of the emperor.
• The Romanesque architecture was characterized by bay system, cross-or groin-vaulting, semi-circular arches for the opening in the walls, massive enclosing walls, the incorporation of towers into the church building proper.

d. Gothic Architecture (II50-I500 AD)

• The features of the Gothic style includes: the pointed arch, the flying buttress and the rib vault.

ARCHITECTURE IN MODERN WORLD

a. THE RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY (1420-1600 AD)

• The dome is a double shell structure built according to gothic style.
• Spaces and enclosing surfaces are in simple proportional relationships

b. THE BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE (1600-1750 AD)

• The original meaning of “BAROQUE” was old, irregular and grosteque in 1880, the term lost its derogatory flavor
• The architecture form of the baroque architecture consists of two centers amd path connecting them.

ARCHITECTURE IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

The development of architecture prior to the international style includes;

1. ‌Romanticism (1750-1850 AD)
2. the architecture of the Engineers (1800-1900 AD)
3. The architecture of Pioto-Rationalism;
4. Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright up to 1914.

The architecture of Romantic Classicism was more

• Linear
• Stiffer
• Geometrically more regular
• More academic than it's Italian counterparts.

Examples of Romantic architecture are those of:

• The Guardian of the Fields of Ledoux
• German Embassy at Petersburg
• Street Facade of Altes Museum

The architecture of the Engineers such as:

• Bridges
• railroad stations
• large halls for work
• exhibitions

were the first to exhibit new ideas and paved the way for contemporary architecture

This new architecture was made possible through the availability of the new building materials

Iron and Steel - the materials that revolutionized the whole building industry.

Examples of the Engineers architecture are:

• the Seven Bridge of England
• the Bridge over the Menas Straits

The Eiffel Tower

• proved the new materials, iron and steel - produced by the industry could convey architectural meanings and values than the old traditional materials of stone and wood.
• The Eiffel tower concert the triumph of man over the forces of nature.
• It symbolizes high achievement of man, that he can conquer, subdue and control nature using the new materials.

The architects of the International Style showed a seemingly genuine concern for the emotional and physical well-being of man.

Urban planning- was intended to provide a healthy city environment.

Famous architects were:

1. Walter Gropius
2. Le Mies

Some of the buildings constructed during this era are:

1. the Bauhaus Building at Germany

2. the Tugendhat Hous at Czechoslovakia

3. the Villa Savage in France

4. the Centennial Hall in Germany

5. the Einstein Tower in Germany

CHAPTER 6: ASIAN ART

ANCIENT NEAR-EASTERN & ISLAMIC ART

In the early times of West Asia (the area of present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan), a number of civilizations emerged, producing impressive palace and temple structures and decorative-art objects.

Later, as segments of the population in many countries accepted Ilam, artists altered their techniques to reflect Islamic cultures.

ANCIENT NEAR-EASTERN ART:

• Plaster-covered Skull from Jericho, Jordan 7,000 BC.
• Ziggurats of the Sumerians, 3500-2340 BC
• Persian Palace at Persepolis, 539-331 BC

ISLAMIC ART

Islamic religious art is largely aniconic.

The Holy Book of Islam (KORAN) condemns the worship of idols and refers to Allah as the single creator of all.

• Calyphs of the first dynasty of the Arab empire, the Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) BC
• Aniconic mosaic decoration in the Philippines
• Great Mosque of Kairouan, 800-900 BC
• The architecture of Timurid dynasty.

INDIAN ART

The art of the Indian subcontinent can be traced back as early the Indus Valley civilization (3000 to 1500 BC), an urban culture that grew up around Harappa (Pakistan) and other parts of Western India.

HINDU ART

Hinduism is a religious tradition that is associated with Vedic texts and Brahmanic practitioners.

Vedic of or relating to the Vedas, the language in which they are written, or Hindu history and culture between 1500 BC and 500 BC.

Brahmanic of or relating to Brahmanism which focused on brahman, the ultimate reality to which everything belonged and returned after escaping cycles of reincarnation, the rebirth of the soul into new bodies

• sculpture of Vishnu

- Vishnu is the god of Preservation, the great maintainer who often appears in various incarnations to provide salvation for humanity.

• sculpture of shiva

BUDDHIST ART

Buddhism is the second major religion in India that antedates Hindu art, at least in terms of what survives.

The three basic forms of Buddhist architecture are the stupa (burial mound), chaitya hall (nave with stupa in the apse) and vibara (monastic cell and refectory).

• Stupa
• chaitya hall
• Buddha’s image
• Urna (a third eye in the forehead)
• Wheel (Chakra)
• Lotus symbols on the feet
• Webbed fingers
• Elongated earlobes
• Ajanta is the most important repository of early Buddhist paintings. It is a pilgrimage site with 29 cave temples in India.

EAST ASIAN ART

Arts from China, Korea, and Japan share many cultural, philosophical, and religious associations.

CHINESE ART

• Chinese pottery during the neolithic phase (5000-1766 BC)
• The Great Wall during the Qing Dynasty (221-207 BC).
• Terra Cotta Soldiers during the Qing Dynasty (221-207 BC).

- The army of life-size terra cotta soldiers, archers, horses and chariots was stationed in military formation near Emperor Qin's tomb in order to protect the emperor in the afterlife.

• Tang Dynasty is considered the Culmination of Buddhist art. Artists created many classical forms of Buddha, notably figure painting.

KOREAN AND JAPANESE ART

• Various artists in Korea and Japan were heavily influenced by cultural models of Chinese artists and architects and focused on:
• Buddhist sculpture and temple construction.
• The use of brush and ink.
• The use of ceramic and lacquer.

KOREAN ART

Korean art during the Neolithic phase (4000-1000 BC) consists mainly of “comb pattern”.

Bronze age (600-100 BC) objects include bells, mirrors, and other ceremonial objects on tomb.

Sculptures and painters of Koryo dynasty (918-1392) concentrated on Buddhist themes.

Rules of Yi dynasty encouraged Confucianism, artists painted plants as well as landscape.

• comb pottery
• bells in tomb - The sound of this bell was often used to represent Buddha's teachings, and it was believed to have the power to save suffering souls from hell.
• buddhist themed art during koryo dynasty
• painting during the yi dynasty

JAPANESE ART

Japanese history pre-history is divided into three periods: Joman (800-300 BC); Yayoi (350-300 AD), and Kofun (300-352 AD).

• Johun people made ritual ceramic pots.
• Yayoi bronzes inspired by mainland traditions replaced ceramics as ceremonial ware.
• Paintings are some of the art forms in the Kofun period.