The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is so fine in the structure that its existence is revealed only through an electron microscope.
It is an irregular network of double membranes distributed over the entire cytoplasm in a cell.
At its outer end, the endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the cell membrane.
At its inner end, it is connected to the nuclear membrane. It appears rough when the particle-like ribosomes are attached to it and appears smooth without
them.
It forms the supporting framework of the cell and also serves as a pathway for the distribution of the materials from one part of the cell to the other.
All organisms, grow due to the growth in size and increase in the number of cells. Such growth is the production of more body substance and cell substance.
Repair of an injury or regeneration of a lost part (as the tail of a lizard) is due to cell divisions.
Movement of the body is due to contractility of the cells or the cellular parts.
Feeding and nutrition has many steps and each step is the result of cellular activities.
Circulation of blood and movement of other fluids in the body are through forces set up by contraction of muscle cells of the heart or other parts.
Respiratory gases are transported from the lungs to other parts of the body by blood cells.
The body protects itself from disease germs through certain cells (W.B.C.) which devour the germs or which give out antibodies and antitoxins to kill them or to neutralize their effects.
We see, hear. smell, taste or feel the sensation of touch, pain, heat, cold, etc. through sensory cells.
We maintain our body heat (thermo-regulation) by cellular activity and we cool it when hot by sweating from gland cells in the skin.
All organisms produce their young ones (eggs or babies in animals, or the seeds in plants) through the activity of cells (eggs and sperms).
In plants, the absorption of’ water and nutrients is through root cells. The stem cells conduct the food and water to different parts of the plant.
Light is trapped by the leaf cells containing chloroplasts to produce food.
Flowers attract insects by thief color contained in the petal cells, or by nectar secreted by the cells.
The mango seed produces a mango plant and a hen’s egg produces a hen and similarly, the transmission of parental features to their young ones inheritance) is also dependent on what the germ cells (egg and sperm) early with them.