L5 homology

Concepts of Evolution and Homology

  • Understanding evolution and how homology relates to it.

Chemistry Review

  • Review of fundamental chemical principles relevant to biological sciences.

Building Blocks of Life

  • Hierarchy of structural organization:

    • Atom

    • Molecule

    • Macromolecule

    • Organelle

    • Cell

    • Tissue

    • Organ

    • Organ System

    • Whole Organism

  • Examples include: heart structure (right & left ventricles), blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries).

Page 5: Importance of Carbon

  • Why is carbon crucial for life?

  • Carbon's ability to form diverse compounds is foundational to biological molecules.

Page 6: Genetic Information Coding

  • ATCG's and AUCG's:

    • Nucleotides are the building blocks of polymers (DNA/RNA)

    • Roles include storing information and performing complex functions in cells.

Page 7: Structure and Function of Biological Membranes

  • Membrane Composition:

    • Atoms, molecules, and intermolecular interactions

    • Fatty acids form membranes that are impermeable to highly polar molecules and define cellular compartments.

Page 8: Polar vs. Nonpolar Molecules

  • Hydrophobic Effect:

    • Interaction of nonpolar substances in aqueous environments.

    • Importance in the structure of biological membranes.

Page 9: Hydrophobic Effect Details

  • The role of water in biological systems and the implications of hydrophobic interactions in cellular environments.

Page 10: Origins of Life

  • Inquiry into how life originated on Earth.

Page 11: Biodiversity

  • Exploration of how diverse life forms originated and the evidence supporting this.

Page 12: Commonalities in Life

  • Examination of what is shared among all forms of life and how diversity emerges.

Page 13: Timeline of Life's Evolution

  • Geological Time Scale:

    • 4 billion years ago: Formation of chemical building blocks.

    • 3-4 billion years ago: Emergence of simple cells.

    • 2.5 billion years ago: Introduction of complex organisms.

Page 14: Timeline in the History of Life

  • Major Events:

    • Big Bang (12 billion years ago)

    • Formation of the solar system (4.6 billion years ago)

    • Various geological periods (e.g., Cambrian, Mesozoic)

    • Evolution of humans in the Quaternary Period.

Page 15: Chemical Building Blocks

  • Inquiry into the origins of life's chemical building blocks and hypotheses regarding their creation.

Page 16: Stanley Miller's Experiment

  • Experiment demonstrating the synthesis of amino acids from basic compounds in a primordial environment.

Page 17: Microfossils and Early Life

  • Microfossils: Evidence of bacteria dating back 2,500-2,700 million years.

Page 18: Classification of Life

  • Historical division of life into two groups and implications for evolutionary biology.

Page 19: Darwin's Contributions

  • Common Ancestry and Evolution:

    • Charles Darwin's "The Origin of Species" emphasized common ancestry as a basis for species variation.

Page 20: Shared Characteristics and DNA

  • Relationships among species determined by genetic sequences and shared physical traits.

Page 21: Phylogenetic Trees

  • Representation of evolutionary relationships, illustrating common ancestry among species.

Page 22: Understanding Phylogenetic Trees

  • Basic principles for reading phylogenetic trees, including the concept of clades and evolutionary time.

Page 23: Rotating Branches in Phylogenetic Trees

  • Flexibility of tree depiction with branches that can rotate at nodes without changing the relationships.

Page 24: Myth of the Evolutionary Ladder

  • Clarification against misconceptions about higher vs. lower organisms; evolution through diversification rather than linear progression.

Page 25: Concept of Homology

  • Homologous Structures:

    • Comparison of organs across species reflecting common ancestry.

Page 26: Examples of Homology

  • Human arm, whale flipper, and bat wing show homologous structures despite different functions, emphasizing evolutionary relationships.

Page 27: Levels of Homology

  • Levels of comparison:

    • Structural and functional adaptations reflecting evolutionary history.

Page 28: Analogy in Evolution

  • Distinguishing between analogous structures (similar function, different origins) vs. homologous structures.

Page 29: Homology vs. Analogy

  • Examination of whether specific structures, like butterfly wings and bird wings, are homologous.

Page 30: Evolutionary Timeline of Organ Systems

  • Overview of when different parts of animals evolved across time.

Page 31: Smell Perception Mechanism

  • Description of how molecules influence our sense of smell through receptor binding in the nasal cavity.

Page 32: Nasal Structures Evolution

  • Evolution of Nasal Passages:

    • Tracing the evolution from early jawless fish to modern humans.

Page 33: Importance of Homologous Structures

  • Understanding the evolutionary significance of common structures in different organisms.

Page 34: Relevance of Fruit Fly Research

  • Contributions of Drosophila in understanding genetics and various diseases leading to multiple Nobel Prizes.

Page 35: Studying Model Organisms

  • Importance of model organisms like yeast and fruit flies in biological research for insights into genetics and cellular processes.

Page 36: Comparing Homologies at Different Levels

  • Importance of evaluating homology through various biological scales from genes to anatomical structures.

Page 37: Primate Tree of Life

  • Classification within primates to illustrate evolutionary relationships and genetic hierarchies.

Page 38: Molecular Evidence in Evolution

  • Statements about how molecules provide insight into evolutionary history.

Page 39: Genetic Similarity between Species

  • Comparative analysis of insulin gene sequences across different species, showing degrees of similarity.

Gene Coding Relationships

  • Genetic sequences serve as documents of evolutionary history, as illustrated in the examples provided.

Molecular Homology Analysis

  • The study of DNA sequences to reveal common ancestry, using specific examples of gene similarities.

Natural Groups of Organisms

  • Understanding relationships among organisms and genes based on evolutionary common ancestry.

Use of rRNA in Phylogenetics

  • Carl Woese's Work:

    • Utilization of rRNA genes to determine evolutionary relationships among microbes.

The 5 Kingdom Scheme

  • Historical classification of life forms into five kingdoms and its implications.

Tree of Life

  • Current understanding of evolutionary relationships among organisms based on genetic sequencing.

Paradigm Shift in Classification

  • Transitioning to a new view of classification based on DNA rather than morphology.

Eukarya Relationships

  • Classification of life forms within the Eukarya domain, examining various groups of organisms.

DNA Sequencing and Tree of Life

  • Findings from a study that sequenced DNA from numerous genera across all domains of life.

Modern Tree of Life View

  • Shift from appearance-based taxonomy to DNA-based classifications in understanding life.

Lessons from the "Big Tree"

  • Key takeaways from the tree of life: common ancestry, microbial diversity, and the need for natural taxonomy.

Life Origin Reflection

  • Questions on the origin of viruses and their place within the evolutionary framework.

robot