RPH

History

• derived from the Greek word “historia”, means knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation.

• derived from the Greek noun “istoia”,

meaning learning.

• also known as the study of past.

• focused on writing about wars, revolutions, and other important breakthroughs

• it is a social science that deals with the study of geography, politics, economics, society, religion and civilization of the past

Herodotus

• known for having written histories

• wrote a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars

• first writer to perform systematic investigation of historical events

• described as “Father of History”, a title conferred to him by the ancient Orator - Cicero

Aristotle – History is a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological factoring was a factor in the account.

Torres, 2018 - History is the study of beliefs and desires, practices and institutions of human beings.

Ambeth Ocampo, 2016 – History is not a mere collection of dates and names.

Teodoro Agoncillo, 1995 – History deals with the past, not with the future. We use history to avoid the mistakes of the past, not to recreate the same events.

Historians

• understands how individual societies measured time and recorded history

• uses historical interpretation and analysis to compare historical accounts of a single event

• acquires the art of historical comprehension

• their task is to discover and proclaim the truth in our nation’s past.

Fundamental reason behind the study of History (Peter Stearns, 1998)

• History helps you understand other cultures – with the absence of history, it is impossible to comprehend how cultures came to be.

• History helps you understand our society –

by knowing history, it highlights what compel in our society through and into the present.

• History helps you understand our own identities – it is paramount to realize that our present is the commodity of what came before, and the past provides a condition for everything we do as an individual.

• History builds citizenship – information about how we came to be as a community educates us, how to see ourselves as a group in the contemporary world.

• History gives you an insight into the present-day problems – beyond knowing the root cause of a problem, will deepen our way of facing and solving it.

• History allows us to learn from the past – experience is our best teacher, historians wrote these experiences of people, and they serve as a guide to avoid the same mistake again.

• History helps you understand change – change is inevitable therefore, studying History gives us a firm hold on why things change

• History builds interpretation and analysis skills – similarly to how one reads classic literature to understand something about the author, the society from which it originates, and the time that created them.

Pre-History – period where no written records exist or when the writings of people were not preserved or writing was not yet discovered. It was during Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic era.

History – period when man started to write and record events using a system of writing. It started in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern period.

Primary Sources

• original materials or first-hand accounts used/created by people who experienced the event.

• include documents or artifacts created/used by a witness or a participant of the event

• materials that directly point or discuss the matter being studied

Examples:

Artifacts – pottery, coins, tools, clothing, weaponry

Public documents – documents of organizations, minutes, reports, birth certificate, marriage license, trial transcripts, newspaper clippings, original manuscripts

Private document – photographs, poems, letter, recorded interviews, video/film recordings, magazine articles, school records, diary

Photograph – can depict the social conditions of historical realities and daily life

Old sketches and drawings – may portray conditions of life of societies in the past

Old maps – may admit how space and geography were used to stress trade routes, structural build-up, and more

Cartoons – used for political expression or propaganda

Material evidence of the primordial period – includes cave drawings, old syllabaries, and ancient writings

Statistical tables, graphs, and charts – way of presenting data through a systematic arrangement of the information describing some mass phenomenon or process

Oral History or recordings – by electronic means of accounts of eyewitness or participants, the recordings deciphered and used for research

Secondary Sources

• produced by authors who used and interpreted primary sources

• analyze scholarly question and often used primary source as evidence

• includes books, theses, dissertations, journal, magazines, knowledge of historians

• written few years after the exact time of the event

• oftentimes, they are interpretations of primary sources

Examples:

Written – editorial, commentaries, criticism, journal, novels, books

Visual – caricature, paintings

Audio – music recording

Audiovisual – historical events

Tertiary Sources

• Refer to general references. It helps to emphasize to the reader to a primary or secondary source.

• for example, the Information found in a card catalog about a book or document, Abstracts of books, Theses, and Dissertations.

Historical Source Materials

• Identified or classified into an age while contemporary source materials are documents are of latter or recent, vintage or origin.

• The materials concerned are those events that are current or very recent. The recentness of the document can be up to the present up to 35 to 49 years

Contemporary Documents

• often stored in record sections of offices or private cabinets. An authorized individual can only concern accessibility or by court order

• for example, books which are of recent publication and we place books that have on the shelves of libraries for circulation

National Library of the Philippines

• one of the most well-known hubs of the contemporary source

• it is the main library of the Philippines

• keeps a special section in which the brochures and souvenir programs were stored in special boxes called vertical files

• it is also the repository hub of the original Noli me Tangere and El filibusterismo Novels as well as special poems that are hidden in special vaults.

• it housed rare collections of historical data papers and Philippine Revolutionary Records which can be found in FIlipiniana and Microfilm sections.

Official Gazette

• an official government publication

• contains laws, decrees, letters of instructions, and resolutions

• the Supreme Court compiles their cases in a book called Supreme Court Reports Annotated (SCRA)

Rare Books

• books and other publications that are no longer current or no longer produced

• these are books that are produced 50 years old and no longer published

Archival Documents

• old documents

Examples of Archival Documents:

During Spanish Period

1. Spanish royal decreese or cedularios

2. Service records or hojas de servicios

3. Receipts

4. Ereccion de pueblos or documents about the establishment of town and registers or gremios

5. Transcript of records of Filipino heroes like Jose Rizal and Apolinario Mabini

During American Period

1. Philippine Commission Reports

2. Commonwealth Acts

3. Official Transcript of Philippine Legislature

Among the documents found in the National Archives are:

1. Ereccion de Pueblos - the establishment of towns in the Philippines

2. Cedularios- contains the cedulas or royal orders from the King of Spain, documents as classified as Reales Ordenes

3. Bautismos- baptisms

4. Vecindarios- information about the locality

5. Difunciones- Deaths

6. Guia de Forasteros- guide to foreigners in the Philippines

7. Varias Provincias- Information about various provinces

8. Memorias- Reports made by the Governor General of the Philippines

9. Sediciones y Rebelliones- contains information about revolts, rebellions, and the Philippine Revolution and their leaders.

10. Asuntos Criminales- Criminal cases

11. Sanidad- reports and documents on the status of health in the Philippines

12. Presidios- Prisons

13. Marina- The Navy

14. Filipino lustres- information about ilustrious Filipinos

15. Planos- Plans of public buildings

16. Gaceta de Manila- The Manila Gazette

17. Prestacion Personal (Polo Y Servicio)- documents on community labor

18. Deportados- Deportees and Exiles

19. Tobacos- Papers on the tobacco monopoly

20. Anfion- Papers on the opium monopoly

21. Hacienda Publica- Papers on the department of finance and taxation

22. Lazaretos- Papers on the leprosy in the Philippines

23. Pirateria - piracy in the Philippines particularly Moro piracy

24. Elecciones- elections of officials such as gobernadorcillos

25. Hojas de Servicios- Service records of official

26. Patrocolos- Notarial Records

27. Testamentsos- last wills and testaments

Philippine National Archive

• Contains two million documents dating back to the Spanish period such as birth certificates, baptismal records, and marriage records that took place in the Catholic church and early civil government in the country.

• Some of the  archives are kept by religious orders like the Archives of the University of Sto. Thomas (AUST) which is composed of archives of the Dominican orders in the Philippines. While the Jesuits kept their documents at the Ateneo de Manila University

University of Santo Tomas Library

• also called Fr. Miguel de Benavides Library – named after the founder of the university

• contains one that was written by Nicholas Copernicus dating back even before the coming of Ferdinand Magellan to the Philippines

Archdiocesan Archives of Manila – this archdiocesan possess the infamous retraction letter of Jose Rizal

Manila Observatory Archives – holds the early data regarding weather disturbances and conditions of the country specially during Spanish period

Amado V. Hernandez Collection - consist of 15 microfilms of more or less 115 books and other materials such as manuscripts, clippings, souvenir programs and personal files (example: correspondences which are compiled in envelopes)

Julian Cruz Balmaceda - has original materials done by this famous Filipino writer. Can be searched in the electronic catalog of the National Library.

Lope K. Santos - consists of books clippings and manuscripts on a different subject in English and Spanish texts microfilmed into 46 reels with entries which are searchable in the electronic catalog.

- He is the Father of Balarila

Anita P. Garcia - has 121 titles with 136 volumes of books and other publications on different subject areas.

Historical Criticism

• Is the way of how you are going to analyze sources.

• Its primary goal is to discover the text’s primitive or original meaning in its original historical context and its literal sense.

• Its secondary goal seeks to establish a reconstruction of the historical situation of the author and recipients of the text

External Criticism

• Test of authenticity

• Examines if the document is genuine

• Verification of authenticity by examining physical characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristics of the when it was produced, and materials used

• Analyzation and judgement of historical source

Primary Goal – discover the texts primitive or original meaning

Secondary Goal – reconstruction of historical situation

Hermeneutics – ambiguity (clear). Branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation

Internal Criticism

• Test of credibility

• Looks at the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its creation

• It looks at the content of the source and examines the circumstance of its productions

Content Analysis – researchers uncover the hidden trends, detects biases, and empirical evidence

Contextual Evidence – analysis of medium (including multimedia)

Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta – refused by Charles V of Spain

Lapu-Lapu – first Filipino hero

Magellan – Portuguese explorer

Corroboration – multiple sources

Provenance – genuineness of the source

Historiography (detailed history) – process where historians gather information

Historical analysis – draws new information or conclusion by examining evidence from the past

Laguna Copperplate Inscription

• Made by Indonesians

• Written in the Common Era April 21, 900CE, Monday (10^th century)

• It is a semi-official certificate of acquittal of a dept

• Golds, livestock, and crops are used as a payment

• Failure to pay, the debtor falls into servitude (alipin), a status that is inherited by the debtor’s descendants.

Chan Ju Kua’s Chu Fan Chi

• Records of various Barbarous Nations

• Record of trades

• Natives bring Chinese products and would be able to barter back the value taken in about 8-9 months

• San-su (Philippines)

• Ma-i (Mindoro)

• Drums are used as a symbol that traders are coming

Antonio Pigafetta’s First Voyage Around the World by Magellan

• 5 ships and 254 troupes

• 5 ships: Trinidad, Santiago, Victoria, Conception, San Antonio

The Philippines Under Spain

• Colonialism – practice of people dominating another country

• Reduccion – community set up by Spaniard rule (komunidad nanagpaconvert sa Christian)

• Proto-globalization – increasing trade links and cultural exchange in 19^th century

• Mercantilism - Spain vs. Portugal. New World Asia. Economic idea that trade generates (wealth through gold and silver)

• Creolization – hybridity or mix of culture of Spaniards and Indigenous people

Juan de Plasencia’s Customs of the Tagalog (1589)

• PH society

• Doctrina Cristiana – oldest book in the Philippines under Spain (1593)

• Dato - seeks guidance to lopo (indigenous people that has better experience)

• Maharlika – maginoos

• Dimawas – civilian/free man

• Aliping namamahay – household servant

• Aliping saguiguilir (saguiguilid) – slave worker

• Simbahan – temple or place of adoration

• Pandot – celebration or gathering in the large house of chief (dato)

• Badhala – worshipped

Life after death:

• Maca – paradise or village of rest

• Casanaan – sitan, place of anguish

Antionio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas

• also called as Events in the Philippine Islands in 1609

• He was called to serve as assistant to the Governor General in the Philippines in 1593

• He proposed the reestablishment of the Audiencia (now known as supreme court)

• From Datu – Gobernador General Sillio (Mayor)

• Datus became the cabezas de barangay (collector of taxes to be paid to encomendero)

• Encomendero - spaniard who helped colonize the Philippines