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Chapter 4 Review Questions

Visual Acuity and Receptors

• Why are there more cones than rods near the fovea?

  • High density of cone receptors in the fovea.

  • One-to-one relationship with bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells.

  • Enables high visual acuity and resolution in this region.

Eye Physiology

• Why is the eye filled with fluid rather than blood vessels?

  • Aqueous humor: clear fluid produced continuously in the front part of the eye.

  • Functions: nutrient transport, waste removal, and cushioning.

  • Maintains eye pressure and shape.

Taste Sensation

• Why do taste buds only reach halfway up the tongue?

  • Limited by the lingual frenulum, which connects the tongue to the mouth's base.

Auditory Processing

• How does the human brain differentiate a scream from a whisper?

  • Sounds differ by decibels: whisper (~20 dB), shout (~80 dB).

  • Auditory pathway involves: cochlear nucleus ➜ superior olivary complex ➜ inferior colliculus ➜ medial geniculate nucleus ➜ auditory cortex.

  • Sound information decoded at each relay nucleus.

Pain Perception

• Does pain have its own neural pathway?

  • Yes, lateral pathway for sharp, localized pain (spinal cord ➜ ventrocaudal thalamus ➜ cortex).

  • Medial spinoreticulothalamic pathway for deep somatic and visceral pain.

Sensory Adaptation

• Why would someone recently exposed to large quantities of a stimulus be less sensitive to small amounts of the same kind of stimulus?

  • According to Weber’s Law, previous exposure desensitizes sensitivity.

  • Example: After loud music, soft sounds are less perceivable.

Visual Pattern Identification

• What is the term for vision identifying patterns on the basis of the bottom-up process?

  • Pattern identification through feature detection and recognizing components.

Blind Spots

• Why do humans have blind spots?

  • Caused by lack of receptors (rods/cones) where the optic nerve exits.

Color Vision

• What causes color blindness?

  • Dysfunctional cones in the retina.

Smell and Emotions

• Why do you think smells are heavily tied to emotions?

  • Odors can evoke positive memories, enhance positive emotions, and mitigate stress.

Depth Perception in Driving

• Why can’t you drive without depth perception?

  • Depth perception is crucial for assessing distances and speeds of approaching vehicles.

Optical Illusions

• Which illusions did you see during the optical illusions in-class practice activities?

  • Reference to illusions practiced in class, with details provided in a resource link.

Chapter 5 Review Questions

Development Theory

• Continuity and Discontinuity

  • Importance in understanding whether development occurs in stages or continuously.

  • Affects behavioral predictions and designs educational interventions.

  • Classroom application: Supporting gradual development through tailored strategies.

Adult Identity Development

• Markers of Becoming an Adult

  • Cultural and social factors define adulthood (e.g., jobs, independence).

• Cultural Boundaries of Adulthood

  • Varies widely across cultures, with societal expectations influencing perceptions of adulthood.

Adolescent Egocentrism

• Common Manifestations

  • Imaginary audience: belief that one is the focus of others’ attention.

  • Personal fable: exaggerated belief in one's uniqueness and invulnerability.

Erikson’s Stages of Development

• Personality Identity Development

  • Continues post-age five; depends on resolutions of existential crises (e.g., trust, intimacy).

  • Erikson expanded Freud’s stages to include adulthood crises.

Personality Development Reflections

• Impact of Upbringing and Culture

  • Reflection on family dynamics, culture, and significant early life factors shaping personality.

  • Comparison of experiences with textbook research to identify consistent influences on development.

Culture and Gender Roles

• Biological vs. Societal Influences

  • Biological sex influences certain traits while societal norms shape gender roles and expectations.

  • Consequences for individuals who violate gender norms.

  • Changing definitions of gender due to cultural influences and inclusivity of non-binary identities.

Chapter 6 Review Questions

Behaviorism

• Influence of Environment

  • Environment deemed more influential than thoughts; questions the relative significance of beliefs.

Classical Conditioning

• Meaning of Extinction

  • Misleading terminology; spontaneity in recovery impacts understanding of conditioned responses.

Operant Conditioning

• Positive Reinforcement in Parenting

  • Praising positive behavior encourages desirable actions.

  • Consequences for child-rearing and behavior modification strategies.

Punishment and Reinforcement Comparisons

• Behavior Differences

  • Comparison of outcomes for individuals subject to differing reinforcement/punishment types.

Social Learning

• Impact of Publicized Crimes

  • Discussion on the potential promotion of similar violence due to observational learning.

Self-Efficacy

• Influence on Goal Achievement

  • High self-efficacy boosts confidence in achieving goals, affected by self-reward and self-punishment.