ultimate apush study guide!!!

chapter 1

chapter 2

chapter 3

chapter 4

chapter 5

chapter 6: French and Indian War (1608-1763)

• 7 years war
• world war

Englands colonial rivals

• french
  • fur trading
  • catholic missionaries
• dutch
• spanish
  • sparsely populated in North America
• these have fewer european settlers
• trade alliances with native americas
• intermarriage was common

tensions build

• colonists who wanted to look for new land went west into french territory
• french and americans ended up near the same area and land disputes start
• both wanted to go near the ohio river valley
  • war starts here in 1954

Albany plan

• british wanted to coordinate war effort and colonial defense
• main purpose was to get the iriquois tribe to join the British
  • relate with natives
  • control territory
  • raise an army
  • collect taxes
• ben franklin developed the albany plan of union to help coordinate troops and collect taxes (promote colonial unity - JOIN OR DIE)
  • plan was rejected- england thought too much power was granted to the colonies
• established a precedent for later meetings and cooperations

treaty of Paris (1763)

• england gains french land from canada to Florida and the appalachians to the Mississippi River
• andland gains florida from Spain
• ends the war and salutary neglect- england gets control over the colonies
  • england has massive debt - leads to taxes

Pontiacs rebellion

• ottowa cheif rebelled against colonists who were taking their land
• paxton boys: attacked and murdered random native people
• British send additional troops to stop the rebellion
• leads to the british passing the proclimation act of 1763
  • prohibited colonists from moving west of the appalachain mountains
  • colonists openly defied the policy

British views

• dissapointed in colonial military contributions
• unable and unwilling to defend themselves on the frontier
• war starred in north america and outcome benefitted the colonists so they thought they should help pay (taxes)
• British assume direct ontrol over colonies

colonist views

• felt they contributed to all of the wars
• wanted access to new land (west of Appalachian)
• intercolonial disunity remained strong

chapter 7: Road to the American Revolution (1763-1775)

steps toward colonial unity were made through arguments with the British

• end of 7 wears war: england in debt, proclamation act of 1763
• consolidating imperial control
  • sugar act (1764): passed on sugar, first to raise revenue
  • navigation acts
  • quartering act (1765): forces colonists to provide housing for british soldiers
  • stamp act (1765): placed a tax (first direct tax) on a variety of legal documents and items
  • angered colonists extremely
  • passed without consent of colonial legislators
  • no taxation without representation
  • virtual representation: said colonists were british citizens so they had to follow british rule
  • stamp act congress: reps from colonies meet to oppose British policies
  • sons/daughters of liberty formed, influenced boycotts and harassment
• tensions continue
  • noninportation agreements: didnt take british imports- most effective form of resistance
  • stamp act is repealed
  • declatory act (1766): says england still has power over the colonies
  • townshend acts (1767): tax on imported goods
  • $ would be used to pay royal officials
  • resistance similar to the stamp act
  • townshed acts repealed in 1770
• bloodshed and relative calm
  • boston massacre
  • committees of correspondence (1772): lead by sam Adams, used to keep up communication and colonial resistance to British policies
• tea time
  • tea act (1773): gave a monopoly to the british east india company
  • boston tea party (1773)
  • as a result the coercive acts (intolerable acts) are passed: Boston ports closed, reduced colonists power, quartering acts expanded, if accused of a crime you’d be on trial in England
• quebec act
  • england needs to organize canadian lands fron France
  • england expanded the boundary of quebec into the ohio valley
  • colonists are angry- they think the land belongs to the colonies
• first continental congress
  • Philly 1774
  • wanted to repair their relationship with England - NOT calling for independence
  • wanted to create an association, boycott British goods
  • king george ignored them
• lexington and concord: first shots fired
• british strengths and weaknesses
• american strengths and weaknesses

chapter 8: American Revolution (1775-1783)

• results of the 7 years war

  1. colonies get experienced in fighting
  2. French lose and go back to Europe
  3. colonies unite (Albany congress)
  4. friction between colonists and Britain
  5. Britain in debt
  6. colonies can expand
  7. British received all of Canada

• following Lexington and concord: first shots fired

  • 2nd continental congress in Philly (1775)- colonists couldn’t decide if they wanted to declare independence, prepared for war,
  • bunker hill- british win the battle but it builds confidence for the colonists
  • olive branch petition- sought peace and negotiation from British, king dismisses this

• roots of the revolution

  • was hard for England to rule because they were far away
  • want republicanism, democracy, enlightnenment
  • John Locke- common sense pamphlet- called for representative gov’t by the people

• declaration of independence

  • act of treason
  • Thomas Jeffersons goals
  1. justify independence
  2. rally colonist support
  3. get help from foreign nations
  4. declare natural rights and the power of gov’t rest with the people (popular sovereignty)

• colonial unity

  • patriots: colonists who fought against the British
  • loyalists: loyal to the British- treated as traitors, harassed, emigrated from the us
  • neutral/apathetic: loyal to colony

• England vs america

  • English strengths: good military, loyalist opposition, colonies had weak gov’t (articles of conf and continental congress
  • colonial strengths: fight on home turf, defensive war, guerrilla warfare, resilient military, fight for a cause, eventual support from european allies (French)

• france and the colonies

  • wanted to regain its power
  • end of british mercantile policies
  • idealism and enlightenment
  • ben Franklin organized a alliance with france following the battle of Saratoga in 1778
  • govt weapons
  • naval support
  • goldiers

• signifigant battles of the revolution

  • lexington and concord (april 1775): first shots
  • bunker hill (June 1775): americans loose but confidence is boosted
  • trenton (dec. 1777): washing crossed Delaware- wins
  • battle of saratoga (oct. 1777): brtitish surrencer, french join with the americans
  • turning point in the war
  • england focused war effort in the south- loyalist and slave population
  • Yorktown (1781): british surrender, french blockaded the sea

• treaty of Paris (1783)

  • ben franklin, john Adams, John jay go to paris to negotiate wars end
  • england recognized us independence
  • us boundaries extended to the Mississippi rover to great lakes to Spanish Florida
  • respects the rights of the loyalists
  • debts to Britain would be paid

• impacts

  • state constitutions abolished old european laws
  • new ideas of republicanism
  • eliminated property requirements for voting
  • most stated did not have full democracy
  • inspired revolutions- france, Haiti, Latin America
  • female roles, wanted womens rights- abigail adams remember the ladies
  • native americans fought on the british side
  • african americans could fight in the continental army
  • slavery will be protested in the constitution

chapter 9- the confederation and the constitution (1776-1790)

• state governments

  • all colonies had to create state governments- constitutions
  • separation of powers- split between three branches
  • property requirements for voting
  • bill of rights which outlined basic freedoms- virginia statue for religious freedom
  • governments were set up based on republicanism- the power came from the people
  • debate over that this looked like

• articles of confederation- first national government of the us

  • happened at the second continental congress
  • conducted foreign polity
  • borrow money
  • make treaties
  • created a central govt with limited power
  • one house government
  • problems
  • no exectuive branch
  • no court system
  • no power to tax
  • could not regulate trade between states
  • 9/13 states needed to pass laws
  • all states had one vote regardless of population
  • all 13 states had to agree to amend the articles
  • they were weak because they were focused on state, not county power
  • advocate, advise, appeal

• northwest ordinances

  • land ordinance of 1784- said that territories would become states as polulations grew
  • land ordinance of 1785- set up system for surveying/selling land in the northwest
  • set aside for public education
  • northwest ordiance of 1787- set up system for territory to enter the union as a new state
  • banned slavery north of the ohio river

• foreign policy problems

  • weak, no real government to help
  1. british- building forts in the west, disrupting trade, armed natives
  2. spain- banned american shipping along mississippi river (1784)
  3. france- demanded repayment of loans
  4. pirates- harassed american shipping

• shays rebellion

  • economy is suffering a post war depression- farmers are hard hit
  • poor farmers in massachusetts rebelled againts govt
  • wanted lower taxes, end of foreclosures, paper money, end of inprisonment for debt
  • tried to stop collection of taxes and stop court systems
  • government was too weak to stop the rebellion
  • increased calls for a stronger central government

• creating a new government

  • growing demand to adress the problems facing the nation
  • trade
  • financing
  • interstate commerce
  • foreign relations
  • internal unrest
  • annapolis connection (1786)- 5 states attend to discuss trade and commerce. make a plan to meet up in philly in one year
  • constitutional convention (1787)- revising the articles of confederation, decided to create a completely new government
  • big issue was about representation in congress- people were afraid of a government like the old monarchy
  • virginia plan (large state plan- james madison): 2 house legislation, reps. based on population size
  • new jersey plan (small state plan): 1 house, equal representation
  • great compromise: 2 house legislature
    • senate (upper house)- 2 reps per state
    • house of reps (lower house)- based on population
  • compromises over slavery
  • 3/5ths compromise: slaves would be counted as 3/5 pf a person - added more reps for southern states
  • slave trade- allowed to continue until 1808

• debate over ratification

  • federalists- supported the constitution and wanted a strong government
  • wealthy, educated, lived in big cities
  • anti-federalists- critical of the constitution, wanted a weak governent like the articles of confederation, favored state rights
  • farmers, common man, westerners
  • the federalist papers- essays written to persuade people to support the ratification of the constitution
  • guaranteed a bill of rights (wanted by anti feds)

• constitution main points

  • set up based on popular sovereignty- power is in the hands of the people
  • separation of power between the 3 branches
  • separated the national and state levels
  • supreme law of the land
  • president are not elected directly by voters- wanted to limit excessive power influence- electroal college
  • command, control, coherse

chapter 10: the new republic of Washington and Adams (1789-1800)

• washington administration
  • sets precedents
  • 2 term presidency
  • cabinet
    • Secretary of State: thomas Jefferson
    • secreatry of treasury: alexander Hamilton
    • conflict will develop
  • jucuciary act of 1789: organized the surpreme court with a cheif justice
• bill of rights- to help concerns of the anti feds
  • 10 amendments writted by james Madison- protection from govt power
  • 1- freedom of speech
  • 4- no unreasonable search and seizure
• hamiltons finincial plan- set up to pay off dept and develop manufacturing
  • part 1: report on public credit- govt would pay off war debt and assume war debts of the stated (assumption plan)
  • got capital to move to washington dc
  • part 2: supported high tarriffs and excise taxes
  • would protect american industried from foreign complication
  • taised revenue to pay off debt
  • part 3: national bank to stabilize economy
  • huge debate over the federal govt over the constitution
  • jefferson thought the constitution did not give congress the authority to create a bank (strict interpretation)
• first party system- no mention of political parties in tbe constitution
  • feds vs jeffersonian republicans

• whiskey rebellion
  • part of hamiltons plan to pay exice tax on whiskey
  • farmers in westers pa refused to pay tax- seen as a challenge of authority to the new gov’t
  • washington stops rebellion with a show of force- shoed people the power of the federal government
  • critics were disturned by this
• foreign policy: French revolution, England, and Spain
  • deeply divided America- should the us help France
  • feds wanted to avoid a war with England
  • dem reps wanted to help french and suppprt liberty and stop impressment
  • proclimation of neutrally (1793): us will stay out of foreign affairs
  • england was:
  • impressing soldiers
  • occupying forts belinting to use
  • jays treaty (1794)
  • british have us forts but didnt stop impressment
  • keeps the US neutral
  • spain blocked acces to the Mississippi River
  • pickneys treaty (1795)- have us access to rover and the port of New Orleans
• john Adams
  • adams defeats jefferson in election of 1796- jefferson is vp
• adams foreign policy
  • adams wants to avoid a war with france so he sends american officials to negotiate (XYZ affair)
  • quasi war: undeclared naval war between france and US
• states vs federal gov’t

chapter 11: the jeffersonian republic (1800-1812)

• election of 1800
  • federalists lost control of the ececutive and legislative branches
  • jefferson is the first dem rep president
  • also known as the jeffersonian revolution or the revolution of 1800- not an actual revolution just a peaceful change in power- showed the constitution was working
• fedaralists and the judicual branch
  • judiciary act of 1801: crated new federalist judges at the very end of the adams admin.
  • “midnight appointments”
• marbury v madison
  • one of the midnight appointees sued james madison
  • judiciary act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional
  • created the idea of judicial review
  • masive expansion of juducual power
• jeffersons presidency
  • strict interpretation of constitution
  • limited federal government- states rights

• louisiana purchase

  • Jefferson used loose interpretation and implied powers of the constitution (which he was against) to buy Louisiana land
  • bought from france for $10 million
  • doubled size of the us
  • supported agrarian society
  • avoided threat of Frances
  • weakened Federalist Party- land couldnt be industrial
  • lewis and clark
  • start of us claims to oregon territry and west coast

• violation of neutrality

  • impressment

  • France seized ships planning to trade with England

  • England said ships going to Europe must go to England first

  • Jeffersons response

  • embargo act (1807)- no trade with anyone

    1. us economy plummeted
    2. helped the industrial revolution on England (helped federalists bc Americans would manufacture)

• Aaron Burr is cray (lowk irrelevant)

  • plotted to seceed new england states from the union
  • burr kills Hamilton

• james madison

  • embargo repealed in 1809
  • replaced by non inntercourse act
  • intercourse act was replaced by macons bill #2: us would end embargo if the country respected us neutrality and freedoms on the sea
  • none of these help economy or end problems
  • war hawks: young southern congressmen in 1811 who advocated for a war against England
  • stop british harassment
  • wipe out natives

• native resistance on the frontier

  • shawnee brothers Tecumseh and “the prophet”
  • organized a confederacy of tribes east of the Mississippi
  • attacked by us at the battle of tippecanoe

• war of 1812 declared

  1. Englands arming of natives on the frontier
  2. englands violations of us neutrality
  3. pressure from war hawks
  4. dem reps (who were in power) favored France
  5. impressment
  6. expansionist ideas

chapter 12: war of 1812 and era of good feelings (1812-1824)

• war of 1812
  • started poorly for the us
  • nation was divided
  • economically and physically unprepared
  • early battles failed
  • british burned Washington DC
  • treaty of Ghent: ended the war- nothing gained
  • after treaty is signed jackson defeated british at the battle of New Orleans
  • legacy
  • navy does well, army does not
  • nationalism- England breaks from america completely
  • manufacturing blossoms
  • era of pride
  • ends the federalists
• Hartford conventions (1814)
  • federalists met to discuss their concerns
  • medical federalists encouraged secession- established precedent later used in the south
  • nail in the coffin for federalists
• era of good feelings
  • huge increase in nationalism
  • symbolized by James Monroe in 1816
  • period of only one political party (dem reps)
  • keep original principles but adopt federalist policies
  • conflicts
  • growing sectionalism
  • debated over american system
  • slavery
  • panic of 1819: caused by over speculation of frontier lands- first major ecomonic crash under the constitution
• american system
  • instituted by henry clay- expression of economic nationalism- adopting some federalist ideas
  • tariff of 1816- first protective tariff to protect american goods from british competition
  • money would be used ot fund transportation
  • 2nd bank of the us- helped ensure financial stability and national currency and provide credit
  • internal transportation improvements- development of roads and canals used to link the nation together and move people and goods
  • even more growing sectionalism
• missouri compromise
  • missouri petitions to enter union as a slave state, but this would upset the sectional balance between slave and free states
  • talmadge amendment proposed the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri
  • clay proposed that missouri entered as a slave state and a new state would be created (Maine) as a free state to keep the balance
  • above the 36’30’ line slavery would be prohibited
  • solved the problem temporarily
• foreign policy developments
  • us starts to become stable in foreign policy and diplopmatic success
  • john quincy adams was very important and involved
  • anglo american convention (1818)
  • us and england would both occupy oregon territory
  • set northern Louisiana boundary
  • adams-onis treaty- us acquired Florida
• monroe doctrine
  • us feared europe would try to recolonize territory in the Western Hemisphere
  • england also wanted to keep europe out of west- for free trade
  • the us warning europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
  • us stayed away from England
  • no immediete impact- but later plays a huge role in the 1890s foreign affairs

chapter 13: age of Jackson (1824-1840)

• election of 1824 will formally put an end to the era of good feelings

• corrupt bargain

  • Jackson, clay (speaker of the house), and j.q. adams run
  • jackson wins the popular vote BUT not the electoral votes
  • the election goes tot the house of reps
  • clay (who was chosen as the new Secretary of State) is supporting Adams (who is chosen as the new president)
  • adams bribed clay to win the presidency

• john quincy Adams

  • adams made good accomplishments as secrectary of state
  • had many charges of corruption as president
  • good ideas but didnt know how to “play”
  • supported american system

• post 1824 election

  • united republicans from the era of good feelings are completely split
  1. national republicans side with Adams
  2. dem reps side with Jackson

• election of 1828

  • both Jackson and JQA run for reelection
  • jackson crushes him and becomed first president from the west

• jackson changes the country

  • start of the modern day party convention system
  • spoils system: rewarding political supporters with public office
  • defended it on democratic grounds
  • started corruption and ineffectiveness

• nullification crisis
  • tariff of 1828 passed by congress (called tariff of abominations)
  • liked by northerners not southerners
  • creates growing sectionalism
  • nullification theory: states had the right to decide to obey a federal law or nullify it
  • another tariff passed (1832)
  • south carolina threatened secession
  • tax would not be collected in south Carolina
  • jacksons response
  • not a fan of the tariff, but wanted to defende the union
  • force bill of 1833: army would collect tarriff, nullification would not happen
  • compromise tarriff of 1833 (clay): lowered rates gradually
• jacksons native “policies”
  • goal was to expand us into the southwest
  • indian removal act: forced removal of native americans to west of the mississippi river (Oklahoma)
  • trail of tears: path took of this forced removal, many dies
  • worchester v georgia (1832): cherokee cannot be forced out by the government- gerorgia law does not apply to them
  • Jackson ignores this
• bank war
  • 1816 congress gave 20 year charter to the bank of the u.s
  • clay approved recharter- wants to make jackson deal with this
  • jackson vetoes the recharter
  • he is accused of exercising too much power
  • election of 1832- jackson wins second term
  • jackson destroyes bank by withdrawing funds and placing them in pet banks
  • causes and economic downfall
  • panic of 1837- caused by a variety of factors
• election of 1837
  • van buren (whig) wins against Jackson
  • new political parties

• texan independence
  • mexico wins independence from Spain
  • Mexico outlaws slavery in 1830- angers Americans
  • texas declares independence from Mexico in 1836
• Texas annexarion issue
  • jackson regognized republic of texas (lone start republic, its own country)
  • texas requests admition into the union
  • delayed because of slavery
• election of 1840
  • whigs - w. h. harrison
  • democrat- martin van buren
  • Harrison wins- first whig president
  • dies 32 days after taking office

chapter 14: market revolution and national economy (1790-1860)

• market revolution
  • regional specialization: sectipns of the country developing distinct economies
  • north: industrial revolution
  • west: agrigulture, bread basket- wheat and livestock
  • south: cash crop economy- cotton
  • technology and transportation improvements
  • polutlation increase- high birthrate and immigration
  • growth of cities
  • western expansion- raises the issue of slavery
• immigration
  • huge increase in the 1840s due to
  • land
  • factory jobs (north)
  • freedom and other opportunities
  • irish potato famine
  • irish immigration
  • settles in Boston
  • did hard labor for low wages
  • victims of prejudice
  • gave important political support to democrats
  • german immigrants
  • diverse- gernamy is not a nation
  • mix of religions and social classes
  • settle in old northwest
  • established german communities
• nativists
  • felt immigrants were taking jobs from american citizens
  • felt immigrants would outvote Americans
  • many were Roman Catholics
  • know nothing party: advoated for immigration restrictions
  • america was becoming more diverse
• regional loyalties are forming and overshadowing national concerns
• northern manufacturing
  • factory system
  • interchangeable parts- Eli Whitney- greater efficiency
  • telegraph- samuel morse- communication revolution
• factory work in the north
  • changes in work
  • manufacturing done in factories- long hours, low wages, dangerous (wage slaves)
  • impact: northern advantage in manufacturing
• transportation revolution
  • steamboat invented- chapter travel
  • turnpikes built
  • Erie Canal- liked great laked with hudson river, canal boom
  • railroads- explosion of construction in the north
  • impact: continental economy, expanded markets
  • who should pay for it ??
• western expansion
• farming inventions
  • steep plow- broke through soil
  • mccormic reaper- cut and gathered more crops
  • cotton gin- eli whitney- increased cotton production dramatically- increased need for slavery
  • consequences
  • rise of large scare farming
  • demand for more land and machinery
  • increased debt for farmers
  • need better transportation (south and west)
• big ideas
  • cotton is the raw material for manufacture in the north
  • increased internal slave trade
  • transformation from tiny farms and workshops to a national network of industry and commerce
  • cnages in family dynamics as women and children begin working in factories

chapter 15: Age of Reform and Culture (1790-1860)

• big ideas
  • second great awakening
  • groups of native americans, women, and religious followers developed cultures which reflected their interests and experiences
• liberalism in religion
  • deism
  • people moving away from religion and into science
  • more reliance on reason
  • still believe in god but values more human behavior
  • unitarianism
  • spinoff of the puritans- less extreme
  • humans have free will and the possibility of salvation by good works
  • god is seen as a loving father, not a creator
  • opposite of calvinism
  • there was a want for more churches, and they had to be a place where people wanted to go
• second great awakening
  • reasons:
  • concern of lack of religion
  • deism and unitarianism
  • numerous people are converted
  • born again christians
  • boosted church attendance
  • created new denominations
  • methodists and baptists: stressed personal conversion, democratic control, emotionalism
  • increase in evangelicalism inspire future reform movements
  • women’s roles in religion increased
  • mormons- Utah state admissions will be delayed due to the morman population and their want for polygamy
• age of reform
  • mental health reform
  • dorthea dix: wanted fair treatment of mental asylum patients
  • reformatories, NOT prisons
  • education reform
  • tax supported schools were rare- only rich went to school
  • wanted to instill republican values, personal values, and americanize immigrants
  • horace mann
  • north benefitted from education, south still had agricultural economy
  • temperance movement
  • drinking problems on farms
  • factory system needed efficient labor
  • family life suffered
  • seen as immigrant issue
  • american temperance society (1826): urged members to stop drinking, religious, move from temperance to prohibition
    • maine law of 1851: prohibited manufacture and sale of liquor
  • women
  • treated like second class citizens, democracy did not apply to women
  • cult of domesticity: womans place was at home being caretakers
  • reformers are inspired by the second great awakening and demand rights for women and take part in the other movements at the time
  • lucretia mott and elizabeth cady stanton advocate for womens suffrage
  • seneca falls convention (1848): women meet for right to vote
    • declaration of sentiments: all men AND women are created equal
    • launched modern womens rights movement
  • become overshadowed by abolitionist movement
  • transcendentalism
  • truth transcends the senses
  • believed everyone had an inner light
  • ralph waldo emerson: stressed self reliance, self improvement, and freedom
  • henry David Thoreau: inspired fighting with peace
• utopian communities
  • movements to move away from a conventional society and create different ones
  • mormons
  • brook farm: communal transcententalist experiment, secular, humanistic
  • new harmony: socialost community answered industrialization problems
  • most failed, but some survived

chapter 16: The south and slavery (1787-1860)

• slavery in america
  • bacons rebellion (1676) lead to the change from indentured servants to black slaves
  • constitutional convention pushed aside the issues of slavery in the 1780s
  • 3/5ths compromise
  • slave trade (trom Africa) ends in 1808
  • fugitive slave act: southerners should be returned their runaway slaved
  • Missouri compromise
  • slavery is ending in the northern and middle states
• king cotton
  • most important southern cash crop; cotton gin makes cotton famring profitable
  • demand for slave labor
  • cotton economy fueled by market revolution in both the north and south
  • created sectional divide
• expansion of slavery and the south
  • slaves were “needed” to help the economy run by rich white landowners
  • lack of industrialization in the south
  • 25% of the population owned slaved
  • majority were not owners, but defend the institution in hoped they can become a part of it
  • southern politics were controlled by the little amount of wealthy plantation owners
  • contrast with the north
  • no immigration (or need for it)
• african american communities
  • racial tension in the north as well as south
  • free black population in the south (about 250,000) is the same as the blackn population in the north
• slavery
  • varied greatly
  • treated as property
  • uncle toms cabin: book that gave light to the real horrors of slavery
  • not allowed any rights
  • could not learn to read
• resistance to slavery
  • work slowdowns
  • negligence
  • rinning away (underground railroad)
  • slave revolts
  • nat turners rebellion: VA slave revolt, killed 60 people
  • southerners react with harsher laws
• abolitionist movement
  • American colonization society: wanted to free slaves and send them back to Africa
  • william lloyd garrison (1833): radical abolitionist, wanted slavery to end immediately, published “the liberator”
  • soujerner truth and Frederick Douglass: former slaved who advocated for abolition
  • liberty party (1840): said the best way to deal with slavery is through politics
• southern response
  • gave excuses as to why slavery is right
  • the story of slavery was controlled by the south
  • gag resolution (1836-1844): banned anti slavery petitions being discussed in congress
  • southerners adopt bans on teaching slaved to read and write, slave codes are introduced, and anti slavery messages/literature are banned from southern mail and newspapers

chapter 17: manifest destiny, Tyler and Polk, and the Mexican American war (1841-1848)

• election of 1840

  • president- w. h. Harrison (whig)- dies 32 days after taking office
  • vp- john tyler, former democrat, changed parties because he hated Andrew Jackson
  • blocks goals of the whig party
  • holds democrat beliefs
  • attempts to annex texas

• election of 1844

  • polk vs clay- polk wins

• texas

  • polk wants to annex texas but its tyler who submitted a proposal at the end of his term
  • accomplished by a joint resolution where you only need the majority of both houses

• goals of polk

  1. lower tariff

  2. national expansion- manifest destiny

     1. expand to oregon
     2. texas
     3. california

• manifest destiny- belief that it was american destniy to conquer and civilize the entire continent, white supremacy

  • supported by democrats
  • western expansion had been going on for a very long time
  • louisiana purchase → missouri compromise
  • indian remocan policies
  • slavery complicates western expansion

• Oregon dispute “54, 40 or fight”

  • anglo- american convention in 1818 said that us and england agreed to peacefully and jointly occupy oregon territory
  • oregon trail; settlers flood to the area
  • major issue in the election of 1844
  • oregon treaty of 1846: britain gives up claim to oregon, no war needed

• Mexican American war

  • still viewed texas as part of them
  • dispute over borders
  • polk tries to buy california for $25 million
  • polk sends zachary taylor into disputed Mexico/us territory→ mexican american war begins in 1846
  • northern whigs oppose the war as they see it as an attempt to expand slavery
  • spot resolution: demands to know of the attacks happened on American soil
  • Wilmot Proviso (1846): attempted to ban slavery in any territory from Mexico
  • passed in the house, rejected by senate

• treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

  1. gave US land from texas to organ (CA, new Mexico, and the rest of the southwest)
  2. established rio grade border
  3. america paid claims from mexico
  4. people who lived in these areas become us citizens
  • creates new problems of slavery into politics- which people were trying to ignore

chapter 18: politics of slavery and sectional divide (1848-1854)

• free soil movement
  • issue if slavery in new territories becomes the key cause of sectional divide
  • free soil party (1848): opposed to slavery in new territories in the west, NOT abolitionists
  • wanted land in west for while male labor
  • southerners saw this as a violation of their constitutional rights
• election of 1848
  • whig candidate: Zachary Taylor- WINNER
  • party takes no stance on slavery
  • democrat candidate: lewis cass
  • supports popular sovereignty
  • free soil: van buren
• gold rush
  • gold discovered in CA in 1849, people rush there
  • gold→ economic growth → scetionl tension
• crisis of mexian cession
  • california bannes slavery and wants to enter untion as a free state
  • creates unbalance of slave vs free states
  • southerners become defensive and see this as a threat
• threats of secession
  • fire eaters: radical southerners who threaten to leave the union if california enters
• compromise of 1850
  • henry clay and stephen douglas
  • CA enters as a free state
  • mexican cession land setup as territories and governed by popular sovereignty
  • ban slave trade in washington dc
  • new (tougher) fugitive in the south
  • settled border dipute between MN and TX
• fugitive slave act of 1850
  • huge increase in sectional tension
  • turned the north into a hunting ground for fugitive slaves
  • northerners who assisted runaways could be arrested
  • slaves could not testify and were denied a jury trial
• northern resistance
  • northerners become sympathetic and grow the abolitionist movement
  • Underground Railroad
  • personal liberty laws: did not allow use of local jails to house fugitives
  • vigilance committees: protected fugitives from slave catchers
• election of 1852
  • franklin pierce (democrat)
  • whig party is extremely divided
• national expansion challenged
  • the slavery debate slowed national expansion (manifest destiny)
  • free soilers had suspiscuon of expansion attempts by pierce
  • ostend manifesto: plan for the US to buy cuba from Spain
  • free soilers denounced this plan
  • north was scared the south was trying to create a slave empire
• gadsden purchase
  • US buys strip of land from Mexico for $10 million in 1853
• kansas/nebraska act
  • stephen douglas wants a RR route through illinois to encourage western settlement
  • sets up 2 territories (kansas and Nebraska) to gain southern approval- slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty
  • repaels Missouri compromise becayse it says slavery can go north of 36, 30
  • northerners oppose and form republican party
  • gave south oppurtunity to expand slavery

chapter 19: Drifting toward disunion (1854-1861)

• northern resistance

  • uncle tom’s cabin written by harriet beecher stoew inspires many northeners to resist the fugitive slave act
  • brought the morality argument into the slavery debate

• results of the kansas nebraska act

  • assumed that kansas would be slave and nebraska would be free
  • people flood into Kansas

  two rival governments are set up

  • Topeka- free soil
  • lecompten- slave gov’t

• bleeding kansas

  • open battles takes place in kansas
  • pottawomie creek: john brown and his followers violently attack pro-slavery forces

• fighting in congress

  • charles sumber gives speech condemning bleeding kansas and insults senator andrew butler
  • preston brooks beats sumner with a cane
  • vioence over slavery is spreading to congress

• election of 1856

  • republicans- john c freemont
  • democrat- James buchanan (WINNER)
  • chosen because he was nautral to kansas nebraska act
  • know nothing party- Millard Fillmore

• lecompton constitution

  • 1st challence for buchanan
  • pro slavery document in kansas, free soilers boycott election
  • supported by buchanan, but rejected by congress
  • popular sovreignty proved to be a failure

• dred scott case

  • slave for sued for his freedom
  • count dominated by southerners
  • ruling:
  1. african American are not citizens- could not sue
  2. slaves are property, they could not be taken away- congress couldn’t make laws against “property”
  3. missouri compromise unconstitutional

• Lincoln Douglas debates

  • lincoln- republican debates Douglas- democrat for the illinois sentate in 1858
  • lincoln challenged Douglas in the dred scott decision: could slavery be prevented in the territories (dred scott said no)
  • douglas said slavery could be prevented through popular sovereignty
  • results:
  • douglass wins
  • Lincoln is well known
  • democrats will split in 1860

• john brown at harpers ferry

  • brown wants to spark a slave revolt in 1859
  • does not go well- charged with treason
  • impact
  • south is outraged
  • brown becomes martyr to abolitionists
  • immediate cause of secession

• election of 1860

  • slavery split democrats
  • northern democrats - Stephen Douglas
  • southern democrats- John c Breckinridge
  • republican- Lincoln (WINNER)
  • no extension of slavery, but can keep it where it is
  • protective tarriff
  • railroad
  • free land for homesteads
  • southerners threaten to leave if Lincoln wins
  • lincoln is a minority president- doesnt have a lot of support
  • south carolina votes for secession- 7 states leave before lincoln takes office
  • confederacy is formed with jefferson davis as president

• one last compromise?

  • last attempt to avoid major crisis
  • return the idea of misouri compromise
  • lincoln rejects it

chapter 20/21: the civil war (1861-1865)

• Fort Sumter: war starts
  • 7 southern states leave union before lincoln takes office
  • in Lincoln inagural adress he pledges to not interfere with slavery
  • tells states they have no right of secession
  • wanted to keep border states
  • was not fighting for slavery- was fighting for the union
  • lincoln sents provisons to fort sumter- confederacy attacks
  • impact:
  • unites northerners, fighting to preserve union
  • 4 more southern states join confederacy
  • lincolns priority becomes keeping the border states in the union
• border states are slave states that side with the union
  • would give more men to fight for confederacy
  • would give manufacturing capacity to the south
  • stragetic geographic location- near both sides capitals
• union advantages and disadvantages

• condederate advantages and disadvantages

• northern mobilization
  • conscriptoon act: first draft, all men 20-45 had to register, caused riots
• road to emancipation
  • military: liberating the slaves would mess up the souths ecominc foundation
  • ideological: it’s the right thing to do and there was pressure to do from radical republicans
  • wanted the war to be about slavery
• emancipation proclamation
  • following the battle of antietam (union victory, bloodiest battle)
  • justified as a military necessity
  • declared slaves free in rebel territory but NOT the border states
  • impact
  • strengthened moral cause for the north
  • helped keep europe from aiding confederacy
  • gave union new soldiers, former slaved
  • limits
  • north had no authority in the confederacy
  • did not apply to border states
• africal Americans join war but experience prejudice
• use of executive power
  • civil liberties are reduced during times of crisis
  • Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus which took away peoples rights to knowing about their charges and trials If arrested
  • presidential power increases
  • ordered a blockade without approval of congress
  • increased army size
• politics during the war
  • confederate challenged include:
  • Europe got cotton from other sources- NOT the south
  • failure at antietam
  • emancipation proclamation
  • tradition of states rights makes fighting the war difficult
  • challenged for Lincoln
  • radical republicans
  • war democrats- support war but not lincolns policies
  • peace democrats (copperheads): opposed war and wanted to negotiate peace
  • election of 1864
  • lincold is re-elected
• acts made during the war
  • done because there was a republican majority in congress
  • morrill tarrif act (1861): paid for watr and protected northern industry
  • homestead act (1862): set up sale of land west and encourcged settlement
  • legal tender act (1862): printed paper money- “greenbacks”
  • national bank act (1863): financial landmark during the war, sought to create a unified banking system
  • pacific railway act (1863): established northern route of the transcontinental railroad
• impact
  • over 600,000 lives lost
  • southern ecomony destroyed
  • northern industrialization grew
  • republican laws passed
  • union preserved
  • 13th amendment- freed slaves

chapter 22: the reconstruction era (1865-1877)

• key challenges

  1. how to bring the south back into the union
  2. how to rebild the south
  3. how to integrate freed slaves- most were unskilled, illiterate
  4. what branch of government controlled reconstruction
  5. what to do with former confederate leaders

• freedmens bureau

  • to help poor souther whites and freedmen
  • gave food, shelter, healthcare
  • greatest success was education
  • wanted to give land to former slaves- almost never happened and former slaves were economically vulnerable

• reconstruction plans

• southern defiance: black codes
  • purpose was to guarantee a stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated
  • African Americans could not buy land
  • had to sign labor contracts- penalty for leaving before contract expired
  • cannot serve on a jury or vote
  • southerners wanted to restore pre-emancipation style of race relations- “redeemer” governments
  • forced to become sharecroppers- share land and get % of crops
  • new form of slavery
• johnson vs. congress
  • northern repubblicans are angry that johnson is pardoning officials and that they are returning to office
  • calls for stricter reconstruction- congressional reconstruction
  • congress prevents southern congressmen from being in power
  • johnson vetoes freedmans bureau- congress passes it
  • passes civil rights bill of 1866
  • have citizenship to african americans and got rid of black coded
  • johnson vetoed- congress overrode
  • 14th amendment- declared everyone born in the US a citizen→ citizens had rights
  • helped solve the problem of southern states being able to overturn laws
• johnson impeached
  • tenture of office act (1867): reduced presidential power, protected republican cabinet members
  • congress must approve everything
  • leads to impeachment of Johnson
• south is temporarily experiencing a social and political revolution
• reconstruction falls apart
  • KKK- tried to secure white suppremacy and resist recon. government
  • force acts of 1870 and 1871: sent federal troops to stop the KKK
  • civil rights act of 1875: guaranteed equal access to public places, protected rights to serve on juries
  • rarely enforced and eventually overturned
  • government was unwilling to use power to monitor the south

chapter 23: The gilded age (1869-1896)

• president grant
  • civil war hero wins presidency for the rebublican party
  • beccause black voters could ovte for republican candidates
  • lots of corruption in his administration
  • credit moblier- VP and congress involved in railroad scandal
  • whiskey ring- secretary is stealing money from gov’t and a tax scheme
  • grants- used to descrube corruption in politics
  • boss tweed- stole money NY taxpayers (worked for tamany hall- a political machine)
• panic of 1873
  • severe economic collapse that distracts from reconstruction
  • overproduction from factories
  • too much money handed out
  • causes debate between hard currency and greenbacks- agrarians want cheap money
• election of 1876
  • rebublican rutherford b hayes wins
  • political controversy because 3 souther states were contested
  • compromise of 1877: Hayes is president, but he has to pull out troops from the south and end reconstruction formally, provide the south political patronage, and aid for a transcontinental RR in the south
• the court undermines reconstruction
  • civil rights act of 1875: protected rights and made it illegal for any individual to deny rights, prohibited racial discrimination in the government
  • civil rights cases of 1883: said that individual people were allowed to discriminate against people
  • jim crow laws: segregation laws in the south
  • plessy v Ferguson: ruled that racial segregation was constitutional if both versions of the facility was equal
  • literacy tests, poll taxes, property requirements, and grandfather clauses were put in place to block the right of black men to vote
• Chinese immigrants
  • large increase in asian immigration
  • important during mining booms and the building of the railroads
  • spike in nativism- not wanting immigrants
  • chinese exclusion act (1882): prohibited the immigration of chinese laborers
  • first time immigration restrictions were put in place based on race
• gilded age politics were tied to big businesses and economic issues
  • both parties ignore political and social consequences of industrialization
  • laizzez faire: government should not monitor society
  • currency
  • civil service reform
  • patronage was used by both parties
  • call for civil service reform- end spoils system
  • tariff
  • treasury has a huge surplus from tariffs- wanted to lower tariffs
• gilded age politics
  • hayes (1876-1880)
  • president colowing compromise of 1877
  • sends federal troops to break up railroad strike
  • James Garfield (1880-1884)
  • assassinated
  • taken over by chester Arthur
    • supported Pendleton act (1883): supported civil service reform, people had to take exam to prove they were capable of doing the job
  • grover Cleveland (1884-1888)
  • advocated for laizzes faire
  • intertsate commerce act (1887)
  • banjamin harrison (1888-1892)
  • wants to keep the tarriff high
  • billion dollar congress- mckinely tarriff- extrememly high tarriff, civil war pensions
  • grover cleveland (1892-1896)

chapter 24: the industrial revolution (1865-1900)

• industrial revolution
  • america becomes the leading industrial worls power
  • rapid economic transformation
  • impacts economical, social, and political
  • manufacturing replaces agriculture as the sourse of economic growth
  • rise of big business causes migrations and urbanization
• inventions and innovations
  • high rate of pattents
  • telephone
  • lightbulb
  • created new changes in daily lifes, jobs, and social consequences
• railroads
  • land and load subsidies were given to RR companies
  • want to increase western land value
  • new business practices were introduced
  • stockholders
  • financing
  • competition
  • consolidation (fewer companies) leads to standardization of the industry
  • western expansion
• first transcontinental railroad
  • est duriing civil war by the pacific railroad act (1862): allowed for the route of the RR being established
  • union pacific
  • build from nebraska to the west, irish
  • central pacific
  • builds from CA and meets in the middle, chinese laborers
• impact of the RR
  • unified the domestic market- created national market for goods
  • allowed mass distribution of goods and raw materials
  • encouraged mass production, consumption, and regional specialization
  • promoted growth of other industries and cities
  • facilitated immigration
  • changes lide- creates time zones
• corruption in RR industry
  • railroad tycoons are becoming too powerful
  • cornelious Vanderbilt
  • federal and grants and loans create corruption in the gov’t
  • overbuilding takes place- created economic chaoes- companies go bankrupt
  • discounts given to favorites
  • small farmers are hurt
  • “pools” are created secretly between companies to fix rates and share profits
• government regulation
  • people demand the gov’t intervene
  • farmers are the most vocal group calling for reform- grange movement
  • munn v Illinois: rules the state could regulate business
  • overturned with wabash case- rules states could not regulate intertstae commerce
  • interstate commerce act (1887)
  • set up interstate commerce commission
  • federal gov’t would oversee pooling, rebates, and rate fixing
  • comapnies had to publish rates
  • first large scale attempt by gov’t to regulate business for society
  • initially not very effective
• rise of heavy industry
  • railroads
  • oil
  • John d Rockefeller
  • standard oil
  • steel
  • Cornelius Vanderbilt
  • steel industry
  • coal
  • horizontal integration (Rockefeller)
  • controlling all competition
  • merging competing companies
  • vertical integration (Vanderbilt)
  • controlling all aspects of manufacturing your product, all stages of production
  • eliminate middle man
• ideas of the industrial revolution
  • laissez faire
  • survival of the fittest/ social Darwinism
  • gospel of wealth: belief that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the poor
• public opposition
  • Sherman anti-trust act (1890): outlawed trust and other monopolies that fix prices and restrain trade
  • ineffective at first- used to break up labor unions
• labor unions
  • challenges
  • division between unskilled and skilled workers
  • racial division
  • hostility from the corporations
  • no protection from the government
  • replacement workers were brought in
  • national labor union (1866)
  • first attempt to organize workers across states
  • demand higher wages and 8 hour work day
  • knights of labor (1869)
  • opened the union to ALL workers
  • American federation of labor (1886)
  • focused on skilled workers
  • focused on small issues like wages and working conditions- not social issues
  • largest labor union by 1900
• labor unrest
  • great railroad strike (1877)
  • Hayes sends troops to end
  • Haymarket bombing (1886): bomb explodes during public meeting
  • people viewed the movement as radical and violent
  • homestead strike (1892): attack on workers at Carnegies steel factory
  • Pullman strike (1894)

chapter 25: immigration and urbanization (1865-1900)

• growth of cities
  • huge increase in urbanization
  • economic opportunities bring people to jobs in the cities
  • immigration- Europe and Asia
  • internal migration- African Americans
  • supported by new technology
  • sky scraper
  • electric streetcars
  • changing roles for women
  • new jobs
  • economic opportunity and sense of independence
• problems in the cities
  • growth of urban poverty- rising gap between rich and poor
  • lack of clean water
  • limited sanitation
  • tenements and slums
  • dumbbell tenement: ,
  • neighborhoods are segregated by class, race, and ethnicity
• political bosses and machine politics
  • political machines controlled politics in major cities
  • boss tweed
  • political bosses controlled the rank and file and rewarded supporters with jobs in gov’t
  • provided basic welfare serviced to the poor and immigrant communities
  • creates greed, corruption, and fraud
• old v new immigrants,

• why did immigrants come

  • pull factors: ideas, freedom, stories from past generations, economic opportunity (jobs created by industrial revolution)
  • push factors: farm jobs lost, lack of land, poverty, political instability, lack of freedom

• response ot immigration

  • ellis island: opened as an immigration processing stations
  • rise of nativism- more intense
  • racial
  • economic- scared immigrants would take jobs
  • political- coming with radical ideas
  • religious- not protestant
  • attempts to exclude
  • Chinese exclusion act (1882)
  • American protective association: anti-catholic group made of protestants
  • literacy tests (1917)
  • quota acts in the 1920s
  • various attempts to help the problems
  • social gospel movement: christians had a responsibility to help deal with urban poverty
  • Salvation Army: provided poverty relief
  • YMCA and YWCA- Christian values
  • settlement house movement
    • Jane Addams hull house (1889): provided social services in the community and helped immigrants adapt to new society

• beliefs of the industrial revolution

  • belief in protestant work ethic

• african american responses

  • booker t Washington
  • ex slave
  • wrote hus autobioography “up from slavery”
  • wanted african americans to be able to have skills to gain respect and security
  • established tuskegee institute
  • did not advicate directly for challenging white supremacy
  • w.e.b. dubois
  • northerner
  • created NAACP (1909)
  • demanded immediate socal and political equality
  • rejected booker’s gradualism

chapter 26: western expansion and agricultural civilization (1865-1896)

• western settlement
  • the federal government is promoting development and moving west
  • homestead act (1862): offered public land to people who lived on it and improved it for 5 years
  • intended to encourage western settlement
  • hard to do with limited resources and money
  • pacific railroad act (1862): authored bruising of transcontinental RR- completed in 1869
• western economy
  • boom and bust cycle
  • mining industry
  • cattle industry
• myth vs reality in the west
  • romanticized
  • complexities of Native American life are ignored
  • melting pot- chinese immigrants, native americans, and american settlers
  • religious- mormons
  • woman’s suffrage was more common in the west- Wyoming is the first state
• life in the trans-mississippi
  • life for the plains Indians have changes
  • rely on hunting bison
  • Europeans being horses, firearms, alcohol, and disease
  • increasing pressure on Native American life and leads to conflict
  • severe decline in bison population
• indian wars
  • violence occurs as people move into native land
  • sand creek massacre (1864): Colorado militia attack native tribes
  • battle of little big horn (1876): the Sioux tribe kill americans
  • battle of wounded knee
  • ghost dance movement begins amongst the Sioux tribe in Dakota territory
  • cultural and religious revival
  • thought it would get rid of the white settlers
  • federal gov’t tries to stop this
  • army kills oner 200 native people
  • marks the end of the major Native American frontier wars
• attempts at assimilation
  • people are questioning the gov’t mistreatment of native Americans
  • Helen hunt Jackson wrote “a century of dishonor”
  • boarding schools were attempted to assimilate native people
  • Dawes severalty act (1887): end tribal ownership of land
  • split land into private farms
  • native had to adopt American ways and live on land for 25 years and then they could become citizens
  • remaining land was sold to white farmers
  • massive failure- Native American dramatically declined
• closing of the frontier
  • Oklahoma territory was opened up to settlement in 1889
  • native Americans were relocated again
  • fredrick Jackson turner writes the significance of the frontier in american history
  • argues that the frontier has closed
  • thinks the frontier makes america independent and opportunistic- had a theory you could always move west if life got hard
  • ignored contributions of people already there, women, and people moving to urban areas
• farmers organize
  • becoming more commercialized
  • problems
  • falling prices
  • unfair RR business practices
  • high costs for machines
  • tight money
  • high tariff- supported by republicans
  • the grange movement: organized social and educational activated and demanded collective reform
  • munn v Illinois: states could regulate railroads- overturned by Wabash case- lead to passage of the interstate commerce act
  • farmers alliance: excluded blacks and tenant farmers (farmers who don’t own the land)
  • populist party
  • farmers
  • want gov’t ownership of the railroads
  • free and unlimited coinage of silver (increases money supply)
  • graduated income tax- rich pay more
  • direct election of senators
• ending the 19th century
  • growing frustration over the laissez faire system
  • homestead strike (1892): workers at carnegie steel plant are defeated
  • panic of 1893: stock market crashes as a result over overspeculation and overproduction
  • cleveland continues laissez faire approach
  • coxey’s army (1894): unemployed march to DC and demand the gov’t hires the jobless for public works jobs
  • pullman strike (1894): cleveland uses the army to defeat the RR strike
• election of 1896
  • william mckinely vs william kennings bryan
  • mckinely wins (republican)
  • populists fade and democrats take some of their views

chapter 27: empire and expansion- imperialism (1890-1909)

• important ideas
  • expansion has focused on moving west in America- now going to focus on going out of the country
  • frontier if closed- nowhere to go in the west
  • in the 1890s the us becomes a global power
• motives for imperialism
  • economic: industrial revolution opens up markets abroad and access to cheap raw materials and trade
  • political: desire to compete with other nations- wants to be a world power
  • strategic/military: acquire naval bases- Panama canal
  • ideological: idea of the white mans burden- darwinism applied to national affairs, spread christian values to other nations
• hawaii
  • 1820s missionaries want to convert native people to christianity
  • sugar and pineapple planters buy up land- dole family
  • 1887 American signs treaty that established Pearl Harbor naval base
  • us wants to annex Hawaii, but Hawaiians didn’t want to join American
  • queen advocated for Hawaiian control, but us didn’t listen and this causes a revolt
  • Americans overthrow the queen in 1893
  • Cleveland rejects annexation, McKinley annexed it in 1898
• Spanish American war
  • Cuba was controlled by Spain- revolts against Spain were becoming more common
  • us has infestations in sugar plantations in Cuba
  • sympathy for the Cuban people
  • yellow journalism: exaggerated reporting
  • war begins in 1898- us declared war against Spain
  • us ship was bombed by Spain
  • teller amendment: US declares they have no intention of taking over Cuba
  • treaty of Paris (1898)
  • gives the us Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
• imact of the war
  • what should the US do with the new territory?
  • anti-imperialist league: opposed annexation of the Philippines
  • McKinley favored expansion and congress approved the treaty
  • cuba
  • teller amendment replaced by platt amendment: us can intervene to restore peace and order, Cuba could not sign treaties, us can have a naval base in Cuba
  • us withdraws troops
  • Puerto rico
  • forager act (1900): granted limited degree of popular gov’t, withheld full self rule
  • us citizenship in 1979
  • status of these places was uncertain
  • insular cases: constitutional rights are not automatically extended to people in American territories
  • the Philippines
  • believed they would get independence with the treaty of Paris
  • brutal guerrilla war with US and Philippines
• access to china
  • us wanted markets In china
  • other countries turned china into spheres of influence: area of exclusive trading privileges
  • open door policy (1899): all nations should have equal trading privileges in china
  • boxer rebellion: attempt to remove foreign influence from china
• theodore roosevelt
  • McKinley reelected in 1900 but assassinated in 1901
  • dramatic rise in power of presidency
  • expansionist foreign policy
  • “speak softly and carry a big stick”
  • don’t back down from using force if needed
• panama canal
  • canal would cut down travel time- help trade and military
  • France tried to build canal first
  • Roosevelt tried to get Columbia to allow the US build canal
  • Columbia rejects the treaty
  • TR decides to secret support Panamanian independence
  • hay-buneau-varilla treaty: gives US the right to build the Panama Canal
• Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine
  • Monroe doctrine: Europe stays out of the western hemisphere
  • Latin American countries owed money to England and Germany
  • Roosevelt corollary: US has the right to intervene in Latin America to manage these issues
  • expands US roles in latin america
  • strains relationships
• roosevelt in east Asia
  • us is converened over growing Japanese strength
  • great white fleet: US battleships go on tour around the world to demonstrate growing US power

chapter 28: Roosevelt and the progressive movement (1890/1901-1912)

• the progressive movement

  • why?
  • industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created changes and challenged for the US
  • what?
  • effort to use gov’t power to regulate and improve society
  • rejection of laissez faire
  • not a radical movement- want to save capitalism
  • who?
  • mostly middle class people
  • very diverse- church leaders, politicians, union leaders, women, African Americans
  • compare to:
  • age of Jackson
  • populists
  • new deal

• promoting reform: muckrakers

  • attempted to expose problems in American society
  • mostly journalists
  • ida Tarbell: wrote “a history of standard oil company” and exposed Rockefeller
  • Jacob Riis: wrote “how the other half lives” and exposed the slums of NY
  • Lincoln Steffens: “the shame of the cities” exposed corruption in political machines
  • Upton Sinclair: “the jungle” exposed the meatpacking industry

• progressive women

  • broke down the idea of women’s roles in homes
  • national child labor committee: women fought for laws banning child labor
  • national consumers league: headed by Florence kelly, advocated for rights of women in the workplace as well as child labor
  • muller v Oregon: ruled that laws protecting women and work day restrictions were constitutional
  • had good intentions but a bad execution
  • triangle shirtwaist fire: factory fire in shirt factory, killed 146 workers who were mostly women and immigrants- sparked a need for workplace reform

• urban reform

  • urban poverty, slums, political corruption, and alcoholism were problems in the cities
  • settlement house movement was used to help people out of urban poverty
  • desire to take away power from political bosses and our it under public control
  • municipal gov’t reform created fire, police, and sanitation environments- elected by voters

• state reform

  • fighting against corporate control of state politics
  • gov. Robert la Follette pioneered many reforms in Wisconsin
  • Wisconsin idea; regulate public utilities, take on RR industry, tax reform, political reform

• political reform

  • wanted to increase democracy and reduce trusts
  • direct primary: nomination of candidate is now decided by voters
  • recall: elected politicians can be removed from office by the voters before their term expired
  • referendum: voters can directly vote on a law
  • initiative: voters could introduce laws
  • 17th amendment: rather than state legislation, voters would directly vote for senators
  • advocated for by the populists in the 1890s

• temperance movement

  • division over the movement
  • wet- against
  • dry- for prohibition
  • native born vs immigrants
  • rural v urban
  • woman’s christian temperance union: large organization of women advocating for temperance
  • anti-saloon league (1895): advocated for legal prohibition

• theodore roosevelt

  • believed in an enlarged role for the president
  • changes in labor relations
  • mckinely sided with corporations (RR strike 1877)
  • Cleveland sided with corporations (pull am strike 1894)
  • TR tries to mediate but threatens to take over mines with federal troops (coal miners strike 1902)

• TR’s square deal (3 c’s)

  1. control of corporations
  2. consumer protection
  3. conservation of the environment
  • trust busting (corporations)
  • used the Sherman anti trust act to bust trusts NOT labor unions
    • broke up northern security company (RR company)
  • distinguished between good and bad trusts
  • increased the power of the federal gov’t
    • increase power of the interstate commerce commission
    • Elkins act (1903): increased penalties for rate rebates
    • Hepburn act (1906): gave the ICC the power to set max rates for RRds
  • consumer protections
  • “the jungle” was intended to increase support for workers rights but the public focused on the meat industry
  • meat inspection act (1906): gov’t would regulate the meat industry
  • pure food and drug act (1906): created FDA and protected against the mislabeling of foods and drugs
  • conversation
  • not a national issue
  • sierra club: advocating for the environment
  • forest reserve act (1891) to protect 150 million acres fo federal land
  • newlands reclamation act (1902): moeny from sale of public lands was used for irrigation projects in the west

• taft

  • continued Roosevelts policies
  • breaking up trusts
  • conservationism
  • foreign policy
  • dollar dimplamcy: investing money in areas of concern to the US

chapter 29: progressive movement and Wilson foreign policy (1912-1916)

• republicans divided
  • divides during tafts presidency
  • taft vs TR
  • taft supports Payne-aldrich tariff (1909) which raised rates- angered progressive republicans
  • taft fired Roosevelts friend who worked in the government- also angered taft supporters and conservationists
• election of 1912
  • taft wins republican nomination
  • TR forms the progressive party (bull moose party)
  • new nationalism program which has an active federal gov’t perusing reform
  • democrat nomination was wilson- lowered tariff, bank reform, anti-trust lalws
  • wilson is elected president
• progressise era under Wilson
  • Wilsons triple wall of privilege

• african american civil rights

  • most progressive reformers were not interested in extending democracy to African Americans
  • ignored by progressive politicians
  • very little protests to the rise of lynching or Jim Crow laws
  • booker t Washington- thought African Americans should have vocational skills to gain self respect and economic security, did not advocate for directly challenging white supremacy
  • w.e.b. Dubois- rejected bookers gradualism, demanded immediate equality for African Americans, helped found the NAACP
  • ida b wells- important in the anti-lynching campaign, woman’s suffrage, and civil rights

• women in the movement

  • Wilson is not an advocate for women suffrage
  • carrie chapman Catt- president of the national American woman suffrage association (NAWSA), favored fighting for suffrage state by state
  • Alice Paul- broke away from NAWSA and formed the national woman’s party in 1916
  • more militant
  • protested at white house
  • wanted national amendment

• Wilsons foreign policy

  • us was pursuing. aggressive foreign policy in Asia and latin American
  • McKinley- open door policy
  • TR- big stick policy
  • taft- dollar diplomacy
  • Wilson shifts direction with “moral diplomacy”
  • proposed democracy to other countries
  • less imperialism

• wilson in Mexico

  • Mexican revolution removed dictator from power- created rotating leadership
  • us had lots of investments in Mexico
  • Wilson refused to recognize Mexican gov’t
  • orders an arms embargo and gives aid to revolutionaries righting
  • American soldiers arrested at Tampico
  • US navy occupies Veracruz
  • Pancho Villa led raids across the border killing Americans
  • Wilson sends in US forces to arrest villa
  • war in Europe caused Wilson to remove troops from Mexico

• the great war

  • variety of factors contributed to the outbreak of WW1
  1. nationalism- wanted to be #1
  2. imperialism- wanted to be a world power
  3. alliances- needed people to help you
  4. militarism
  5. assassination of archduke Ferdinand

• us neutrality

  • Wilson advocated for neutrality but it was difficult to maintain
  • us was never completely neutral during WW1- has stronger connection to England than Germany
  • American public was largely anti-german
  • American manufacturing and banking sided with the allied cause- England and France benefited from the US
  • Germany used u-boats and sinks ships
  • lusitania- killed Americans
  • sussex pledge- Germany pledges not to sink ant ships without warning

• election of 1916

  • wilson wins re-election because he kept us out of war

chapter 30: WWI (1914-1919)

• US entry to WW1
  • slow process- natural in the beginning
  • violations of US neutrality
  • sussex, lusitania
  • zimmerman note: British intercept a German proposal to Mexico calling for a joint alliance
  • Germany wants Mexico to attack the US and recover lost territory
  • Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare in hopes the US would join the war but Germany would be able to win before that
  • April 1917 congress declares war on Germany
  • Wilson wants to be involved in the post-war settlement and “make the world safe for democracy”
• mobilization
  • us was entirely unprepared for war
  • selective service act: organizes a draft
  • American expeditionary force headed by general Pershing
  • total war effort: all aspects of the country mobilizes
  • war was financed by war bonds and income taxes from the 16th amendment
  • federal agencies with the gov’t and business working together are created
  • national war labor board: helped mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes
  • war industries board: set production priorities for the war
  • US food administration: headed by Herbert hoover, encouraged people to conserve food
  • boosted support for the 18th amendment- prohibition has begun
• silencing dissent
  • stopping people from opposing the war
  • committee of public information: headed by George creel to promote the war effort with propaganda
  • espionage act (1917): prohibited interference with the raft or war effort
  • sedition act (1918): banned anyone from criticizing the gov’t
  • anti-german sentiment increases
  • Schneck v. US (1919)
  • Charles Schenk was arrested under the espionage act for mailing leaflets to men eligible fro the draft and trying to persuade them not to join
  • supreme court ruled that congress has the power to restrain speech if it posed a clear and present danger
• social impact on the home front
  • great migration: African Americans start to move to northern cities (1910)
  • racial relations
  • job opportunities
  • African Americans serve in segregated units
  • race riots break out in major cities in 1919
  • women work in wartime factories
  • leads to 19th amendment and woman finally have the right to vote
• wilsons 14 points
  • Wilsons proposal for the postwar world
  • goal is to prevent another world war
  • how:
  • guarantee freedom of the seas
  • eliminate economic trade barriers
  • military reduction
  • no more colonies
  • no more secret treaties
  • formation of a league of nations
• the big 4
  • David Lloyd-gorge - great Britain
  • Vittorio orlando- Italy
  • Georges Clemenceau- France
  • Woodrow wilson- USA
  • these nations are not as idealistic as Wilson
  • want to use the war to punish Germany and help their own countries
• treaty of Versailles
  • rejects Wilsons 14 points
  • includes league of nations
  • has to get it approved by republican congress
  • hated idea of the US joining the LON
  • Henry cabot lodge leads opposition to the LON
• leauge of nations
  • tradition of isolationist policies and avoiding European affairs- most people want to stay this way
  • opposition of article 10: nations would have to help other nations in the event of external aggression
  • angered people because they thought it violated the constitution
  • fear that the US would have to deal with foreign issues and europe would ignore the Monroe doctrine
  • congress rejects the treaty
  • league of nations IS formed but without the us
  • many mark the rejection of the LON as a withdraw of the US from foreign affairs in the 1920s

chapter 31: roaring 20s (1919-1929)

• fear following WWI

  • communist party came to power in Russia in 1917
  • strikes shut down important industries in 1919
  • steel strike of 1919
  • Boston police strike on 1919
  • race riots are still occurring In cities as a response to the demographic changes
  • chicago 1919
  • bombing occur in 8 American cities in 1919-1920
  • becomes red scare: 1919-1920
  • attorney general a. Mitchell palmer leads a series of raids against suspected radicals

• rise of nativism

  • palmer raids lead to mass arrest of suspected radicals
  • being arrested for their ideas, not real crimes
  • continued hatred of new immigrants
  • quota act of 1921: limited immigration numbers of 3% of those living un the us as of 1910
  • national quota act of 1924: set the quota at 2% of the immigrants in the US in 1890
  • severe restrict asian immigrants- NO Japanese immigrants
  • unrestricted immigration from the Western Hemisphere

• Sacco and Vanzetti case

  • symbolic of the anti immigrant feeling in the 1920s
  • Italian immigrates charged with robbery and murder in 1921
  • found guilty and sentenced to death (executed in 1927)
  • demonstrated the tensions of the era- people thought they were not getting justice
  • italian
  • anarchists
  • WWI draft dodgers

• resurgence of the KKK

  • broadens its influence in the 20s
  • expands to the midwest
  • hated toward immigrants, Catholic, radicals, ect.
  • pro KKK film was popular in the 20s
  • branded itself as a patriotic organization
  • gets supports from white protestants in small towns
  • exerted large political influence

• mass consumption economy

  • majority of Americans are living in urban areas
  • economic prosperity is roaring
  • growth in stock market
  • investment based on speculation
  • large number of new and affordable consumer goods are becoming available
  • vacuum
  • washing machine
  • electricity in homes leads to this demand
  • buying goods on credit- possess today and pay tomorrow
  • leads to debt
  • advertising industry manipulates consumer demand

• transportation changes

  • Frederick taylors principles of scientific management increased productivity
  • cars- Henry ford’s model t
  • growth of industries
  • rubber
  • steel
  • gasoline
  • highway construction
  • Charles Lindbergh becomes first person to fly solo across the Atlantic
  • radio makes him known

• mass media: radio and movies

  • first radio broadcast comes out of Pittsburgh- announced election of president harding
  • tied the nation together by providing shared experienced
  • rise of the movie industry- hollywood
  • the jazz singer becomes first “talkie”
  • celebrity culture begins to rise in the 20s
  • babe ruth
  • Clara bow

• gender roles in the 20s

  • social customs are being challenges
  • music, dancing, and drinking challenged traditional values
  • labor saving devices (vacuum, washer, ect.) changed women’s roles at home
  • flappers become symbol of this independent lifestyle
  • Margaret Sanger: spoke openly about advocacy for birth control

• fundamentalism

  • became a battle between modern and traditional valued
  • fundamentalists meliemned that every single world in the Bible is literally true

• prohibition

  • 18th amendment: prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol

  ***NOT the drinking of alcohol

  • volstead act: federal law that enforced the 18th amendment
  • extremely opposed in large cities
  • speakeasies, bootleg liquor
  • understaffed ale enforcement and widespread corruption
  • rise of organized crime
  • al capone in Chicago

• black american in the 1920s

  • great migration brought numerous African Americans to northern cities
  • jazz music spread out of new Orleans
  • Harlem, NYC was the cultural center of black American
  • Harlem renaissance: artistic movement in Harlem in the 20s
  • Claude mckay
  • Langston hughes
  • zora neale hurston
  • Louis armstrong
  • Marcus Harvey founded the united negro improvement association (UNIA)- called for African Americans to go back to African
  • promoted black pride and confidence

• the lost generation

  • f. scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, sinflair lewis
  • criticized different aspects of the decade
  • why did we fight WWI
  • small town values
  • fundamentalist religious views
  • materialism of the decade

chapter 32: politics of the 20s and start of the Great Depression (1920-1932)

• politics of the 1920s

  • opposite of the progressive era reform period- Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
  • don’t see power of the presidency
  • business and gov’t are linked
  • Harding- return to normalcy
  • Cooldige
  • Hoover
  • all republican and conservative

• handling businesses

  • republican residents favor high tariffs
  • pro business policies of the republican admins.
  • fordney-mccumber act (1922)- increased tariff
  • trickle down economics
  • Europe praised their own tariffs in response
  • slows down global trade
  • lead to some scandals and corruption
  • teapot dome scandal- secretary of interior Albert fall accepted bribed in exchange for gov’t land to oil industried
  • harding dies in august 1923- Coolidge becomes president

• Calvin Coolidge

  • Coolidge continued pro-business policies
  • “the business of American is business”
  • signed national quota act of 1924
  • wins election of 1924
  • against la folette of the progressive party
  • does not run again in 1928

• decade that didn’t roar: farmers and unions

  • union membership declined
  • companies favored an “open shop”- jobs open to non-union workers
  • red scare turned public away from labor
  • farmers are experiencing economic difficulty
  • following WWI the demand for crops goes down
  • advancement in technology hurts farmers
  • too much supply, lower prices

• herbert hoover

  • republican nominated for election of 1928

• international affairs

  • us rejected joining the league of nations

  • gave the impression that we were completely isolationist

  • us doesn't not entirely withdraw from world affairs

  • Washington naval arms conference (1921)

    1. naval disarmament
    2. promote peace (in Pacific/Asia especially)
    3. reduce defense expenditures

  • five power treaty- set battleship ratios, US and England agree to no possessions in the pacific

  • four power treaty- respecting territory in the pacific

  • nine power treaty- all nations respect the open door policy

  • Kellogg briand pact (1928) - outlawed war, can’t enforce it, allowed for defensive wars

• international finance

  • us becomes a creditor nation after WWI
  • loaned lots of money to European countries recovering from WWI
  • european nations were slow to rebuild and repay
  • high tariffs weaken and slow down international trade
  • germany was bankrupt
  • Dawes plan (1924)- adjusted German reparation payments
  • Us banks loan money to Germany to help pay for rebuilding of England and France
  • England and France would use their reparations from Germany to pay back the US
  • stock market crash of 1929 ends this

• great depression begins

  • tremendous speculation spiraled the price of stocks upward
  • Black Tuesday: 10/29/29- stock prices plunge causing a panic and a quick dumping of stocks
  • collapse in the US and abroad
  • 25% of the nation is unemployed
  • thousands of banks fair
  • homes and farms forclose
  • soup kitchens and breadlines help a little
  • most people lived In “Hoovervilles”

• causes of the Great Depression

  • overproduction of agriculture and industry- depressed agricultural conditions
  • workers wages did not increase enough, uneven distribution of wealth
  • too much reliance on credit- overstimulated consumer buying, leads to bank failures
  • international economic problems- war debts and Hugh tariffs from republican administration
  • unbalanced foreign trade
  • stock market crash
  • effects from WWI
  • drained resourced
  • debt
  • long term and unseen
  • downward spiral of effects- once you start you can’t stop
  • banking industry is failing
  • poor leadership- hoover couldn’t help the gov’t and the people

• hoovers response

  • opposed gov’t intervention
  • did too little too late
  • Hawley-smoot tariff (1930): highest peacetime protective tariff
  • europe once again made theirs higher
  • further slows down trade
  • reconstruction finacne corporation (1932): gives federal money to struggling businesses in hopes the benefits would “trickle down” to the economy
  • gov’t would gove money to banks, railroads to prop them up
  • thought it would stabilize wages and reduce layoffs to the poorer

• bonus army

  • veterans of WWI were suffering
  • bonus expidentiary force (bonus army) march DC to demand their payment of their bonus from fighting the war
  • set op hoovervilles in DC
  • hoover sent the army to clear them out
  • lead by Douglas MacArthur
  • tarnished hoovers reputation
  • hoover has to run against FDR in 1932

chapter 33: the great depression and the new deal (1932-1941)

• election of 1932

  • hoover as republican candidate
  • reconstruction finance corp.- trick down economics
  • FDR as democrat
  • promises a new deal
  • no plan
  • people are upset with hoover, FDR wins

• FDR

  • wealthy family
  • Eleanor Roosevelt becomes most involved First Lady- advocated for underserved groups
  • brain trust- diverse group of advisors that helped run the new deal programs
  • Frances Perkins- first female member of a presidential cabinet

• new deal

  • not organized or preplanned
  • new agencies created by the gov’t- willingness to experiment
  • three r’s
  1. relief- for people struggling
  2. recover- for the economy
  3. reform- so it never happens again
  • alphabet agencies- new deal organizations known by anagrams
  • fireside chats- Roosevelt talking directly to the country via radio
  • 100 days- first 100 days of Roosevelts term, large number of laws passed by congress at Roosevelts request

• finance and banking

  • many banks were failing into 1933
  • bank holiday (march 1933)- closing all banks and restore confidence of American people
  • emergency baking relief act (1933)- only financially stable banks would reopen
  • glass-stegall act- regulated banks, restricted how banks could invest customers deposits
  • established the federal deposit insurance corp. (FDIC)- insured bank deposits
  • securities and exchange commission (SEC)- gov’t regulates stock market, done to give trust back to the gov’t

• unemployment relief

  • millions pf people were unemployed in 1933(25%)
  • hope was that job creation would provide relief and recover to restart the economy
  • federal emergency relief act (FERA)- headed by harry Hopkins, gave money to states and local gov’t for relief services
  • civil works admin (CWA)- branch of FERA designed to give temporary jobs during the winter months
  • civilian conservation corps (CCC)- employed young men in environmental jobs- park miainence, reforestation
  • public works admin (PWA)- federal money was used for public works project- roads, bridges, dams

• industrial and agricultutal recovery

  • national recovery act (NRA)- headed by Hugh Johnson, worked for industrial recovery and giving fair wages and hours for workers, drafted codes for industries
  • agricultural adjustment act (AAA)- paid farmers to cut production which would increase prices

• dust bowl

  • drought in the 1930s added to the farmers problems on the great plains
  • overuse of the land and high winds caused dust storms
  • people fled to CA looking for work
  • “the grapes of wrath” documents this

• Tennessee valley authority (TVA)

  • built dams, power plants, and controlled flooding and erosion in the TV
  • change since the TVA was the federal gov’t helping to develop a region at reduced rated
  • gave thousands of people jobs

• second new deal

  • first years of the new deal focused on recovery
  • some success
  • 1935- second new deal goes further with reform and relief
  • works progress admin (WPA)- spent billions of dollars employing people and doing public works projects
  • also employed people in artistic fields
  • resettlement admin- provided loans to small farmers that didn’t get help in first new deal
  • not helped by the AAA

• social security

  • social security act (1935)- established the principle of federal responsibility for social welfare
  • money is taken from pay and people over the age of 65 would get retirement money
  • as well as mothers, unemployed, disabled

• national labor relations act: wagner act

  • Wagner act (1935)- guaranteed the rights or organized labor and the right to join unions to bargain collectively
  • created national labor relations board to enforce the laws
  • creates large boost in the labor movement

• challenges to the new deal

  • improved the economy but it still was unstable
  • FDR wins reelection in 1936
  • conservatives and business owners disliked FDR
  • did not like increasing the size of the gov’t
  • critical of deficit spending
  • FDR followed policies of British economist of John Maynard Keynes
  • Keynesian economics: deficit spending was needed to stimulate economic growth
  • liberal crisis: thought it wasn’t doing enough for minorities and the poor
  • demagogues challenged FDR
  • Francis Townshend- wanted everyone 60+ to get 200$ a month to stimulate economy
  • Huey long: advocated for share our wealth program- tax the rich and gives money to poor, very radical

• Supreme Court packing plan

  • Supreme Court ruled 2 new deal programs unconstitutional
  • NRA
  • AAA
  • FDR proposed a plan to allow him to appoint additional judges for every judge over 70
  • both parties see this as an assault on the checks and balances
  • Roosevelt suffers a rare political defeat

• impact

  • coalition of farmers, immigrants, union members, africna americans, and women all support democrats
  • established federal responsibility for society
  • new deal does NOT end the depression- WWII does
  • in 1937 they reduve gov’t spending on public relief programs
  • limited impact of race and gender issues

chapter 34: road to WWII (1930s-1941)

• FDR forrign policy
  • opens formal recognition of society union
  • worried about germanys growing power
  • possible trade with soviets
  • wants to improve relationships with Latin America
  • good neighbor policy: us denounces armed intervention
  • reciprocal trade agreement (1934): reduction of US tariffs if other countries to the same
• rise of totalitarianism
  • totalitarian regimes emerge in the 20s and 30s
  • fascists in italy- mussolini
  • stalin in soviet union
  • hitler and the nazi in 1933 in Germany
  • militaristic gov’t in Japan
  • these gov’t start to militarize and seek to expand
  • Japan conquers Manchuria and violating open door policy, withdraws from LON
  • Italy attacks Ethiopia
  • league of nations does nothing
  • nye committee : Americans were disillusioned with their participation in WWI- it was the result of bankers and arms manufacturing, people wanted to make money
• congress legislates neutrality
  • neutrality acts: designed to keep the US neutral in potential conflicts
  • no American citizens could sail on other nations at wars ships
  • outlawed sale of weapons to countries at war
  • no loans to nations at war
• policy of appeasement
  • spanish civil war: fascist gov’t won
  • hitler openly violated treaty of versailles
  • occupies rhineland
  • built up military
  • annexed austria
  • Munich conference: leaders agree to hand over Sudetenland to Germany, hitler promises not to demand more land, symbolized the failed policy of appeasement
  • Japan invaded china in 1937- Roosevelt cannot help china
  • quarantine
  • threatens open door policy
  • Japan sinks Panay
• WWII begins
  • Germany and soviets sign a non aggression pact- allows hitler to attack Poland, hitler and Stalin divide Poland between the two
  • England and France start to realize what is happening
  • germany invades Poland 1939
  • WWII begins when France and England declare war
  • by 1940 hitler has conquered most of Europe (axis powers)
  • us remains neutral but were against the axis powers
• US gets involved
  • congress amends the neutrality legislation
  • neutrally act (1939): countries could buy weapons from the US as long as they were paid for in cash and carried on their won ships (cash and carry)
  • most of France is defeated by 1940
  • US adopts the first peacetime draft to prepare for war
  • battle of britain (aug. 1940)- Germany bombs England
• US involvement increases
  • huge debate about what to do
  • committee to defend America: advocating to help England and the allies
  • America first committee: opposed US involvement, isolationist
  • destroyers for bases: US would give England US destroyers from WWI in exchange for military bases
  • FDR wins third term in 1940- criticized by republicans
• lend lease act
  • FDR worried about axis power win
  • lend peace bill (1941): eliminated cash and carry, US would send supplies to countries who were the victims of aggression, would avoid the US having to fight
  • us was not truly neutral- economic declaration of war
  • 1941- hitler invades the Soviet Union
  • Atlantic conference: FDR and Churchill meet and outline postwar goals
• japanese conflict
  • past complications
  • pearl harbor

chapter 35: WWII (1941-1945)

• peral harbor
  • attack on near harbor ends isolationist movement
  • us had already been mobilizing for war
  • selective service act
  • lease supplies for the allied powers
  • federal gov’t had expanded greatly
  • WWII brought on huge mobilization which ends the great depression
• federal mobilizations
  • war productions board: allocated resources for the war
  • office of price admin.: froze prices, eager, rationed foods
  • Americans industrial output was a factor in eventual allied victory
  • office of research and development: worked with scientists and unlivearsitied to help in tech development
  • Manhattan project: joint program with US and Eng. to make weapons and atomic bombs
• African American impact
  • second great migration: African Americans move north to look for jobs
  • discrimination was far too common
  • race riots break out in 1943
  • served in segregated military units
  • double victory campaign: calling for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home
  • NAACP memberships increase
  • congress of racial equality (1942): formed to fight against discrimination
• native and mexican Americans
  • demand for workers provided opportunity to Mexican Americans
  • bracero program (1942): allowed Mexican farmers to work in the us without formal immigration
  • racial tensions again lead to riots
  • Native American Navajo code talkers spoke in their native language to confuse the other side
• social and demographic changes
  • women served in noncombat roles and entered the workforce because of the demand for industrial jobs
  • rosie the riveter
  • paid less than men and expected to leave once the war was over
  • many people go to west and midwest looking for defense jobs
  • postwar migration to the sunbelt in the south
• japanese Americans
  • executive order 9006: required all people of Japanese descent in the west be relocated to internment camps
  • scared of spies
  • most were second generation
  • Japanese in Hawaii were not evacuated
  • korematsu vs US (1944): Supreme Court upheld the relocation as a necessity for national security
  • Japanese fought for the US
• fighting WWII
  • allies focus on European theater of the war
  • soviets stop German advance at Stalingrad
  • allies focus first on North Africa into Italy
  • d-day (6/6/44)- massive second front opened
  • big 3 met to discuss military strategy and plan for the postwar world
  • casablanca convence (jan 1943)
  • unconditional surrender
  • invade italy first
  • tehran conference (nov. 1943)
  • plan d day
  • 3 meet for the first time
  • talk about the fate of Eastern Europe
  • yalta conference (1945)
  • Germany gets divided into 4 zones
  • free elections in eastern Europe
  • soviets help against japan
  • create UN
• pacific war
  • us military was responsible for fighting japan
  • island hopping: wincontril over territory to get closer ot mainland
  • Potsdam confrence (1945): Truman and stalin agree that japan has to surrender or be destroyed
  • 1st atomic bomb dropped august 1st 1945
  • soviet union goes to war with Japan (aug 8th 1945)
  • 2nd atomic bomb aug. 9th 1945
  • japan surrenders and the wwar ends
  • US becomes dominant political and military country

chapter 36: post WWII, Truman, and the Cold War

• postwar economy

  • are the economy would collapse after WWII
  • GI bill of rights (1944): helped veterans by paying them for school, home, and business
  • economic boom in the 50s
  • because people were saving money during the war
  • defense spending is a big reason for this- to prepare for cold war
  • much of this growth occurs in the sunbelt
  • people move to suburbs

• truman admin

  • Truman had a hard time politically
  • first president to challenge racial discrimination using presidential powers
  • committee on civil resources
  • desecrated armed forces
  • republican controlled congress passed the taft-hartley act over Trumans veto
  • made closed shops illegal
  • republicans wanted to reduce the growing power of labor unions
  • election of 1948- democrats are divided
  • Truman wins election of 1948

• trumans fair deal

  • called for extending new deal programs
  • conservatives in congress block most of his proposals
  • increased the minimum wage

• American in the post WWII world

  • US plays a key role in post WWII affairs
  • us is no longer isolationist
  • us joins the UN in 1945
  • member of UN security council
  • international finance agreements at the Bretton woods conference in 1944 sough to establish a stable global economy
  • world bank
  • helped promote international trade
  • soviets reject this because they view it as capitalist

• cold war begins

  • ideological, political, and military struggle between the US and Soviet Union for over 50 years
  • prior to 1945 tensions were increasing between the 2 sides
  • communism vs capitalism
  • tensions in WWII
  • us and soviets had an alliance of necessity to beat the germans

• yalta confrence

  • bug three meet at Yalta in early 1945

  1. discuss postwar plan

     1. FDR and Churchill think Stalin wants a representation gov’t

  2. FDR wanted Stalin to agree to help out the war against japan

  • Stalin wants a buffer zone in Eastern Europe
  • Stalin refuses to remove the red army and rigged elections brought pro-soviets to power
  • pro-soviet puppet govt’s in the name of preserving soviet security

• containment in Europe

  • Churchill gives the iron curtain speech in 1946
  • wanted western democratic nations to collar to stop soviet expansion
  • George Kennan develops the containment policy in “long telegram” in feb 1946
  • Us is encouraged to stop soviet expansion
  • containment would guide US policy in the cold war
  • both Greece and turkey were under communist rule
  • Truman doctrine: us would revise military and economic aid to help from falling to the Communists
  • Truman does not send troops just money
  • worked
  • there was a fear that Communists may be voted to power in Western Europe (France, Italy)
  • European recovery program/Marshall plan: us would provide millions of dollars in aid to Europe
  • stop communism by providing aid
  • Europe rebuilds and communism does not spread
  • soviets reject aid

• crisis in Germany

  • Germany was divided after WWII and controlled by US, eng., France, and SU
  • Stalin weakened Germany and wanted them to pay reparations- starts to form German democratic state
  • in June 1948 Stalin blockades Berlin
  • Truman doesn’t want to look weak but doesn’t want to start WWIII
  • Berlin airlift: provided the city of Berlin with supplies for 11 months
  • Germany remains divided
  1. federal republic of Germany (west)
  2. German democratic republic (east)

• military buildup

  • US joins NATO in 1949 (north Atlantic treaty organization)
  • said one nation is an attack on all
  • national security act (1947)
  1. dept. of defense
  2. national security council
  3. Central Intelligence Agency
  • arms race between the US and SU
  • soviets test their first atomic bomb in 1949
  • NSC-68 called for a massive military buildup (1950)
    • implemented with Korean war
    • us tests first hydrogen bomb (1952)

• cold war in asia

  • Chinese civil war going on- nationalists vs communists
  • us provided financial support to nationalist forces
  • resulted in 2 chinas- comments not formally recognized by US
  • republicans Blane Truman for “the loss of china” to communism
  • contributed to growing domestic fear

• second red scare

  • smith act (1940): made it illegal to belong to any organization that advocated for the overthrowing of the gov’t by force
  • federal employee loyalty program (1947): investigated background of federal employees
  • HUAC: investigated communists in American life
  • Alger Hiss: state dept. member accused of being a communist in 1948
  • HUAC investigated him
  • Nixon lead this and made a name for himself
  • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: convicted of espionage
  • Joseph McCarthy

• korea war

  • occupied by Japan during WWIII and then divied at the 38th parallel
  • by 1949 US and SU withdrew their troops
  • june 1950- communist NK invaded SK
  • us comes to the defense of SK
  • macarthur called for expanding the war and criticizied the “limited war” strategy
  • armistice reached in 1953 but Korea remained divided
  • containment worked

chapter 37

chapter 38