AP Psychology: Memory

Serial-position effect (primary & recency effect): when you remember the first and last information that was given

Context-Dependent Memory: retrieval of information only when you are in the PLACE in which you learned it

State Dependent Memory: memory where being in the same state of mind help your remember better

Forgetting: an increase in the number of errors when trying to bring back material from memory

Retention: the proportion of material that is remembered

Relearning: the process after a loss of learning of acquiring knowledge

Hermann Ebbinghaus: Used a case study on himself and tried to remember nonsense syllables Forgetting curve: the amount of information lost over time (happens super quickly (about a day) and then it levels off)

mood congruent memory: the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Rehearsal: maintenance and elaborative

Relearning is: one measure of memory retention

Overlearning: rehearsing material after mastery which staves of forgetting for longer ● Distributed practice (spaced learning) is more effective than massed practice (cramming)

Testing Effect: encoding and memory processing is much stronger if you elaborate rehearse by quizzing or testing yourself

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon: when you are aware the existence of a piece of information but cannot seem to pull that information out

Decay Theory: retrieval becomes harder as time passes

Proactive interference: the blocking of some older memory is due to some new memory (you can’t remember your old password because you only remember your new password)

Retroactive Interference: the blocking of some new memory is due to some older memory taking precedence (you can’t remember the new password because you only remember the old)

Amnesia: the partial or total loss of memory due to an injury or an illness

Retrograde Amnesia: the partial or complete inability to remember information that was learned before the trauma or disease that caused the illness occurred

Anterograde Amnesia: the partial or complete inability to create new memories after the trauma or disease occurred.

Schema: broad categories that information is organized into for faster responses.

Prospective memory: Memory that deals with future occurrences. Mostly monitoring and remembering to do things in the future.

Retrospective Memory: working memory that includes the retrieval of past events, retrieving known facts, ideas and concepts.

Procedural Memory: memory related to skills, habits, hobbies, usually done in the cerebellum

Priming: memory of a prior repeated stimulus

Chunking: grouping information together as part of the short term memory in order to recall it later

Iconic Memory: visual sensory store that is very brief, and images can be recalled within less than a second

Echoic Memory: auditory sensory store in which sounds can be recalled within three or four seconds

Short-Term Memory: activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Infantile amnesia- not being able to remember before the age of 3

visual imagery: creating new images based off of information

Selective Attention: the conscious focusing of awareness on a specific task and filtering out other stimuli.

Divided Attention: the conscious focusing of awareness on several stimuli at once.

Effortful processing: require conscious processing or attention

Automatic Processing: mental activities that are done through unconscious processing.

Repression- the conscious or unconscious act of eliminating the awareness of painful or unacceptable thoughts and experiences

storage: the retention of encoded information over time

long term memory: the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

decay theory: proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time

episodic memory: Memory of one's personal experiences

semantic memory: your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts

Three box information processing model: proposes that there are three stages that information passes through before it is stored.your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts

sensory memory: the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system

displacement: defense mechanism in which unwanted feelings are directed towards a different object

consolidation: A hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.

schemas: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

déjà vu: the experience of thinking that a new situation had occurred before

recognition: a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

recall: A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Elizabeth F. Loftus: who is known for the misinformation effect, false memory and criticism of recovered memory therapies.

mnemonic devices: devices for, memory tricks or strategies to make information easier to remember

flashbulb memory: a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

confabulation: the false recollection of episodic memory, filling in gaps.

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