AP World History ch 15
Gupta Dynasty Collapse: The Gupta Dynasty fell due to internal strife, invasions, and loss of control over regional governors (306).
Harsha’s Centralization: Harsha re-established centralized rule by reviving institutions, consolidating power, and supporting Buddhism and Hinduism to unify his empire (306).
Harsha’s Leadership: Harsha was a benevolent and active leader, known for his patronage of the arts and attempts to foster religious tolerance (306).
Post-Harsha Collapse: The fall of unified imperial rule after Harsha resulted from regional fragmentation, local rivalries, and invasions from outside forces (307).
Islam in Northern India: Islam entered northern India through invasions and trading in the 7th century, notably with the Umayyad Caliphate (307-308).
Sultanate of Delhi: The Sultanate ruled from the 13th to the 16th century, successfully integrating diverse cultures and controlling trade routes (308-309).
Chola Kingdom: The Chola Kingdom was a prominent southern power, partly collapsing due to internal dissent and external pressures, including invasions (309).
Vijayanagar Kingdom: Vijayanagar emerged as a major southern kingdom post-Chola, known for its prosperity and cultural achievements (309).
Monsoons' Impact on Agriculture: Monsoons enhanced agriculture through seasonal rains; they also facilitated Indian Ocean trade by altering shipping patterns (310, 313).
Agricultural Improvements: Advances in irrigation and farming techniques led to population growth and agricultural expansion during the post-classical era (310-311).
Southern India Trade Goods: Significant trade goods included spices, textiles, and gems, which were vital in both local and global markets (311).
Hindu Temple Function: Hindu temples in Chola society served as economic centers, social hubs, and places of worship (311).
Dhows and Junks: Dhows were Arab sailing vessels, while junks were Chinese ships, both vital for trade in the Indian Ocean (312).
Emerging Goods: India produced specialized goods, including textiles, spices, and steel, influencing global markets during this time (313-314).
Kingdom of Axum: Axum's trade network fostered political strength and economic development, connecting Africa with Mediterranean trade routes (314-315).
Buddhism vs. Hinduism: Buddhism declined due to Muslim invasions, which favored Hinduism, aligning better with local traditions and practices (315).
Islam in Southeast Asia: Islam spread to Southeast Asia in the 12th century via trade, taking root in areas like Indonesia and Malaysia (316-318).
Indian Cultural Penetration: Indian cultural influence, including Hinduism and trade practices, had established a presence in Southeast Asia before Muslim arrival (320-322).
Melaka: Melaka was an important maritime state in modern-day Malaysia, distinguished by its strategic trade location and cultural exchanges (323-324).