flashcards asian worlds quest

Early 20th Century and the Fall of the Qing Dynasty

1. The Republic of China (1912) - China’s government after the Qing Dynasty ended, starting in 1912.
   
   

2. 1911 Revolution (10/10 Revolution) (1911)—This revolution ended the Qing Dynasty and started the Republic of China.
   
   

3. Sun Yat-Sen (1866–1925) - The leader who helped overthrow the Qing Dynasty and became the first president of the Republic of China. (1912)
   
   

4. Yuan Shi-Kai (1859–1916) - The first president after Sun Yat-Sen, who ruled from 1912–1916.
   
   

5. Puyi (1906–1967) - The last emperor of China, who ruled until 1912, then became a puppet ruler of Manchukuo in 1934.
   
   

6. Warlords Period (1916–1928) - A time when China was controlled by local military leaders, not a single government.
   
   

The Nationalist and Communist Movements

7. Nationalists (Kuomintang/KMT) (1912) - A political party founded by Sun Yat-Sen to unite China under a single government.
   
   

8. 3 People’s Principles (1905) - Sun Yat-Sen’s ideas about Nationalism, Democracy, and People’s Livelihood.
   
   

9. Marxism (19th century) - A political theory that says workers should control the government and economy.
   
   

10. Karl Marx (1818–1883) - A philosopher whose ideas inspired many communist movements.
    
    

11. Bourgeoisie and Proletariat (19th century) - In Marxism, the bourgeoisie is the rich class, and the proletariat is the working class.
    
    

12. Socialism and Communism (19th and 20th century) - Systems where the government controls the economy to make things equal, with Communism aiming to remove all classes.
    
    

Chinese Communist Party and Mao Zedong

13. CCP (Chinese Communist Party) (1921) - The political party was founded in 1921 and later became China’s ruling party.
    
    

14. Mao Zedong (1893–1976) - Leader of the CCP who became China’s ruler after they won the Civil War.
    
    

15. Maoism (1930s–1940s) - Mao’s version of Marxism, was made to fit China’s rural areas and focus on revolution.
    
    

16. 'Dixie Mission' (1944) - A U.S. mission to meet Chinese Communist leaders during World War II.
    
    

Civil War and Nationalist vs. Communist Struggles

17. Chiang Kai-Shek (1887–1975) - Leader of the Nationalists (KMT) and Mao’s main opponent during the Civil War.
    
    

18. 1st United Front (1924–1927) - A short-term alliance between the KMT and CCP to fight warlords.
    
    

19. Shanghai Massacre (1927) - Chiang Kai-Shek’s forces killed many Communists in Shanghai.
    
    

20. Northern Expedition (1926–1928) - The KMT’s military campaign to unite China under their control.
    
    

21. 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) - The war between China and Japan, part of World War II.
    
    

22. Manchukuo (1932–1945) - A puppet state set up by Japan in northeast China.
    
    

23. Long March (1934–1935) - A retreat by the CCP to escape the KMT, later seen as a symbol of Communist strength.
    
    

24. 2nd United Front (1937–1945) - The KMT and CCP joined forces to fight Japan during World War II.
    
    

Post-World War II, Civil War, and Communist Victory

25. Chinese Civil War (1945–1949) - The war between the KMT and the CCP, which ended with the CCP’s victory.
    
    

26. The People's Republic of China (1949) - The government was set up by the CCP after their victory in the Civil War, founded on October 1, 1949.
    
    

Maoist China: Early Years and the Great Leap

27. Guanxi (no specific date) - The importance of personal relationships and connections in Chinese culture.
    
    

28. Land Reform (1949–1953) - The government took land from rich landowners and gave it to poor farmers.
    
    

29. 1st Five Year Plan (1953–1957) - Government plans aimed at rapidly growing China’s economy.
    
    

30. 100 Flowers Movement (1956–1957) - A time when the government encouraged people to speak out, but then punished critics.
    
    

31. Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957–1959) - A campaign that punished people who criticized the government during the 100 Flowers Movement.
    
    

32. Great Leap Forward  (2nd Five Year Plan) (1958–1962) - A failed campaign to quickly industrialize China, which caused a major famine.
    
    

33. The Great Famine (1959–1961) - A food shortage caused by the Great Leap Forward, leading to millions of deaths.
    
    

Cultural Revolution and Its Aftermath

34. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) - A movement led by Mao to get rid of capitalist influences and strengthen Communism.
    
    

35. Little Red Book (1964) - A book of Mao’s ideas, used during the Cultural Revolution.
    
    

36. Red Guards (1966–1969) - Young people sent to attack anyone who opposed Mao’s ideas during the Cultural Revolution.
    
    

37. “Counter-revolutionaries”/“Capitalist Roaders” (1966–1976) - Labels for people who were seen as enemies of Mao’s revolution.
    
    

38. Pragmatists (1970s) - Leaders who wanted practical solutions to China’s problems, instead of sticking to strict Communist ideas.
    
    

39. The Lost Generation (1966–1976) - Young people who were sent to rural areas during the Cultural Revolution, missing out on education and careers.
    
    

40. 1976 - The year Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai died, ending the Cultural Revolution.
    
    

Post-Mao Reforms and Modern China

41. Gang of Four (1976) - A group of leaders, including Mao’s wife, who were blamed for the Cultural Revolution’s excesses and arrested after Mao’s death.
    
    

42. Deng Xiaoping (1904–1997) - The leader who took over after Mao’s death in 1978-89 and started economic reforms in the late 1970s.
    
    

43. Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (1980s–present) - Deng’s idea of mixing Communist principles with market reforms to grow the economy.
    
    

44. Special Economic Zones (1980s) - Areas where China allowed market-driven policies and foreign investment to help the economy grow.
    
    

45. Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) - The violent government crackdown on pro-democracy protests in Beijing on June 4, 1989.