Ch.13

1. The Second Great Awakening

 This movement began around 1800 primarily in the West and spread to the masses (elites

were largely unaffected) by camp meetings. More people were affected than by the First

Great Awakening. It affected women more than men.

 By the 1820’s, this revival had spread into the East.

 It helped to stimulate prison reform, temperance movement, women’s rights, and

abolition.

2. Unitarianism (NOT IN OPENSTAX)

 An offshoot of deism, Unitarianism argued that human nature was essentially good, that

humans had free agency, and that salvation could be attained through good works. This

was a rational, optimistic approach to religion.

 Unitarianism was one foundation of the reform movements of the 1830’s to the 1850’s.

3. Split in Methodist/Baptist Churches—1844-1845 (NOT IN OPENSTAX)

 Both the Southern Methodist and Baptist churches split from their Northern counterparts

over the issue of slavery.

4. Split in Presbyterian Churches—1857 (NOT IN OPENSTAX)

 The Northern and Southern Presbyterian churches split in 1857 also over the issue of

slavery. The secession of the churches foreshadowed the secession of the South. First the

churches split, then the political parties, followed by the Union.

5. Charles Grandison Finney

 Finney was the most famous preacher of the Second Great Awakening, credited by some

with bringing half a million converts to the church.

 Finney was noted for expanding the role of women and allowing them to speak at prayer

meetings and for urging his followers to support social reform movements including

abolition, temperance, and education.

6. Burned-Over District

 This area near the Erie Canal in western New York was the scene of the most intense

revival activity. It was populated by many descendants of the Puritans who flocked to

hear hellfire sermons.

7. American Transcendentalism

 Originating in the eastern (more so in New England) parts of the U.S. in the early

nineteenth century, transcendentalism was a literary, political, and philosophical

movement, primarily in protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality

at the time.

 Transcendentalism emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and self-discipline.

 Transcendental thought was centered on the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson who

urged people to find “an original relation to the universe.” For Emerson (as well as Henry

David Thoreau), this relation was found in solitude in nature and writing.

 Emphasizing morality over prosperity, transcendentalism was an important source of the

reform movements of this time. Transcendentalists held progressive views on feminism

and communal living situations (Brook Farm, Fruitlands, and Walden) and by mid-

century, were urgently criticizing slavery.

8. Ralph Waldo Emerson

 The best known of the transcendentalists, Emerson lectured widely on the lyceum circuit.

He was popular in part because his ideals reflected those of the individualistic republic.

9. Henry David Thoreau

 Thoreau was a transcendentalist and non-conformist. He was arrested for refusing to pay

taxes because he didn’t want to support a government that supported slavery.

 Thoreau’s “Essay on Civil Disobedience” exercised a strong influence on Gandhi and

Martin Luther King, Jr.

10. Margaret Fuller

 Fuller, who was barred from a formal education, received an intensive education from her

father. The tutelage was so demanding, in fact, that it permanently impacted her health

(and you think APUSH is bad!).

 Through this demanding education, though, Fuller would go on to be the editor of The

Dial. She also wrote poetry, reviews, and critiques for the quarterly. She was a prominent

writer throughout her short life, writing a translation of Eckermann’s Conversations with

Goethe, her most rewarding project. When she died in 1850, a manuscript of the history o

the revolution was lost in the fire.

 Fuller also wrote Woman in the Nineteenth Century, a tract of feminism that argued for

the political equality, and plea for the emotional, intellectual, and spiritual fulfillment of

women. She urged young women to seek independence through education and demanded

for the reform of property laws that continued to subvert the status of women.

11. Walt Whitman

 Whitman’s great work Leaves of Grass, first published in 1855, was an answer to

Emerson’s call for an American literature. Whitman broke from established poetical

forms and subjects. His democratic vision celebrated every aspect of American life.

12. Edgar Allan Poe (NOT IN OPENSTAX)

 Though he was a gifted stylist, Poe’s dark vision ran counter to the optimism of Whitman

and much of American literature of his time. Some suggest this is the reason that he has

been more popular in Europe than in America.

13. Herman Melville

 Melville was formerly a sailor, and his early tales of the sea were well liked. However,

Moby Dick (a complex allegory of good and evil published in 1851) was not appreciated

until much later.

14. Utopian Communities

 New Harmony, Ind.: This was established in 1825 by Robert Owen, who hoped to

abolish poverty and crime through cooperative labor and collective ownership of

property. Owen spoke out against the evils of religion, private property, and marriage

founded on the concept of private property. The community made rapid progress in the

areas of education and recreation, setting up the nation’s first kindergarten, free public

school, and free library; and providing concerts, dances, lectures, and public discussions.

However, within two years, the community failed due to economic problems and the

difficulty of uniting people who had not been trained for community living.

 Brook Farm, Mass.: Founded in 1841 by transcendentalists who hoped to bring together

enlightened individuals in a community devoted to leading a simple and wholesome life,

combining plain living with high thinking. Everyone pitched in to help with the farm

work, and time was set aside for study and discussion. The experiment lasted until 1847

when it suffered economic collapse.

 Oneida, NY: Founded in 1848 by John Noyes, this community practiced complex

marriage, birth control, and scientific selection of parents to produce superior children.

Noyes preached perfectionism, the belief that it is possible to achieve a state of

sinlessness for individuals and the perfection of society here on Earth. Financially stable

because they produced excellent steel traps and silverware, Oneida lasted over thirty

years until complaints about free love drove Noyes to Canada.

15. Shakers

 The Shakers represented one of the most successful utopian communities during this time

(and in U.S. History). Their devotion to the basic (not elaborate) tenants, consistent belief

in constant revelation, and egalitarianism are why the Shakers lasted longer than most

other communities. Other utopian communities’ tenants were often too elaborate to

maintain followers.

 The Shakers were founded in the late eighteenth century under the leadership of Ann Lee.

After joining a Quaker sect, known as the Shaking Quakers. They were known to shake

and speak in tongues.

 Through Ann Lee’s leadership (if you have visions of God, people tend to believe what

you say!), Shakers followed four basic tenants: 1). Live together communally, 2). Be

celibate, 3). Regularly confess thy sins, 4). Separate oneself from the outside world.

 The true success of the Shakers lies in the fact that they practiced/endorsed spiritual and

physical equality. Any non-Christian and person of color could join the community.

 There are two Shakers remaining in the sect.

16. Joseph Smith & Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

 Smith started this new church in New York in 1830. The Mormons aroused antagonism

by voting as a unit, drilling their militia openly for defensive purposes, and practicing

polygamy. Joseph Smith and his brother were murdered by a mob in Carthage, Illinois, in

1844.

17. Brigham Young & Mormon Migration—1846-1847

 Young took over the LDS Church after the murder of Joseph Smith. He proved to be an

aggressive leader, an eloquent preacher, and a gifted administrator. To escape further

persecution, Young led the Mormons over the plains to Utah.

18. Brook Farm

 This utopian experiment was organized by George Ripley, a former Unitarian minister

and leader of the Transcendental Club.

 Brook Farm’s secular intent was to combine the worker and thinker; for example,

Nathanial Hawthorne was one of Brook Farm’s most famous members. He, however, did

not appreciate that he had to shovel manure in the community…

 Despite the possibility of shoveling manure, the Brook Farm established a modern

educational facility, where discipline was not punitive. Rather, teachers pushed personal

responsibility and the passion for intellectual work. Studying was not required, and

students only had to schedule a few hours of manual labor each day.

19. Nathaniel Hawthorne

 Hawthorne’s work (The Scarlet Letter, The Marble Faun, The House of the Seven

Gables) reflects the continuing focus on morality in American life. His work explores

original sin, the eternal struggle between good and evil, and the weight of the dead hand

of the past on the present.

20. Temperance

 The moderation and/or abstinence from the use of alcohol.

 By those who pushed for temperance, alcohol was seen as the center of society’s

problems; alcohol and drunkenness led to disease, crime, and destitution. The majority of

those in the temperance movement were women and children, who saw the abusive

effects of unbridled drinking.

 Granted, by 1830 alcohol consumption reached an absurdly drunkenly proportion: 7

gallons a year per capita (i.e., person…)

21. Neal S. Dow/Father of Prohibition—1851

 Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851. This law prohibited the manufacture and sale of

alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine’s example, but in most of these states, the

laws didn’t even last a decade. They were repealed or declared unconstitutional.

22. The American Colonization Society/Liberia—1822

 The American Colonization Society was formed for the purpose of sending freed slaves

back to Africa.

 In 1822 the Republic of Liberia was established for this purpose. Some 15,000 freed

blacks were transported there in the next four decades; however, most blacks had no

desire to be transported to Africa after being partially Americanized.

23. Nat Turner’s Rebellion - 1831

 Nat Turner, leading a group of sixty slaves who believed he was a divine instrument sent

to free his people, killed almost sixty whites in South Hampton, Virginia. This led to a

sensational manhunt in which 100 blacks were killed.

 As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became more united in

their support of fugitive slave laws.

24. David Walker, An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World—1829

 Born a free black in North Carolina, Walker left the South and settled in Boston. In 1829

he published an anti-slavery pamphlet, Walker’s Appeal. Walker bitterly denounced

slavery, those who profited by it, and those who willingly accepted it. Walker called for

vengeance against whites, but he also expressed the hope that their cruel behavior toward

blacks would change, making vengeance unnecessary. His message to the slaves was

direct: if liberty is not given you, rise in bloody rebellion.

25. William Lloyd Garrison & The Liberator —1831

 Garrison’s paper The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable

and inflammatory language, attacking everyone from slave owners to moderate

abolitionists.

 Garrison believed that political action was powerless to abolish slavery since the

Constitution protected slavery. In fact, he urged the North to secede from the Union. He

sought to convert Southerners to his abolitionist views.

 Garrison and other abolitionists were unpopular in the North; Garrison was almost

lynched by a Northern mob in 1835.

26. American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) and Wendell Phillips

 Founded by Garrison in 1833, provided the main activist branch of the Abolition

Movement in antebellum America. By 1838, the AASS had 250,000 members,

sometimes called Garrisonians. They rejected colonization as a racist scheme and

opposed the use of violence to end slavery.

 Phillips (NOT IN OPENSTAX) was a great antislavery orator who would not eat sugar or

wear cotton because they were produced by slaves. He was a prominent member of the

AA-SS.

27. Theodore Dwight Weld & American Slavery As It Is —1839 (NOT IN OPENSTAX)

 Weld was inspired by religious spirit of the Second Great Awakening. Expelled from

Lane Seminary for organizing an eighteen-day debate on slavery, Weld preached anti-

slavery gospel across the North.

 His pamphlet American Slavery as It Is was an inspiration for Uncle Tom’s Cabin.

28. Sojourner Truth (NOT IN OPENSTAX)

 One of the best-known abolitionists of her day, she was the first black female orator to

speak out against slavery. She was also an advocate for women’s rights.

29. Gag Resolution in House of Representatives—1836

 In 1836 Southerners pushed through this resolution, which required all antislavery

appeals to be tabled without debate. John Quincy Adams waged a successful eight-year

fight for its repeal.

30. Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy

 Lovejoy was an abolitionist and editor. His printing press was destroyed four times, and

Lovejoy was killed defending it in 1837. His death was an example of violence against

abolitionists.

31. Frederick Douglass

 A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglass became the best-known abolitionist

speaker. He edited an antislavery weekly, the North Star. He was also an early advocate

for women’s rights.

 In opposition to Garrison, Douglass worked for political solutions to slavery, supporting

the Liberty, Free Soil, and Republican parties.

32. Grimké Sisters and the Intersectionality of Women’s Suffrage and Abolitionism

 Born in the South, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, and antipathic to slavery. Both sisters

would travel north and eventually leave the South for good.

 Angelina befriended William Lloyd Garrison and both sisters became involved with the

abolition movement. Angelina wrote An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South in

1836, while Sarah wrote An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States soon after.

 Through their connections with Garrison, the sisters joined the AASS. Under the AASS,

the sisters held small, but increasing in size, meetings to speak with women and other

sympathizers of abolition. They were soon speaking to large, mixed audiences.

 After women preachers and reformers were denounced in 1837 by the General

Association of Congregational Ministers of Massachusetts, the Grimké sisters began to

urge for women’s equality. They soon began to hold lectures at Odeon Hall in Boston,

attracting thousands. Soon after Angelina wrote Appeal to the Women of the Nominally

Free States (1837) and Sarah wrote Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the

Condition of Woman (1838).

 Angelina married Theodore Dwight Weld, a prominent abolitionist, and they collaborated

on Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses (1839).

33. Suffragists/ Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, & Lucretia Mott

 Mott was a Quaker minister and the founder of the first female abolition society.

 Stanton, an ardent feminist who refused to include the word obey in her wedding vows,

did much of the writing and planning for the women’s movement in the 1800’s.

 Anthony, originally a temperance worker, traveled and spoke widely and was the public

face of the women’s movement. With Stanton she founded in 1869 the National

Women’s Suffrage Association, which supported suffrage (the right to vote), birth

control, and divorce.

34. Seneca Falls, NY, Women’s Rights Convention—1848

 Mott had been denied the right to participate at an international slavery conference in

London. This helped inspire Mott and Stanton to organize the Seneca Falls Convention.

 The convention called for women’s rights. At Stanton’s insistence, the Declaration of

Sentiments included a demand for the right to vote. This was so controversial that even

Mott argued against it. Abolitionist Frederick Douglass supported Stanton, and the

demand for suffrage was included.

35. Horace Mann

 An educational reformer from Massachusetts, Mann argued for more and better schools,

longer school years, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum in the emerging

public education system.

36. Noah Webster

 Webster wrote many textbooks with reading lessons designed to promote patriotism and

his famous dictionary, which standardized the American language; these books improved

the quality of American education.

37. McGuffey Readers

 Teacher-preacher William H. McGuffey published McGuffey Readers in the 1830’s. He

sold 122 million copies in the following decades. McGuffey Readers emphasized lessons

of morality, patriotism, and idealism.

38. Emma Willard & Troy Female Seminary

 An early supporter of women’s education, in 1818 she published A Plan for Improving

Female Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York.

 In 1821, she opened her own girls’ school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to

prepare women for college.

39. Oberlin College, Ohio

 Oberlin College, which had previously admitted blacks, in 1837 opened its doors to

women as well. Oberlin, along with Mount Holyoke, provided the first opportunities for

women to attend college.

40. Mary Lyon & Mount Holyoke Seminary

 Mary Lyon established an outstanding women’s school, the Mount Holyoke Seminary

(later college), in 1837.

41. The Lyceum Movement

 Traveling lecturers helped to carry learning to the masses through the Lyceum Lecture

Associations, which numbered 3,000 in 1835. Lyceums provided lectures on science,

literature, and moral philosophy.

 This movement was in part responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of

higher learning.

42. Dorothea Dix & Treatment of the Insane

 A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, she was

responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout

the US and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for

the humane care of the mentally ill.

 Dix also helped to abolish imprisonment for debt.

43. National Identity Expressed in Art and Architecture

 The Hudson River School of Painting—Rather than following European styles in

painting, artists including Thomas Cole and Asher Durant created images celebrating the

beauty and grandeur of the American wilderness. This corresponded with the nationalistic

upsurge after the War of 1812.

 Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson in his most famous address, “The American

Scholar,” called for American writers to break free of European traditions and develop a

distinctive American perspective.

 In architecture, interest in British styles had waned during the War of 1812. Instead,

Americans favored the Neoclassical style (also referred to as Greek Revival) that recalled

the design of a Greek temple. In the mid-19th century, many Americans believed that

ancient Greece represented the spirit of democracy. Public buildings, such as the US

Capitol, were often in the Neoclassical style as architects sought to suggest the emphasis

on reason, democracy, and the rule of law found in ancient Greece and Rome.

44. John James Audubon

 Audubon was a naturalist best known for his The Birds of America, a massive work with

paintings of every bird then known in the US. His concern about the destruction of

wilderness helped to inspire the later environmental movement.

45. Stephen Foster

 African-American minstrel music became very popular with the whites during the mid-

19th century. The most popular tunes were written by a white man, Stephen Foster.

46. Washington Irving

 The first American author to win international recognition as a literary figure, Irving

wrote and published Knickerbocker’s History of New York in 1809 and The Sketch Book

in 1819-1820.

47. James Fenimore Cooper

 Cooper was the first American novelist. His character Natty Bumppo spoke for

wilderness and against the march of civilization in such books as The Last of the

Mohicans (1826), The Pathfinder (1840), and The Deerslayer (1841).

48. Absalom Jones and Richard Allen

 In 1786 Jones and Allen, free blacks, objected to the new segregation policy of their

Philadelphia church. They led a walk-out of black parishioners. They set up new

churches and became the first black Americans to be ordained ministers. Allen later

founded a new denomination, the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

49. Denmark Vesey

 Vesey was a former slave who had purchased his freedom. He and a group of followers

planned a slave rebellion in Charleston in 1822. They intended to seize all the city’s

weapons.

 Other slaves betrayed him; Vesey and at least thirty followers were publicly hanged.