BISC FINAL

The human respiratory system (part I)

Structures of the respiratory system.

upper includes the sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx lower includes lungs trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

List the four functions of the respiratory system.

provides body with needed oxygen, extracts energy from food, exhales carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration, regulates acid-base balance of body fluids

List the organs/structures of the respiratory system(upper and lower respiratory structures and organs) and explain their role in gas exchange.

nose/ nasal cavity- warms, moistens, and filters incoming air and contains cilia and mucus to trap particles

sinuses-warm and moisten inhaled air, pharynx-passageway for air

Larynx-allows air but not other materials to pass to the lower respiratory system

trachea- main airway and conducts air from larynx to bronchi

bronchi- conducts air from trachea to each lung

bronchioles- conducts air to alveoli and adjusts airflow in lungs

lungs- exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and air

alveoli- provides immense internal surface area for gas exchange

11/26 The human respiratory system (part II)

Mechanism of Breathing.

inhalation and exhalation

Explain how inhalation and exhalation are accomplished; including the muscles that are involved and the changes in air pressure. 

inhalation- air moves into the lungs when the thoracic cavity increases volume due to contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles 

exhalation- air moves out of the lungs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity decreases in volume

Transport of Gases between the Lungs and the Cells

1. External respiration

2. Gas transport by the blood 

3. Internal respiration

Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood and exchanged within the tissues.

is bound to oxygen by hemoglobin called oxyhemoglobin

Respiratory Centers in the Brain

 basic breathing patterns (12 to 15 breath per min) 

Discuss the respiratory control centers in the brain and how the level of blood gasses affects breathing rate.

The respiratory control center is located in the medulla where the inspiratory area and expiratory area are. Increased carbon dioxide influences increased breathing rate

Respiratory Disorders

common cold, asthma, influenza, pneumonia, strep throat, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, bronchitis & emphysema (types of COPD), lung cancer

Identify various disorders of the respiratory system, including their symptoms and treatment. 

Common cold - lasts 1 to 2 weeks, transmitted when person handles objected contaminated w virus and touches their own mucous membranes

asthma - attacks of wheezing, difficulty breathing, persistent inflammation in airways, inhalants used to relax bronchial muscles/ reduce inflammation of air tubules

influenza - more severe symptoms than a cold, vaccines (60-70% effective) 

pneumonia - inflammation of the lungs, antibiotics 

Strep throat - soreness/ swollen glands and fever, leads to rheumatic fever or kidney disease, antibiotics

Tuberculosis - cough, pain in chest, coughing up blood, antibiotics 

Cystic fibrosis - lung disorder, thick mucus clogs air passageways leading to lung infection, none, but antibiotics can reduce mucus/helps with breathing 

COPD/bronchitis/emphysema - breathing difficult, tobacco caused, can be treated but not cured =inhaled meds, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehab, antibiotics

Lung cancer - caused by smoking, chronic inflammation of lungs, change in cells of airway linings, uncontrolled cell division turn into tumors, spreads to other parts of lung/ body, no cure but chemotherapy/ surgery can help

12/3 Sleep and blue light

What is sleep? 

Altered state of consciousness where we have limited interactions w our surroundings and are relative quiet and still, brain is very active carrying out important functions 

Why is quality sleep important? 

Because brain is active during sleep, it helps maintain brain pathways, creates memories, and removes toxins built up during awake time 

Which type of disorders have been correlated with lack of sleep? 

High blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression, and obesity  

How is sleep regulated?

SNC - receives info about light exposure directly from eyes and control behavioral rhythm

hypothalamus - controls centers affecting sleep/ awakeness 

brainstem - sends signals to relax muscles essential for body posture /limb movements

thalamus - interpreting long / short term memories, tunes out external world, during REM sleep it sends images and dreams

Basal forebrain - promotes sleep and wakefulness, release of adenosine makes u sleepy, (caffeine counteracts this by blocking it) 

Amygdala - processes emotions, active during REM sleep    

Sleep steps and sleep mechanisms. What are the Circadian rhythms?

Stage 1 - Non REM changeover from wakefulness to sleep, short period of relatively light sleep where heartbeat, breathing, and eye movements slow from daytime wakefulness. Lasts several minutes

Stage 2 - non REM sleep period of light sleep before entering deeper sleep. Heartbeat and breathing slow, muscles relax further, body temp drops, eye movement stops. Brainwave activity slows but has brief bursts of electrical activity. Spends more of repeated sleep cycles in this stage than others

Stage 3 - non REM sleep period needed to feel refreshed in morning. Occurs in long periods during 1st ½ of night. Heartbeat and breathing slow to lowest levels in sleep. Muscles relax and hard to wake up, brainwaves slow down

REM sleep - 1st occurs around 90 mins after falling asleep. Eyes move fast from side to side behind closed eyelids. Mixed brain wave activity closer to wakefulness. Breathing faster/ irregularly, heart rate/blood pressure increase near to wake levels. Most dreaming here but some can happen in non REM sleep. arm/leg muscles temporarily paralyzed which stops acting out of dreams. As you age, less time in REM sleep. Making memories stronger probs requires non REM and REM sleep. 

What are factors that can influence sleep/wake?

Medical conditions, medications, stress, sleep environment, age, what you eat/drink, exposure to light

Recommended sleep time

Newborn 0-3 months - 14 to 17 hrs 

Infant 4-12 months - 12 to 16 hrs 

Toddler 1-2 years - 11-14 hrs 

Preschool 3-5 years - 10-13 hrs 

School age 6-12 years - 9-12 hrs 

Teen 13-17 years - 8-10 hrs 

Adult 18-60 years - 7 or more hrs 

Adult 61-64 years - 7 to 9 hrs 

Adult 65 years and older - 7-8 hrs 

What is a blue light?

Type of visible light with short wavelength and high energy, part of visible light spectrum, vibrates 380-500 nanometer range, shortest wavelength and highest energy. ⅓ of all visible light

What are sources of blue lights

Largest is sunlight, also from laptops, computer monitors, smartphones, tablets, tv, fluorescent/ CFL (compact fluorescent) bulbs  

How blue light exposure may influence sleep pattern?

It boosts attention, reaction times, and mood 

What is its effect on melatonin?

Especially suppresses it, making it harder to fall asleep/ waking up more, causes you to feel unrested 

Tips to prevent nocturnal over exposure to blue lights

Get blue light filters for electronic devices, follow 20-20-20 rule which means take a 20 min break to view something 20 feet away every 20 mins, control lighting/ glare on devices and have good distance/ posture for screen viewing, talk to eye doctor about it 

12/5 Hormones discovery (Documentary discussion)

Why was the endocrine system one of the last human systems identified?

It wasn't anatomical like other systems

Castration procedure before puberty was a questionable practice but how does this contribute to better understanding the role of hormones like testosterone in a man individual?

It could affect the body’s development into adulthood

Dr Berthold what the experiments with roosters and capones demonstrated?

caused a physical marker, and that chemical effects that were released from the testes through blood during puberty affect boys into men 

Myxedema is a disease caused by lack of an active thyroid gland; how was the disease first treated?

Transplantation of sheep’s thyroid into humans  

What is adrenaline and what are its effects?

A chemical released by glands located above the kidney. It gets the heart beating faster and gets blood flowing more quickly. 

How does the endocrine system communicate and regulate distant parts of the body?

Through internal secretions which are chemical messengers which move around the body and blood affecting distant parts of the body

How hormones work?

Each hormone only works on specific target cells, unlocks it to change its behavior/role  

What is the hormone that caused acromegaly or gigantism?

Growth hormone

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Hidden at the base of the brain, in the pituitary fossa   

What is the role of insulin hormone?

Controls sugar levels 

From where insulin was firstly extracted to be used as treatment?

Pancreas from dogs

From which tissue the hormone Leptin is produced? What does Leptin regulate?

Fat tissue/cells. Regulates appetite/weight