Geog chapter 4-11

Human Geography Exam Study Guide

Chapter 4: Population & Health

Key Concepts:

• Population Growth & Demographics:

  • Crude birth rate (CBR), crude death rate (CDR), natural increase rate (NIR)

  • Total fertility rate (TFR)

• Demographic Transition Model (DTM):

  • Stages 1-5, population growth patterns

• Malthusian Theory:

  • Thomas Malthus’ theory of population growth vs. food supply

  • Neo-Malthusians vs. critics

• Population Pyramids:

  • Visual representation of age and gender distribution

  • Impact on policy decisions

• Epidemiologic Transition Model:

  • Health threats in each demographic transition stage

Chapter 6: Political Geography

Key Concepts:

• Nation, State, & Nation-State:

  • Definitions and examples

• Sovereignty & Borders:

  • Types of boundaries (physical, cultural, geometric)

• Political Organizations:

  • United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), NATO

• Gerrymandering & Redistricting:

  • Political impacts and examples

• Supranationalism vs. Devolution:

  • Cooperation among nations vs. breakup of states

Chapter 7: Cultural Geography

Key Concepts:

• Culture & Cultural Landscape:

  • How culture shapes environments

• Cultural Diffusion:

  • Expansion diffusion (contagious, hierarchical, stimulus)

  • Relocation diffusion

• World Languages & Religion:

  • Language families, lingua franca, dialects

  • Universalizing vs. ethnic religions

• Impact of Globalization on Culture:

  • Cultural homogenization vs. cultural divergence

Chapter 8: Economic Geography

Key Concepts:

• Economic Sectors:

  • Primary (agriculture), secondary (manufacturing), tertiary (services)

• Industrialization & Development:

  • Rostow’s stages of economic growth

• Globalization & Trade:

  • Free trade agreements, outsourcing

• Sustainable Development:

  • Renewable vs. non-renewable resources

Chapter 10: Urban Geography

Key Concepts:

• Urbanization & Urban Growth:

  • Trends in developed vs. developing nations

• Urban Models:

  • Concentric Zone Model

  • Sector Model

  • Multiple Nuclei Model

• Megacities & Urban Challenges:

  • Housing, traffic, infrastructure issues

Chapter 11: Environmental Geography

Key Concepts:

• Human-Environment Interaction:

  • Environmental determinism vs. possibilism

• Sustainability & Conservation:

  • Renewable vs. nonrenewable resources

• Climate Change & Pollution:

  • Causes, impacts, and mitigation efforts

• Environmental Policies:

  • Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement