Dissection Test - Thoracic Cavity Test

Hard Palate - on the top of the mouth, the hard part at the front

1. Function: To break down your food to create a bolus to swallow, and used for speech, is a separation between the oral cavity from the nasal cavity.

2. Make Up: Made up of connective tissues which is supported by bone.

Soft Palate - on the top of the mouth, back part that is squishy

1. Function: Plays a role in breathing, speaking, and swallowing and force the spit down your esophagus.

2. Make up: skeletal muscle and 5 muscles

Pharynx - the opening at the back of the mouth, this is where the epiglottis is.

1. Function: routes the air towards your trachea and your food and liquids to your esophagus in support of your respiratory and digestive system. This separates the 2 systems.

2. 3 parts:

   1. Nasopharynx: connection to the nose and is separate from the mouth (in the soft palate, the upper part of the pharyngeal wall), this is lined with thin layer of epithelial cells

   2. Oropharynx: the middle part, starts at the soft palate and goes down to the back of the tongue and ends at the epiglottis. This has the muscles to allow for you to swallow and is a passage way between the nasopharynx, mouth, and laryngopharynx.

   3. Hypopharynx or laryngopharynx: the lower part of the pharynx. This is the passage way that starts at the epiglottic and goes down to the esophagus.

Larynx - The big bulge in the neck and right before the trachea

1. Function: Contains the vocal cords, as air passes over them they vibrate which allows for speech.

2. Make Up: is a make up of cartilaginous skeleton and some ligament and muscles to allow for stabilization and a mucous membrane.

   1. There are 3 parts:

      1. Supraglottis (including the epiglottis)

      2. Glottis (including the vocal cords)

      3. Subglottis.

Epiglottis - This is the little fold of cartilage in the Pharynx.

1. Function: To prevent food and drink form entering the windpipe, if it is open when you are eating then there is a possibility that there would be food to go into your nose.

2. Make Up: Is make of mostly elastic cartilage.

Esophagus - the tube BEHIND the trachea and not connected to the larynx

1. Function: to allow for transport food from the mouth the the stomach, it is designed so food should only go one way.

2. Make up: Made up of partly skeletal muscle and partly smooth muscle with a mucous lining. There are no rings as when you swallow the bolus can “push” it open. Also, when not used for a long time it could collapse. It is narrower and has a smaller diameter the the trachea.

Trachea - The tube off of the larynx and has cartilage rings.

1. Function: Allow air to flow to and from your lungs and nose and mouth, the trachea can also help to moisten, warm, and protect the respiratory system.

2. Function of Cartilage rings: To allow for the trachea to not collapse on its self when you are breathing in.

3. Make up: they are made up of thick rings of cartilage then break off into the thick rings of cartilage.

Carotid Artery - The red medial big artery in the neck beside the larynx on each side of the pig.

1. Function: Provide oxygenated blood to the brain. Has a higher blood pressure then extremities. They are bigger then the Jugular vein.

2. Make Up: Like normal, small lumen, large amount of smooth muscle, and connective tissue.

Jugular Vein - The blue lateral vein in the neck beside the larynx on each side of the pig’s neck.

1. Function: collect blood from the skull, brain, and superficial parts of the face and the majority of the neck it connects to the superior vena cava.

2. Make up: Like Normal, large lumen, smaller amount of smooth muscle so they are not as hard, and collective tissue.

Inferior Vena Cava - The thin tube (Large lumen) that attaches to the heart, is the front of the 3 tubes, underneath the heart.

1. Function: to transport almost all of the CO₂ rich blood back to the right side of the heart from the lower extremities and abdomen.

2. Make up: Of the endothelial cells, connective tissues, nerve fibers, elastic fibers, and muscle tissue.

Coronary arteries/veins - they wrap around the heart and are coloured in, the main coronary artery is under the right atrium.

1. Function: to supply O₂ to the heart as there are no capillaries in the chambers of the heart as the pressure is too high.

2. Made up: they are normal.

Aorta - is behind the pulmonary trunk, is smaller and wraps around to the back of the body to allow for it to turn into the abdominal aorta, in fetuses this connects to the pulmonary trunk via the ductus arteriosus.

1. Function: carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body. There is O₂ rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body.

2. Make up: Normal arteries, just thicker as there is more pressure.

Ductus Arteriosus - The connection point behind the hard of the pulmonary arteries and the aorta.

1. Allows oxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and go directly to the body, as there is a mixture of CO₂ and O₂ blood in the left ventricle.

   

Pericardium: is the fluid filled sac (membrane) around the heart.

1. Function: to reduce friction in the heart and against the lungs, it can also help protect your heart from infections, and filling with too much blood.

Lungs: Moist, large surface, that has a lot of capillaries (vascularized.)

1. Function: this is so that there can be a diffusion from the O₂ to the Body and CO₂ out of the body. It is a very large gas diffusion surface.