Behavioral Health 2.0

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Central Nervous system (CNS): includes the brain and spinal cord 2. brainstem: contains midbrain, medulla, and pons 3. medulla: controls vital body functions ex: heart rate, breathing 4. pons: control the management of sleep, arousal, facial expression 5. cerebellum: maintaining balance and motor coordination 6. cerebellum: contains more neurons than the rest of the brain 7. midbrain: controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain 8. reticular formation: controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine 9. thalamus: controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness; receives sensory input from most systems 10. basal ganglia: voluntary movement; degeneration in Parkinson's, also involved in OCD and ADHD 11. hypothalamus: involved w/ motivation and homeostasis; regulates temperature, hunger thirst; directs ANS and endocrine system 12. hippocampus: formation of long term memories 13. cingulate cortex: directs ANS; plays role in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy 14. amygdala: fear and aggression 15. nucleus accumbens: reward and pleasure 16. corpus callosum: connects hemispheres 17. cerebral cortex: thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres 18. frontal lobe: primary motor cortex and areas responsible for most complex cognitive processes 19. Broca's area: speech production in left hemisphere 20. prefrontal cortex: planning behavior, attention, and judgement 21. orbitofrontal cortex: emotion, impulse control 22. occipital lobe: primary visual cortex 23. temporal lobe: primary auditory cortex 24. parietal lobe: primary somatosensory cortex (involved in neglect syndrome) 25. lateralization: localization of function in one of the hemispheres (Ex: language lateralized in the left hemisphere) 26. Peripheral Nervous System: nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; contains somatic and autonomic nervous systems 27. somatic nervous system: transmits commands for voluntary movement 28. autonomic nervous system: controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system 29. sympathetic nervous system: fight or flight; expenditure of energy 30. parasympathetic nervous system: rest and digest; storage of energy 1 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 31. enteric nervous system: nerve cells embedded in lining of gastrointestinal system; communicates with endocrine system; source of 95% of boys serotonin 32. endocrine system: responsible for release of hormones into bloodstream; responses to input from hypothalamus 33. pineal gland: releases melatonin; maintenance of sleep-wake cycles 34. pituitary gland: master gland; stimulates activity of other glands 35. main parts of the neuron: soma (cell body), axons (transmit info), dendrites (receive info) 36. glial cells: provide structural matrix, clean up debris, form blood-brain barrier 37. myelin: insulating material covering axons; increase conduction 38. glial cells: cells that form scar tissue in the brain and spinal cord 39. young adulthood: The prefrontal cortex in myelinated in 40. action potential: electrical signal arising in a neurons axon 41. resting potential: electrical charge across membrane when neuron is not firing 42. action: The _________ potential is initiated when the membrane is depolarized to threshold 43. synapse: point of communication between neurons 44. neurotransmitter: chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse 45. receptor: where neurotransmitter binds 46. reuptake: NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it 47. acetylcholine: NT involved in movement, memory, ANS function 48. epinephrine: NT involved in arousal 49. norepinephrine: NT involved in arousal and vigilance; released by SNS; disruptions in PTSD and bipolar disorder 50. dopamine: NT involved in movement, planning, and reward; receptors die in Parkinson's, overactive in Schizophrenia 51. serotonin: NT involved in mood, appetite, sleep; associated with depression 52. endorphins: pain; opioid drugs mimic endorphins 53. glutamate: excitation of brain activity 54. GABA: inhibition of brain activity 55. anxiety: __________ disorders are the most common mental disorders 56. serious mental illness: Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event 57. serious mental disturbance (SED): Occurs in children who have been diagnosed with a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder 58. autism spectrum disorder: Is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior 2 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 59. autism spectrum disorder: (1 out of 50 children) have this disorder 60. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both 61. 11: _____ % is the Percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD 62. ADHD: the causes of _______ are genetic (heritability 70%), and environmental factors 63. 1: schizophrenia affects what percentage of the population? 64. schizophrenia: characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality 65. positive symptoms: behaviors found in patients with schizophrenia but not in normal people (ex: hallucinations, delusions) 66. negative symptoms: behaviors found in normal people but not in schizophrenics (ex: avolition, flat affect) 67. sources of causality: strong genetic vulnerability (50% concordance rate in twins); environmental factors (birth month, stress) 68. Dopamine: abnormalities in what neurotransmitter, are associated with schizophrenia? 69. enlarged ventricles: abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schizophrenia? 70. bipolar disorder: mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression 71. 2.6: _____ % of the adult population is affected by bipolar disorder 72. female: what gender that is most affected by bipolar disorder? 73. 70: concordance rates for bipolar disorder in twins is as high as ____% 74. major depressive disorder (MDD): characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide 75. major depressive disorder (MDD): In order to be diagnosed with ____________ at least 5 symptoms and one must be depressed mood or anhedonia (lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure) 76. anhedonia: lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure 77. 7: ____ % of the population is affected by MDD 78. females: _________ are the most affected gender affected by MDD 79. cognitive: ___________ explanation for depression: result of a combination of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future 80. learning: ___________ explanation for depression: reduction in positive enforcement or increase in negative outcomes 3 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 81. social: ___________ explanation for depression: feelings of sadness and loneliness 82. biological: ___________ explanation for depression: heritability is 40%; certain genes affecting serotonin levels 83. diathesis-stress model: suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person's experience of stress 84. anxiety: _________ is a disorder that is not proportional to a person's circumstances 85. 30: _____ % of americans experience disorders 86. specific phobias: fears of specific objects or circumstances 87. social anxiety disorder: unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others 88. panic disorder: repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks 89. 2.7: % of the population affected by panic disorder 90. agoraphobia: fear of open spaces, being outside the home, being in a crowd 91. generalized anxiety disorder: excessive anxiety for 6 months that is not correlated with a specific object 92. obsessive compulsive disorder: associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions 93. 2-3: % of the population is affected by OCD 94. 63-87: ____%-____% is the concordance rate for OCD 95. body dysmorphic disorder: unrealistic perception of physical flaws 96. PTSD: caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event 97. personality disorder: impairments in identity, personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy 98. alcohol use disorder: diagnostic criteria: problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems, developed tolerance, risky behavior caused by drinking; 17 million alcohol users have alcohol use disorder 99. 88,000: there are ___________ deaths in a year caused by excessive alcohol 100. marijuana: most used drug 101. amphetamines, methanphetamines, and cocaine: are the most commonly abused stimulants 102. 1.9: ____ million people abuse opiods 103. psychotherapy: treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapist and client 104. counseling: a focus on personal strengths and development 105. evidence based practice: combines research evidence, clinical expertise, and individual values to provide the best outcome for a patient 4 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 106. behavior therapy: applications of classical and operant conditioning principles to the treatment of symptoms of psychological disorder and adjustment problems 107. cognitive behavioral therapy: combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological therapy 108. biopsychosocial approach: combines treatments addressing biological, personal, and social underpinnings of psychological disorders 109. most commonly used medical therapy?: medications 110. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): seizures are induced in an anesthetized patient; used to treat mood disorders that have not responded to medication 111. psychosurgery: attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery 112. deep brain stimulation: electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders 113. autism spectrum disorder: treatment for __________ includes: ABA therapies to help with socially important behaviors 114. ADHD: treatment for __________ includes: ritalin and other stimulants and behavioral therapies 115. schizophrenia: treatment for __________ includes: phenothiazines (medication) reduce psychotic symptoms; don't affect negative symptoms and don't work in 1/4 of schizophrenia patients 116. bipolar disorder: treatment for __________ includes: medication (lithium); has serious negative side effects; poor compliance 117. major depressive disorder: treatment for __________ includes: antidepressants (SSRI's); CBT therapy also used to increase activity levels and social skills 118. anxiety disorder: treatment for __________ includes: benzodiazepines (enhance effects of GABA); CBT therapy 119. OCD: treatment for __________ includes: antidepressants; CBT therapy (highly effective) 120. PTSD: treatment for __________ includes: exposure therapy with or without SSRI's 121. 4 major dimensions of recovery: are heath, home, purpose, and community 122. health, home, purpose, community: the 4 major dimensions of recovery are: 123. hope: the foundation of recovery 124. continuum of care: promotion, prevention, treatment, recovery 125. promotion, prevention, treatment, recovery: the continuum of care are 126. biological and psychological: ____________ and ___________ factors make people vulnerable to mental illness 5 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 127. individual level protective factors: are positive self image, self control, social competence 128. positive self image, self control, social competence: are the individual level protective factors 129. prevention approaches: help individuals develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills they need to make good choices or change harmful behaviors 130. behavioral health: ___________________ definition: is the promotion of mental health, resilience, and well-being, prevention and treatment of mental and substance abuse disorders, support during recovery 131. chronic health conditions: people with mental illness are more likely to have 132. 8 years: people with mental illness die on an average of how many years earlier? 133. social factors related to early mortality: poverty, social isolation, lack of access to quality healthcare 134. poverty, social isolation, lack of access to quality healthcare: social factors related to early mortality are 135. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: act where mental illness and substance abuse fall under the 10 essential health benefits that most plans must cover 136. Mental Health Parity and Addition Equality Act (MHPAEA): act where deductibles, copays, out of pocket maximums, treatment limitations can be no more restrictive than requirements for other medical care 137. 2 major roots of psychology: philosophy and natural sciences 138. philosophy and natural sciences: the 2 major roots of psychology 139. trepanation: ancient practice of drilling holes in the skull 140. physical basis: Hermann von Helmholtz studies of nerve signaling provided evidence that the mind had a 141. Wilhelm Wundt: the first psychologist who constructed the first experiment was 142. Edward Kitchener: established the theory of structuralism 143. functionalism: viewed behavior as purposeful because it led to survival 144. medical models of psychological disorders: physical cause and medical treatment used _______.. 145. psychological model: show abnormalities resulting from life experiences 146. Sigmond Freud: psychodynamic theory; existence of unconscious mind, development of sexuality, dream analysis, psychoanalysis 147. humanistic approach: saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve 148. behavioralism: study and careful measurement of observable behaviors 6 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 149. biological psych: focuses on relationship between the mind and behavior 150. evolutionary psych: physical structure and behavior being shaped by contributions to survival and reproduction 151. cognitive psych: information processing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving 152. social psych: effects of social environment on behavior 153. developmental psych: normal changes in behavior over the lifespan 154. clinical psych: explain, define, treat abnormal behavior 155. Phrenology: Popular theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities or character traits 156. Biological psychology: Branch of psychology that links biology and behavior 157. Neuron: Nerve cell 158. Sensory neurons: Neurons that cary incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord 159. Motor neurons: Neurons that Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands 160. Interneurons: Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate with each other and regulate sensory and motor inputs 161. Dendrite: Branches that extend from the nerve cell body. Which receive messages and conduct impulses toward the body 162. Axon: Extension of the neuron that has fibers on the end that passes information to other neurons or muscles 163. Myelin sheath: The layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of neurons in segments and increases the transmission speed of impulses 164. Action potential: Neural impulse, brief electrical charge that travels down an axon 165. Threshold: The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. Comes from the level of excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals 166. Synapse: The junction between the axon of the relaying neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. This is also known as the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft 167. Neurotransmitter: Chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons, binding to receptor sites on the dendrites of the recording neuron 168. Endorphins: "Morphine within" a natural opiate like neurotransmitter that is linked to pain control and pleasure 169. Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory 170. Acetylcholine: Lack of this neurotransmitter causes Alzheimer's 171. Dopamine: Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. 7 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 172. Dopamine: An excess amount of this neurotransmitter schizophrenia 173. Dopamine: A lack of this neurotransmitter causes tremors and Parkinson's disease 174. Serotonin: Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal 175. Serotonin: A lack of this neurotransmitter can lead to depression 176. Norepinephrine: Helps control alertness and arousal 177. Gamma-butyric acid: An inhibitory neurotransmitter, a lack is linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia 178. Glutamate: Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory 179. Glutamate: An excess of this neurotransmitter can cause migraines and seizures 180. Reuptake: A neurotransmitter's reabsorption of the sending neuron 181. Agonist molecules: A molecule from the outside of the body that is similar enough to a neurotransmitter to Mimic is affects, like in certain opiate drugs 182. Antagonist molecules: A molecule from the outside of the body that blocks a neurotransmitter's function (I.e. Botulin which blocks ACh) 183. ACh: Acetylcholine 184. Nervous system: The body's electrochemical communication network that consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral she central nervous systems 185. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body 186. Nerves: Axons that have been bundled together into cables that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs 187. Somatic nervous system: The division of the PNS that controls the skeletal muscles 188. Autonomic nervous system: The part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs 189. Sympathetic nervous system: Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body and mobilizing its energy in stressful situations 190. Parasympathetic nervous system: Part of the autonomic system that calms the body, conserving its energy 191. Reflex: Simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus 192. Endocrine system: The body's chemical communication system that is made up of a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream 193. Hormones: Chemical messengers that are made in the endocrine system, which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues 194. Adrenal glands: A pair of endocrine glands above the kidneys that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine that help arouse the body in stressful situations 8 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 195. Pituitary gland: The most influential glans that controls growth and other endocrine glands, and is controlled by the hypothalamus 196. Lesion: Tissue destruction caused either naturally or experimentally 197. Electroencephalogram (EEG): An amplified recording of the sound waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. Electrodes on the scalp measure these waves 198. Positron emission tomography scan (PET Scan): A visual display of the brain activity that detects where the radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task 199. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): Technique that uses magnetic filers abs radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue, this shows the brains anatomy 200. Function MRI (fMRI): Technique used to reveal the blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, this shows the brains function 201. Brainstem: The oldest part, and the central core of the brain. Starts where the spinal cord swells at the beginning of the skull and is responsible for automatic survival functions 202. Medulla: The base of the Brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing 203. Reticular formation: A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal 204. Thalamus: The brains sensory switchboard which is located on top of the Brainstem. This switchboard directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex, and transmits relies to the cerebellum and medulla 205. Cerebellum: The "little brain" at the rear Of the brainstem that processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance 206. Limbic system: The neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres and is associated with emotions and drives 207. Amygdala: Two Lima bean sized neural clusters in the Limbic system that are linked to emotion 208. Hypothalamus: The structure below the thalamus, that directs eating, drinking, body temp., as well as helping govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Linked to emotion and reward 209. Cerebral cortex: The fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres and the body's ultimate control and information processing center 210. Glial cells: Cells in the nervous system support, nourish, and protect neurons 211. Frontal lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead that is involved in speaking, muscle movements, add in making plans and judgements 212. Parietal lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex at the top rear of the head that receives sensory input for touch and body position 9 / 10 Behavioral Health - HOSA Study online at https://quizlet.com/_cu7ni8 213. Occipital lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head that receives information from the visual fields 214. Temporal lobes: Portion of the cerebral cortex above the ears that include the auditory areas that receive information from the opposite ear 215. Motor cortex: An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement, this area of the brain is involved in the idea of neural prosthetics 216. Sensory cortex: Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes the body's touch and movement sensations. The larger the area of this region used for a particular body part, the more sensitive it is. 217. Association areas: Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions but in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking 218. Plasticity: The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience 219. Neurogenesis: The formation of new neurons 220. Corpus callosum: The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres, carrying messages between them 221. Split Brian: A condition resulting from surfer that Isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them 222. All-or-none response: A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it doesn't affect the action potentials strength or speed 223. Lock and key mechanism: Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in this manner 224. Thyroid gland: A gland that surrounds the trachea, and controls metabolism, among other things 225. Parathyroids: Glands right next to the thyroid that help regulate the calcium level in the blood 226. Gonads: The sex glands 227. Reward center: An area of the hypothalamus that, when stimulated, provides pleasure to the organism 228. Aphasia: An impairment of language, usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain 229. Broca's area: An area in the left hemisphere that controls language information 230. Wernicke's area: An area in the left hemisphere of the brain that controls language understanding 10 / 10