Joints and Movement Study Guide
Objective 1: Define Articulation
- Articulation refers to the connection between two bones that forms a joint. It allows for varying degrees of movement and provides stability to the skeletal system.
Objective 2: Connection Between Structure and Function of a Joint
- Joints are classified based on their structure (types of connective tissues) and function (degree of mobility).
- Structure: Determines the stability and range of motion.
- Example: A fibrous joint like a suture has limited movement but provides strength.
- Function: Defines how much movement is possible.
- Example: Synovial joints (e.g., knee) allow a wide range of motion compared to cartilaginous joints (e.g., symphysis).
Objective 3: Classification of Joints
A. Structural Classification
1. Fibrous Joints:
- Suture: Immovable, found in the skull.
- Syndesmosis: Slightly movable, connected by ligaments (e.g., between the radius and ulna).
- Gomphosis: Immovable, peg-in-socket joints (e.g., teeth in sockets).
2. Cartilaginous Joints:
- Synchondrosis: Immovable, connected by hyaline cartilage (e.g., rib to sternum).
- Symphysis: Slightly movable, connected by fibrocartilage (e.g., pubic symphysis).
3. Synovial Joints: Freely movable joints characterized by a joint cavity (e.g., shoulder, knee).
B. Functional Classification
1. Synarthrosis: Immovable joints.
- Examples:
- Suture (fibrous)
- Gomphosis (fibrous)
- Synchondrosis (cartilaginous)
2. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints.
- Examples:
- Syndesmosis (fibrous)
- Symphysis (cartilaginous)
3. Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints.
- Types:
- Hinge: Flexion and extension (e.g., elbow).
- Pivot: Rotation (e.g., atlantoaxial joint).
- Condyloid (Ellipsoidal): Biaxial movement (e.g., wrist).
- Gliding: Sliding movement (e.g., intercarpal joints).
- Saddle: Biaxial movement (e.g., thumb).
- Ball and Socket: Multiaxial movement (e.g., shoulder, hip).
Objective 4: Labeling Synovial and Knee Joints
Synovial Joint Components
- Articular Cartilage: Smooth tissue covering the ends of bones.
- Synovial Membrane: Lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
- Articular Capsule: Two layers (outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane).
- Joint Cavity: Space filled with synovial fluid.
- Bursa: Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction.
Knee Joint Components
- Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments (ACL/PCL): Stabilize the knee.
- Lateral and Medial Meniscus: Cartilage that cushions and stabilizes.
- Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament: Provides medial stability.
- Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament: Provides lateral stability.
- Patellar Ligament: Connects patella to tibia.
- Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle: Extends the knee.
Objective 5: Appropriate Terminology for Joint Actions
- Accurately describe actions such as:
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between bones (e.g., bending the elbow).
- Extension: Increasing the angle between bones (e.g., straightening the elbow).
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline (e.g., lifting the arm).
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline (e.g., lowering the arm).
- Rotation: Turning around an axis (e.g., turning the head).
- Circumduction: Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., arm circles).
- Elevation/Depression: Moving structures superiorly/inferiorly (e.g., shoulder shrug).
- Pronation/Supination: Rotating the forearm to turn the palm down/up.
- Inversion/Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward/outward.
Objective 6: Differentiation of Movements at a Synovial Joint
- Flexion: Decreases joint angle.
- Extension: Increases joint angle.
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond the normal range.
- Abduction: Moves away from the body's midline.
- Adduction: Moves towards the body's midline.
- Rotation: Movement around a central axis.
- Circumduction: Circular movement at a joint.
- Elevation: Lifting a body part.
- Depression: Lowering a body part.
- Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down.
- Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up.
- Inversion: Turning the foot inward.
- Eversion: Turning the foot outward.
Objective 1: Define Articulation
- Articulation refers to the connection between two bones that forms a joint. It allows for varying degrees of movement and provides stability to the skeletal system.
Objective 2: Connection Between Structure and Function of a Joint
- Joints are classified based on their structure (types of connective tissues) and function (degree of mobility).
- Structure: Determines the stability and range of motion.
- Example: A fibrous joint like a suture has limited movement but provides strength.
- Function: Defines how much movement is possible.
- Example: Synovial joints (e.g., knee) allow a wide range of motion compared to cartilaginous joints (e.g., symphysis).
Objective 3: Classification of Joints
A. Structural Classification
1. Fibrous Joints:
- Suture: Immovable, found in the skull.
- Syndesmosis: Slightly movable, connected by ligaments (e.g., between the radius and ulna).
- Gomphosis: Immovable, peg-in-socket joints (e.g., teeth in sockets).
2. Cartilaginous Joints:
- Synchondrosis: Immovable, connected by hyaline cartilage (e.g., rib to sternum).
- Symphysis: Slightly movable, connected by fibrocartilage (e.g., pubic symphysis).
3. Synovial Joints: Freely movable joints characterized by a joint cavity (e.g., shoulder, knee).
B. Functional Classification
1. Synarthrosis: Immovable joints.
- Examples:
- Suture (fibrous)
- Gomphosis (fibrous)
- Synchondrosis (cartilaginous)
2. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joints.
- Examples:
- Syndesmosis (fibrous)
- Symphysis (cartilaginous)
3. Diarthrosis: Freely movable joints.
- Types:
- Hinge: Flexion and extension (e.g., elbow).
- Pivot: Rotation (e.g., atlantoaxial joint).
- Condyloid (Ellipsoidal): Biaxial movement (e.g., wrist).
- Gliding: Sliding movement (e.g., intercarpal joints).
- Saddle: Biaxial movement (e.g., thumb).
- Ball and Socket: Multiaxial movement (e.g., shoulder, hip).
Objective 4: Labeling Synovial and Knee Joints
Synovial Joint Components
- Articular Cartilage: Smooth tissue covering the ends of bones.
- Synovial Membrane: Lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.
- Articular Capsule: Two layers (outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane).
- Joint Cavity: Space filled with synovial fluid.
- Bursa: Fluid-filled sac that reduces friction.
Knee Joint Components
- Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments (ACL/PCL): Stabilize the knee.
- Lateral and Medial Meniscus: Cartilage that cushions and stabilizes.
- Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament: Provides medial stability.
- Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament: Provides lateral stability.
- Patellar Ligament: Connects patella to tibia.
- Tendon of the Quadriceps Femoris Muscle: Extends the knee.
Objective 5: Appropriate Terminology for Joint Actions
- Accurately describe actions such as:
- Flexion: Decreasing the angle between bones (e.g., bending the elbow).
- Extension: Increasing the angle between bones (e.g., straightening the elbow).
- Abduction: Moving a limb away from the midline (e.g., lifting the arm).
- Adduction: Moving a limb towards the midline (e.g., lowering the arm).
- Rotation: Turning around an axis (e.g., turning the head).
- Circumduction: Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction (e.g., arm circles).
- Elevation/Depression: Moving structures superiorly/inferiorly (e.g., shoulder shrug).
- Pronation/Supination: Rotating the forearm to turn the palm down/up.
- Inversion/Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward/outward.
Objective 6: Differentiation of Movements at a Synovial Joint
- Flexion: Decreases joint angle.
- Extension: Increases joint angle.
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond the normal range.
- Abduction: Moves away from the body's midline.
- Adduction: Moves towards the body's midline.
- Rotation: Movement around a central axis.
- Circumduction: Circular movement at a joint.
- Elevation: Lifting a body part.
- Depression: Lowering a body part.
- Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down.
- Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up.
- Inversion: Turning the foot inward.
- Eversion: Turning the foot outward.
