7 years war
world war
french
fur trading
catholic missionaries
dutch
spanish
sparsely populated in North America
these have fewer european settlers
trade alliances with native americas
intermarriage was common
colonists who wanted to look for new land went west into french territory
french and americans ended up near the same area and land disputes start
both wanted to go near the ohio river valley
war starts here in 1954
british wanted to coordinate war effort and colonial defense
main purpose was to get the iriquois tribe to join the British
relate with natives
control territory
raise an army
collect taxes
ben franklin developed the albany plan of union to help coordinate troops and collect taxes (promote colonial unity - JOIN OR DIE)
plan was rejected- england thought too much power was granted to the colonies
established a precedent for later meetings and cooperations
england gains french land from canada to Florida and the appalachians to the Mississippi River
andland gains florida from Spain
ends the war and salutary neglect- england gets control over the colonies
england has massive debt - leads to taxes
ottowa cheif rebelled against colonists who were taking their land
paxton boys: attacked and murdered random native people
British send additional troops to stop the rebellion
leads to the british passing the proclimation act of 1763
prohibited colonists from moving west of the appalachain mountains
colonists openly defied the policy
dissapointed in colonial military contributions
unable and unwilling to defend themselves on the frontier
war starred in north america and outcome benefitted the colonists so they thought they should help pay (taxes)
British assume direct ontrol over colonies
felt they contributed to all of the wars
wanted access to new land (west of Appalachian)
intercolonial disunity remained strong
steps toward colonial unity were made through arguments with the British
end of 7 wears war: england in debt, proclamation act of 1763
consolidating imperial control
sugar act (1764): passed on sugar, first to raise revenue
navigation acts
quartering act (1765): forces colonists to provide housing for british soldiers
stamp act (1765): placed a tax (first direct tax) on a variety of legal documents and items
angered colonists extremely
passed without consent of colonial legislators
no taxation without representation
virtual representation: said colonists were british citizens so they had to follow british rule
stamp act congress: reps from colonies meet to oppose British policies
sons/daughters of liberty formed, influenced boycotts and harassment
tensions continue
noninportation agreements: didnt take british imports- most effective form of resistance
stamp act is repealed
declatory act (1766): says england still has power over the colonies
townshend acts (1767): tax on imported goods
$ would be used to pay royal officials
resistance similar to the stamp act
townshed acts repealed in 1770
bloodshed and relative calm
boston massacre
committees of correspondence (1772): lead by sam Adams, used to keep up communication and colonial resistance to British policies
tea time
tea act (1773): gave a monopoly to the british east india company
boston tea party (1773)
as a result the coercive acts (intolerable acts) are passed: Boston ports closed, reduced colonists power, quartering acts expanded, if accused of a crime you’d be on trial in England
quebec act
england needs to organize canadian lands fron France
england expanded the boundary of quebec into the ohio valley
colonists are angry- they think the land belongs to the colonies
first continental congress
Philly 1774
wanted to repair their relationship with England - NOT calling for independence
wanted to create an association, boycott British goods
king george ignored them
lexington and concord: first shots fired
british strengths and weaknesses
american strengths and weaknesses
results of the 7 years war
colonies get experienced in fighting
French lose and go back to Europe
colonies unite (Albany congress)
friction between colonists and Britain
Britain in debt
colonies can expand
British received all of Canada
following Lexington and concord: first shots fired
2nd continental congress in Philly (1775)- colonists couldn’t decide if they wanted to declare independence, prepared for war,
bunker hill- british win the battle but it builds confidence for the colonists
olive branch petition- sought peace and negotiation from British, king dismisses this
roots of the revolution
was hard for England to rule because they were far away
want republicanism, democracy, enlightnenment
John Locke- common sense pamphlet- called for representative gov’t by the people
declaration of independence
act of treason
Thomas Jeffersons goals
justify independence
rally colonist support
get help from foreign nations
declare natural rights and the power of gov’t rest with the people (popular sovereignty)
colonial unity
patriots: colonists who fought against the British
loyalists: loyal to the British- treated as traitors, harassed, emigrated from the us
neutral/apathetic: loyal to colony
England vs america
English strengths: good military, loyalist opposition, colonies had weak gov’t (articles of conf and continental congress
colonial strengths: fight on home turf, defensive war, guerrilla warfare, resilient military, fight for a cause, eventual support from european allies (French)
france and the colonies
wanted to regain its power
end of british mercantile policies
idealism and enlightenment
ben Franklin organized a alliance with france following the battle of Saratoga in 1778
govt weapons
naval support
goldiers
signifigant battles of the revolution
lexington and concord (april 1775): first shots
bunker hill (June 1775): americans loose but confidence is boosted
trenton (dec. 1777): washing crossed Delaware- wins
battle of saratoga (oct. 1777): brtitish surrencer, french join with the americans
turning point in the war
england focused war effort in the south- loyalist and slave population
Yorktown (1781): british surrender, french blockaded the sea
treaty of Paris (1783)
ben franklin, john Adams, John jay go to paris to negotiate wars end
england recognized us independence
us boundaries extended to the Mississippi rover to great lakes to Spanish Florida
respects the rights of the loyalists
debts to Britain would be paid
impacts
state constitutions abolished old european laws
new ideas of republicanism
eliminated property requirements for voting
most stated did not have full democracy
inspired revolutions- france, Haiti, Latin America
female roles, wanted womens rights- abigail adams remember the ladies
native americans fought on the british side
african americans could fight in the continental army
slavery will be protested in the constitution
state governments
all colonies had to create state governments- constitutions
separation of powers- split between three branches
property requirements for voting
bill of rights which outlined basic freedoms- virginia statue for religious freedom
governments were set up based on republicanism- the power came from the people
debate over that this looked like
articles of confederation- first national government of the us
happened at the second continental congress
conducted foreign polity
borrow money
make treaties
created a central govt with limited power
one house government
problems
no exectuive branch
no court system
no power to tax
could not regulate trade between states
9/13 states needed to pass laws
all states had one vote regardless of population
all 13 states had to agree to amend the articles
they were weak because they were focused on state, not county power
advocate, advise, appeal
northwest ordinances
land ordinance of 1784- said that territories would become states as polulations grew
land ordinance of 1785- set up system for surveying/selling land in the northwest
set aside for public education
northwest ordiance of 1787- set up system for territory to enter the union as a new state
banned slavery north of the ohio river
foreign policy problems
weak, no real government to help
british- building forts in the west, disrupting trade, armed natives
spain- banned american shipping along mississippi river (1784)
france- demanded repayment of loans
pirates- harassed american shipping
shays rebellion
economy is suffering a post war depression- farmers are hard hit
poor farmers in massachusetts rebelled againts govt
wanted lower taxes, end of foreclosures, paper money, end of inprisonment for debt
tried to stop collection of taxes and stop court systems
government was too weak to stop the rebellion
increased calls for a stronger central government
creating a new government
growing demand to adress the problems facing the nation
trade
financing
interstate commerce
foreign relations
internal unrest
annapolis connection (1786)- 5 states attend to discuss trade and commerce. make a plan to meet up in philly in one year
constitutional convention (1787)- revising the articles of confederation, decided to create a completely new government
big issue was about representation in congress- people were afraid of a government like the old monarchy
virginia plan (large state plan- james madison): 2 house legislation, reps. based on population size
new jersey plan (small state plan): 1 house, equal representation
great compromise: 2 house legislature
senate (upper house)- 2 reps per state
house of reps (lower house)- based on population
compromises over slavery
3/5ths compromise: slaves would be counted as 3/5 pf a person - added more reps for southern states
slave trade- allowed to continue until 1808
debate over ratification
federalists- supported the constitution and wanted a strong government
wealthy, educated, lived in big cities
anti-federalists- critical of the constitution, wanted a weak governent like the articles of confederation, favored state rights
farmers, common man, westerners
the federalist papers- essays written to persuade people to support the ratification of the constitution
guaranteed a bill of rights (wanted by anti feds)
constitution main points
set up based on popular sovereignty- power is in the hands of the people
separation of power between the 3 branches
separated the national and state levels
supreme law of the land
president are not elected directly by voters- wanted to limit excessive power influence- electroal college
command, control, coherse
washington administration
sets precedents
2 term presidency
cabinet
Secretary of State: thomas Jefferson
secreatry of treasury: alexander Hamilton
conflict will develop
jucuciary act of 1789: organized the surpreme court with a cheif justice
bill of rights- to help concerns of the anti feds
10 amendments writted by james Madison- protection from govt power
1- freedom of speech
4- no unreasonable search and seizure
hamiltons finincial plan- set up to pay off dept and develop manufacturing
part 1: report on public credit- govt would pay off war debt and assume war debts of the stated (assumption plan)
got capital to move to washington dc
part 2: supported high tarriffs and excise taxes
would protect american industried from foreign complication
taised revenue to pay off debt
part 3: national bank to stabilize economy
huge debate over the federal govt over the constitution
jefferson thought the constitution did not give congress the authority to create a bank (strict interpretation)
first party system- no mention of political parties in tbe constitution
feds vs jeffersonian republicans
federalists | jeffersonian republicans |
---|---|
- supported Hamilton’s economic vision of manufacturing- debt is good for the economy- advocated for loose interpretation of the constitution- strong central government- pro England- tariffs were good to generate gov’t money- should use the armies power if needed- pro jays treaty- liked alien and sedition acts | - supported jeffereson’s agrarian society vision- advocated strict interpretation of the constitution- favored state rights- pro French- did not want national bank- debt is unuseful- anti jays treaty- thought the alien and sedition acts made the govt too powerful |
whiskey rebellion
part of hamiltons plan to pay exice tax on whiskey
farmers in westers pa refused to pay tax- seen as a challenge of authority to the new gov’t
washington stops rebellion with a show of force- shoed people the power of the federal government
critics were disturned by this
foreign policy: French revolution, England, and Spain
deeply divided America- should the us help France
feds wanted to avoid a war with England
dem reps wanted to help french and suppprt liberty and stop impressment
proclimation of neutrally (1793): us will stay out of foreign affairs
england was:
impressing soldiers
occupying forts belinting to use
jays treaty (1794)
british have us forts but didnt stop impressment
keeps the US neutral
spain blocked acces to the Mississippi River
pickneys treaty (1795)- have us access to rover and the port of New Orleans
john Adams
adams defeats jefferson in election of 1796- jefferson is vp
adams foreign policy
adams wants to avoid a war with france so he sends american officials to negotiate (XYZ affair)
quasi war: undeclared naval war between france and US
states vs federal gov’t
alien and sedition acts (federal) | ky and va resolutions (state) |
---|---|
- passed by fed. controlled congress to limit political opposition- naturalization act: 14 years for immigrants to become citizens- alien act: deportation of “dangerous” immigrants- sedition act: no criticizing the government **most immigrants voted for dem reps | - to oppose federal laws dem reps thought were unconstitutional- ky and va resolution (Jefferson and Madison): states could nullify laws from congress if deemed unconstitutional- compact theory: states had made a compact with the national government |
election of 1800
federalists lost control of the ececutive and legislative branches
jefferson is the first dem rep president
also known as the jeffersonian revolution or the revolution of 1800- not an actual revolution just a peaceful change in power- showed the constitution was working
fedaralists and the judicual branch
judiciary act of 1801: crated new federalist judges at the very end of the adams admin.
“midnight appointments”
marbury v madison
one of the midnight appointees sued james madison
judiciary act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional
created the idea of judicial review
masive expansion of juducual power
jeffersons presidency
strict interpretation of constitution
limited federal government- states rights
did | didn’t do |
---|---|
- pardoned violators of alien and sedition acts- increased navy- reduce government- Louisiana purchase- reduce excise taxing- lowered national debt | - no change in federalist ideas and policies- kill national bank and even uses it (which he was against) |
louisiana purchase
Jefferson used loose interpretation and implied powers of the constitution (which he was against) to buy Louisiana land
bought from france for $10 million
doubled size of the us
supported agrarian society
avoided threat of Frances
weakened Federalist Party- land couldnt be industrial
lewis and clark
start of us claims to oregon territry and west coast
violation of neutrality
impressment
France seized ships planning to trade with England
England said ships going to Europe must go to England first
Jeffersons response
embargo act (1807)- no trade with anyone
us economy plummeted
helped the industrial revolution on England (helped federalists bc Americans would manufacture)
Aaron Burr is cray (lowk irrelevant)
plotted to seceed new england states from the union
burr kills Hamilton
james madison
embargo repealed in 1809
replaced by non inntercourse act
intercourse act was replaced by macons bill #2: us would end embargo if the country respected us neutrality and freedoms on the sea
none of these help economy or end problems
war hawks: young southern congressmen in 1811 who advocated for a war against England
stop british harassment
wipe out natives
native resistance on the frontier
shawnee brothers Tecumseh and “the prophet”
organized a confederacy of tribes east of the Mississippi
attacked by us at the battle of tippecanoe
war of 1812 declared
Englands arming of natives on the frontier
englands violations of us neutrality
pressure from war hawks
dem reps (who were in power) favored France
impressment
expansionist ideas
war of 1812
started poorly for the us
nation was divided
economically and physically unprepared
early battles failed
british burned Washington DC
treaty of Ghent: ended the war- nothing gained
after treaty is signed jackson defeated british at the battle of New Orleans
legacy
navy does well, army does not
nationalism- England breaks from america completely
manufacturing blossoms
era of pride
ends the federalists
Hartford conventions (1814)
federalists met to discuss their concerns
medical federalists encouraged secession- established precedent later used in the south
nail in the coffin for federalists
era of good feelings
huge increase in nationalism
symbolized by James Monroe in 1816
period of only one political party (dem reps)
keep original principles but adopt federalist policies
conflicts
growing sectionalism
debated over american system
slavery
panic of 1819: caused by over speculation of frontier lands- first major ecomonic crash under the constitution
american system
instituted by henry clay- expression of economic nationalism- adopting some federalist ideas
tariff of 1816- first protective tariff to protect american goods from british competition
money would be used ot fund transportation
2nd bank of the us- helped ensure financial stability and national currency and provide credit
internal transportation improvements- development of roads and canals used to link the nation together and move people and goods
even more growing sectionalism
missouri compromise
missouri petitions to enter union as a slave state, but this would upset the sectional balance between slave and free states
talmadge amendment proposed the gradual emancipation of slaves in Missouri
clay proposed that missouri entered as a slave state and a new state would be created (Maine) as a free state to keep the balance
above the 36’30’ line slavery would be prohibited
solved the problem temporarily
foreign policy developments
us starts to become stable in foreign policy and diplopmatic success
john quincy adams was very important and involved
anglo american convention (1818)
us and england would both occupy oregon territory
set northern Louisiana boundary
adams-onis treaty- us acquired Florida
monroe doctrine
us feared europe would try to recolonize territory in the Western Hemisphere
england also wanted to keep europe out of west- for free trade
the us warning europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
us stayed away from England
no immediete impact- but later plays a huge role in the 1890s foreign affairs
election of 1824 will formally put an end to the era of good feelings
corrupt bargain
Jackson, clay (speaker of the house), and j.q. adams run
jackson wins the popular vote BUT not the electoral votes
the election goes tot the house of reps
clay (who was chosen as the new Secretary of State) is supporting Adams (who is chosen as the new president)
adams bribed clay to win the presidency
john quincy Adams
adams made good accomplishments as secrectary of state
had many charges of corruption as president
good ideas but didnt know how to “play”
supported american system
post 1824 election
united republicans from the era of good feelings are completely split
national republicans side with Adams
dem reps side with Jackson
election of 1828
both Jackson and JQA run for reelection
jackson crushes him and becomed first president from the west
jackson changes the country
start of the modern day party convention system
spoils system: rewarding political supporters with public office
defended it on democratic grounds
started corruption and ineffectiveness
increased presidential power | - used the power of veto- said federal government Is superior- force bill- Indian removal act- killed national bank- changed cabinet- used spoils system |
---|---|
decreased presidential power | - used too much power, so in effect he ruined the use of power for future presidents |
decreased democracy | - trail of tears/removal act/force bill- owned slaves- opposed American system- killed national bank (authorized by people) |
increased democracy | - advocate for the common man- spoils system (rotation of office)- voting rights increased (**really done by his followers) |
nullification crisis
tariff of 1828 passed by congress (called tariff of abominations)
liked by northerners not southerners
creates growing sectionalism
nullification theory: states had the right to decide to obey a federal law or nullify it
another tariff passed (1832)
south carolina threatened secession
tax would not be collected in south Carolina
jacksons response
not a fan of the tariff, but wanted to defende the union
force bill of 1833: army would collect tarriff, nullification would not happen
compromise tarriff of 1833 (clay): lowered rates gradually
jacksons native “policies”
goal was to expand us into the southwest
indian removal act: forced removal of native americans to west of the mississippi river (Oklahoma)
trail of tears: path took of this forced removal, many dies
worchester v georgia (1832): cherokee cannot be forced out by the government- gerorgia law does not apply to them
Jackson ignores this
bank war
1816 congress gave 20 year charter to the bank of the u.s
clay approved recharter- wants to make jackson deal with this
jackson vetoes the recharter
he is accused of exercising too much power
election of 1832- jackson wins second term
jackson destroyes bank by withdrawing funds and placing them in pet banks
causes and economic downfall
panic of 1837- caused by a variety of factors
election of 1837
van buren (whig) wins against Jackson
new political parties
democrats | whigs |
---|---|
- small national gov’t- gov’t should stay out of economic affairs and social issues (no tariffs or banks)- south, west, workers, urban areas | - strong central gov’t- support american system- moral reform movements: schooling, prohibition- New England area, Protestants and religious people |
texan independence
mexico wins independence from Spain
Mexico outlaws slavery in 1830- angers Americans
texas declares independence from Mexico in 1836
Texas annexarion issue
jackson regognized republic of texas (lone start republic, its own country)
texas requests admition into the union
delayed because of slavery
election of 1840
whigs - w. h. harrison
democrat- martin van buren
Harrison wins- first whig president
dies 32 days after taking office
market revolution
regional specialization: sectipns of the country developing distinct economies
north: industrial revolution
west: agrigulture, bread basket- wheat and livestock
south: cash crop economy- cotton
technology and transportation improvements
polutlation increase- high birthrate and immigration
growth of cities
western expansion- raises the issue of slavery
immigration
huge increase in the 1840s due to
land
factory jobs (north)
freedom and other opportunities
irish potato famine
irish immigration
settles in Boston
did hard labor for low wages
victims of prejudice
gave important political support to democrats
german immigrants
diverse- gernamy is not a nation
mix of religions and social classes
settle in old northwest
established german communities
nativists
felt immigrants were taking jobs from american citizens
felt immigrants would outvote Americans
many were Roman Catholics
know nothing party: advoated for immigration restrictions
america was becoming more diverse
regional loyalties are forming and overshadowing national concerns
northern manufacturing
factory system
interchangeable parts- Eli Whitney- greater efficiency
telegraph- samuel morse- communication revolution
factory work in the north
changes in work
manufacturing done in factories- long hours, low wages, dangerous (wage slaves)
impact: northern advantage in manufacturing
transportation revolution
steamboat invented- chapter travel
turnpikes built
Erie Canal- liked great laked with hudson river, canal boom
railroads- explosion of construction in the north
impact: continental economy, expanded markets
who should pay for it ??
western expansion
farming inventions
steep plow- broke through soil
mccormic reaper- cut and gathered more crops
cotton gin- eli whitney- increased cotton production dramatically- increased need for slavery
consequences
rise of large scare farming
demand for more land and machinery
increased debt for farmers
need better transportation (south and west)
big ideas
cotton is the raw material for manufacture in the north
increased internal slave trade
transformation from tiny farms and workshops to a national network of industry and commerce
cnages in family dynamics as women and children begin working in factories
industrial revolution | transportation revolution | market revolution | |
---|---|---|---|
cause | - new machinery producedinterchangeable partscotton gin- more workers (immigrants)- money (bank- materials | - trains/railroads- steamboats/canals- roads/highways- steam engines- larger ships | - need for consumers- pass production- factory workers- faster shipping |
effect | - harsh working conditions- no safety- wage slaves | - travel westward- transportation of goods- info shared quickly- price of goods goes down/finding new goods- brought new immigrants | - factory owners- creating classes- sectionalism |
big ideas
second great awakening
groups of native americans, women, and religious followers developed cultures which reflected their interests and experiences
liberalism in religion
deism
people moving away from religion and into science
more reliance on reason
still believe in god but values more human behavior
unitarianism
spinoff of the puritans- less extreme
humans have free will and the possibility of salvation by good works
god is seen as a loving father, not a creator
opposite of calvinism
there was a want for more churches, and they had to be a place where people wanted to go
second great awakening
reasons:
concern of lack of religion
deism and unitarianism
numerous people are converted
born again christians
boosted church attendance
created new denominations
methodists and baptists: stressed personal conversion, democratic control, emotionalism
increase in evangelicalism inspire future reform movements
women’s roles in religion increased
mormons- Utah state admissions will be delayed due to the morman population and their want for polygamy
age of reform
mental health reform
dorthea dix: wanted fair treatment of mental asylum patients
reformatories, NOT prisons
education reform
tax supported schools were rare- only rich went to school
wanted to instill republican values, personal values, and americanize immigrants
horace mann
north benefitted from education, south still had agricultural economy
temperance movement
drinking problems on farms
factory system needed efficient labor
family life suffered
seen as immigrant issue
american temperance society (1826): urged members to stop drinking, religious, move from temperance to prohibition
maine law of 1851: prohibited manufacture and sale of liquor
women
treated like second class citizens, democracy did not apply to women
cult of domesticity: womans place was at home being caretakers
reformers are inspired by the second great awakening and demand rights for women and take part in the other movements at the time
lucretia mott and elizabeth cady stanton advocate for womens suffrage
seneca falls convention (1848): women meet for right to vote
declaration of sentiments: all men AND women are created equal
launched modern womens rights movement
become overshadowed by abolitionist movement
transcendentalism
truth transcends the senses
believed everyone had an inner light
ralph waldo emerson: stressed self reliance, self improvement, and freedom
henry David Thoreau: inspired fighting with peace
utopian communities
movements to move away from a conventional society and create different ones
mormons
brook farm: communal transcententalist experiment, secular, humanistic
new harmony: socialost community answered industrialization problems
most failed, but some survived
slavery in america
bacons rebellion (1676) lead to the change from indentured servants to black slaves
constitutional convention pushed aside the issues of slavery in the 1780s
3/5ths compromise
slave trade (trom Africa) ends in 1808
fugitive slave act: southerners should be returned their runaway slaved
Missouri compromise
slavery is ending in the northern and middle states
king cotton
most important southern cash crop; cotton gin makes cotton famring profitable
demand for slave labor
cotton economy fueled by market revolution in both the north and south
created sectional divide
expansion of slavery and the south
slaves were “needed” to help the economy run by rich white landowners
lack of industrialization in the south
25% of the population owned slaved
majority were not owners, but defend the institution in hoped they can become a part of it
southern politics were controlled by the little amount of wealthy plantation owners
contrast with the north
no immigration (or need for it)
african american communities
racial tension in the north as well as south
free black population in the south (about 250,000) is the same as the blackn population in the north
slavery
varied greatly
treated as property
uncle toms cabin: book that gave light to the real horrors of slavery
not allowed any rights
could not learn to read
resistance to slavery
work slowdowns
negligence
rinning away (underground railroad)
slave revolts
nat turners rebellion: VA slave revolt, killed 60 people
southerners react with harsher laws
abolitionist movement
American colonization society: wanted to free slaves and send them back to Africa
william lloyd garrison (1833): radical abolitionist, wanted slavery to end immediately, published “the liberator”
soujerner truth and Frederick Douglass: former slaved who advocated for abolition
liberty party (1840): said the best way to deal with slavery is through politics
southern response
gave excuses as to why slavery is right
the story of slavery was controlled by the south
gag resolution (1836-1844): banned anti slavery petitions being discussed in congress
southerners adopt bans on teaching slaved to read and write, slave codes are introduced, and anti slavery messages/literature are banned from southern mail and newspapers
election of 1840
president- w. h. Harrison (whig)- dies 32 days after taking office
vp- john tyler, former democrat, changed parties because he hated Andrew Jackson
blocks goals of the whig party
holds democrat beliefs
attempts to annex texas
election of 1844
polk vs clay- polk wins
texas
polk wants to annex texas but its tyler who submitted a proposal at the end of his term
accomplished by a joint resolution where you only need the majority of both houses
goals of polk
lower tariff
national expansion- manifest destiny
expand to oregon
texas
california
manifest destiny- belief that it was american destniy to conquer and civilize the entire continent, white supremacy
supported by democrats
western expansion had been going on for a very long time
louisiana purchase → missouri compromise
indian remocan policies
slavery complicates western expansion
Oregon dispute “54, 40 or fight”
anglo- american convention in 1818 said that us and england agreed to peacefully and jointly occupy oregon territory
oregon trail; settlers flood to the area
major issue in the election of 1844
oregon treaty of 1846: britain gives up claim to oregon, no war needed
Mexican American war
still viewed texas as part of them
dispute over borders
polk tries to buy california for $25 million
polk sends zachary taylor into disputed Mexico/us territory→ mexican american war begins in 1846
northern whigs oppose the war as they see it as an attempt to expand slavery
spot resolution: demands to know of the attacks happened on American soil
Wilmot Proviso (1846): attempted to ban slavery in any territory from Mexico
passed in the house, rejected by senate
treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)
gave US land from texas to organ (CA, new Mexico, and the rest of the southwest)
established rio grade border
america paid claims from mexico
people who lived in these areas become us citizens
creates new problems of slavery into politics- which people were trying to ignore
free soil movement
issue if slavery in new territories becomes the key cause of sectional divide
free soil party (1848): opposed to slavery in new territories in the west, NOT abolitionists
wanted land in west for while male labor
southerners saw this as a violation of their constitutional rights
election of 1848
whig candidate: Zachary Taylor- WINNER
party takes no stance on slavery
democrat candidate: lewis cass
supports popular sovereignty
free soil: van buren
gold rush
gold discovered in CA in 1849, people rush there
gold→ economic growth → scetionl tension
crisis of mexian cession
california bannes slavery and wants to enter untion as a free state
creates unbalance of slave vs free states
southerners become defensive and see this as a threat
threats of secession
fire eaters: radical southerners who threaten to leave the union if california enters
compromise of 1850
henry clay and stephen douglas
CA enters as a free state
mexican cession land setup as territories and governed by popular sovereignty
ban slave trade in washington dc
new (tougher) fugitive in the south
settled border dipute between MN and TX
fugitive slave act of 1850
huge increase in sectional tension
turned the north into a hunting ground for fugitive slaves
northerners who assisted runaways could be arrested
slaves could not testify and were denied a jury trial
northern resistance
northerners become sympathetic and grow the abolitionist movement
Underground Railroad
personal liberty laws: did not allow use of local jails to house fugitives
vigilance committees: protected fugitives from slave catchers
election of 1852
franklin pierce (democrat)
whig party is extremely divided
national expansion challenged
the slavery debate slowed national expansion (manifest destiny)
free soilers had suspiscuon of expansion attempts by pierce
ostend manifesto: plan for the US to buy cuba from Spain
free soilers denounced this plan
north was scared the south was trying to create a slave empire
gadsden purchase
US buys strip of land from Mexico for $10 million in 1853
kansas/nebraska act
stephen douglas wants a RR route through illinois to encourage western settlement
sets up 2 territories (kansas and Nebraska) to gain southern approval- slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty
repaels Missouri compromise becayse it says slavery can go north of 36, 30
northerners oppose and form republican party
gave south oppurtunity to expand slavery
northern resistance
uncle tom’s cabin written by harriet beecher stoew inspires many northeners to resist the fugitive slave act
brought the morality argument into the slavery debate
results of the kansas nebraska act
assumed that kansas would be slave and nebraska would be free
people flood into Kansas
two rival governments are set up
Topeka- free soil
lecompten- slave gov’t
bleeding kansas
open battles takes place in kansas
pottawomie creek: john brown and his followers violently attack pro-slavery forces
fighting in congress
charles sumber gives speech condemning bleeding kansas and insults senator andrew butler
preston brooks beats sumner with a cane
vioence over slavery is spreading to congress
election of 1856
republicans- john c freemont
democrat- James buchanan (WINNER)
chosen because he was nautral to kansas nebraska act
know nothing party- Millard Fillmore
lecompton constitution
1st challence for buchanan
pro slavery document in kansas, free soilers boycott election
supported by buchanan, but rejected by congress
popular sovreignty proved to be a failure
dred scott case
slave for sued for his freedom
count dominated by southerners
ruling:
african American are not citizens- could not sue
slaves are property, they could not be taken away- congress couldn’t make laws against “property”
missouri compromise unconstitutional
Lincoln Douglas debates
lincoln- republican debates Douglas- democrat for the illinois sentate in 1858
lincoln challenged Douglas in the dred scott decision: could slavery be prevented in the territories (dred scott said no)
douglas said slavery could be prevented through popular sovereignty
results:
douglass wins
Lincoln is well known
democrats will split in 1860
john brown at harpers ferry
brown wants to spark a slave revolt in 1859
does not go well- charged with treason
impact
south is outraged
brown becomes martyr to abolitionists
immediate cause of secession
election of 1860
slavery split democrats
northern democrats - Stephen Douglas
southern democrats- John c Breckinridge
republican- Lincoln (WINNER)
no extension of slavery, but can keep it where it is
protective tarriff
railroad
free land for homesteads
southerners threaten to leave if Lincoln wins
lincoln is a minority president- doesnt have a lot of support
south carolina votes for secession- 7 states leave before lincoln takes office
confederacy is formed with jefferson davis as president
one last compromise?
last attempt to avoid major crisis
return the idea of misouri compromise
lincoln rejects it
Fort Sumter: war starts
7 southern states leave union before lincoln takes office
in Lincoln inagural adress he pledges to not interfere with slavery
tells states they have no right of secession
wanted to keep border states
was not fighting for slavery- was fighting for the union
lincoln sents provisons to fort sumter- confederacy attacks
impact:
unites northerners, fighting to preserve union
4 more southern states join confederacy
lincolns priority becomes keeping the border states in the union
border states are slave states that side with the union
would give more men to fight for confederacy
would give manufacturing capacity to the south
stragetic geographic location- near both sides capitals
union advantages and disadvantages
advantages | disadvantages |
---|---|
- industrial resources-transportation- powerful navy- established gov’t- population - emancipation | - lack of leadership in military- lack of purpose |
condederate advantages and disadvantages
advantages | disadvantages |
---|---|
- fighting defensive war- sense of purpose- veteran military officials- cotton diplomacy | - no navy- no federal government, wanted states rights- poor economy, manufacturing, and railroads |
northern mobilization
conscriptoon act: first draft, all men 20-45 had to register, caused riots
road to emancipation
military: liberating the slaves would mess up the souths ecominc foundation
ideological: it’s the right thing to do and there was pressure to do from radical republicans
wanted the war to be about slavery
emancipation proclamation
following the battle of antietam (union victory, bloodiest battle)
justified as a military necessity
declared slaves free in rebel territory but NOT the border states
impact
strengthened moral cause for the north
helped keep europe from aiding confederacy
gave union new soldiers, former slaved
limits
north had no authority in the confederacy
did not apply to border states
africal Americans join war but experience prejudice
use of executive power
civil liberties are reduced during times of crisis
Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus which took away peoples rights to knowing about their charges and trials If arrested
presidential power increases
ordered a blockade without approval of congress
increased army size
politics during the war
confederate challenged include:
Europe got cotton from other sources- NOT the south
failure at antietam
emancipation proclamation
tradition of states rights makes fighting the war difficult
challenged for Lincoln
radical republicans
war democrats- support war but not lincolns policies
peace democrats (copperheads): opposed war and wanted to negotiate peace
election of 1864
lincold is re-elected
acts made during the war
done because there was a republican majority in congress
morrill tarrif act (1861): paid for watr and protected northern industry
homestead act (1862): set up sale of land west and encourcged settlement
legal tender act (1862): printed paper money- “greenbacks”
national bank act (1863): financial landmark during the war, sought to create a unified banking system
pacific railway act (1863): established northern route of the transcontinental railroad
impact
over 600,000 lives lost
southern ecomony destroyed
northern industrialization grew
republican laws passed
union preserved
13th amendment- freed slaves
key challenges
how to bring the south back into the union
how to rebild the south
how to integrate freed slaves- most were unskilled, illiterate
what branch of government controlled reconstruction
what to do with former confederate leaders
freedmens bureau
to help poor souther whites and freedmen
gave food, shelter, healthcare
greatest success was education
wanted to give land to former slaves- almost never happened and former slaves were economically vulnerable
reconstruction plans
presidential/wartime reconstruction planLincoln, 1863 | southern states can rejoin the union once 10% of voters pledged loyalty to the union they must accept emancipation | extremely lenientdoesn’t account for the majority of the populationmakes it easy for the south to rebelsupported by republicansopposed by congress |
---|---|---|
wade-davis bill1864 | 50% of southern voters would take oath of allegianceif you had confederate power you were not includedstronger conditions for emancipation in the south | pocket vetoed by Lincoln quick and careless |
presidential reconstruction planjohnson, 1865 | disfranchisement (loss of votes) of leading confederate officialsratify 13th amendment | came from lincolns 10% planpardons confederate officials- southern planters re-establish political control |
radical reconstruction- reconstruction act1867 | divide the south into 5 military districtstemporary disfranchisement (loss of votes) of leading confederate officialssouthern states had to ratify 13 and 14 amendmentsinvalidate state govt. (10%)southern states needed new state constitutions | well structuredsuccessfulended reconstruction in 1877 |
southern defiance: black codes
purpose was to guarantee a stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated
African Americans could not buy land
had to sign labor contracts- penalty for leaving before contract expired
cannot serve on a jury or vote
southerners wanted to restore pre-emancipation style of race relations- “redeemer” governments
forced to become sharecroppers- share land and get % of crops
new form of slavery
johnson vs. congress
northern repubblicans are angry that johnson is pardoning officials and that they are returning to office
calls for stricter reconstruction- congressional reconstruction
congress prevents southern congressmen from being in power
johnson vetoes freedmans bureau- congress passes it
passes civil rights bill of 1866
have citizenship to african americans and got rid of black coded
johnson vetoed- congress overrode
14th amendment- declared everyone born in the US a citizen→ citizens had rights
helped solve the problem of southern states being able to overturn laws
johnson impeached
tenture of office act (1867): reduced presidential power, protected republican cabinet members
congress must approve everything
leads to impeachment of Johnson
south is temporarily experiencing a social and political revolution
reconstruction falls apart
KKK- tried to secure white suppremacy and resist recon. government
force acts of 1870 and 1871: sent federal troops to stop the KKK
civil rights act of 1875: guaranteed equal access to public places, protected rights to serve on juries
rarely enforced and eventually overturned
government was unwilling to use power to monitor the south
president grant
civil war hero wins presidency for the rebublican party
beccause black voters could ovte for republican candidates
lots of corruption in his administration
credit moblier- VP and congress involved in railroad scandal
whiskey ring- secretary is stealing money from gov’t and a tax scheme
grants- used to descrube corruption in politics
boss tweed- stole money NY taxpayers (worked for tamany hall- a political machine)
panic of 1873
severe economic collapse that distracts from reconstruction
overproduction from factories
too much money handed out
causes debate between hard currency and greenbacks- agrarians want cheap money
election of 1876
rebublican rutherford b hayes wins
political controversy because 3 souther states were contested
compromise of 1877: Hayes is president, but he has to pull out troops from the south and end reconstruction formally, provide the south political patronage, and aid for a transcontinental RR in the south
the court undermines reconstruction
civil rights act of 1875: protected rights and made it illegal for any individual to deny rights, prohibited racial discrimination in the government
civil rights cases of 1883: said that individual people were allowed to discriminate against people
jim crow laws: segregation laws in the south
plessy v Ferguson: ruled that racial segregation was constitutional if both versions of the facility was equal
literacy tests, poll taxes, property requirements, and grandfather clauses were put in place to block the right of black men to vote
Chinese immigrants
large increase in asian immigration
important during mining booms and the building of the railroads
spike in nativism- not wanting immigrants
chinese exclusion act (1882): prohibited the immigration of chinese laborers
first time immigration restrictions were put in place based on race
gilded age politics were tied to big businesses and economic issues
both parties ignore political and social consequences of industrialization
laizzez faire: government should not monitor society
currency
civil service reform
patronage was used by both parties
call for civil service reform- end spoils system
tariff
treasury has a huge surplus from tariffs- wanted to lower tariffs
gilded age politics
hayes (1876-1880)
president colowing compromise of 1877
sends federal troops to break up railroad strike
James Garfield (1880-1884)
assassinated
taken over by chester Arthur
supported Pendleton act (1883): supported civil service reform, people had to take exam to prove they were capable of doing the job
grover Cleveland (1884-1888)
advocated for laizzes faire
intertsate commerce act (1887)
banjamin harrison (1888-1892)
wants to keep the tarriff high
billion dollar congress- mckinely tarriff- extrememly high tarriff, civil war pensions
grover cleveland (1892-1896)
industrial revolution
america becomes the leading industrial worls power
rapid economic transformation
impacts economical, social, and political
manufacturing replaces agriculture as the sourse of economic growth
rise of big business causes migrations and urbanization
inventions and innovations
high rate of pattents
telephone
lightbulb
created new changes in daily lifes, jobs, and social consequences
railroads
land and load subsidies were given to RR companies
want to increase western land value
new business practices were introduced
stockholders
financing
competition
consolidation (fewer companies) leads to standardization of the industry
western expansion
first transcontinental railroad
est duriing civil war by the pacific railroad act (1862): allowed for the route of the RR being established
union pacific
build from nebraska to the west, irish
central pacific
builds from CA and meets in the middle, chinese laborers
impact of the RR
unified the domestic market- created national market for goods
allowed mass distribution of goods and raw materials
encouraged mass production, consumption, and regional specialization
promoted growth of other industries and cities
facilitated immigration
changes lide- creates time zones
corruption in RR industry
railroad tycoons are becoming too powerful
cornelious Vanderbilt
federal and grants and loans create corruption in the gov’t
overbuilding takes place- created economic chaoes- companies go bankrupt
discounts given to favorites
small farmers are hurt
“pools” are created secretly between companies to fix rates and share profits
government regulation
people demand the gov’t intervene
farmers are the most vocal group calling for reform- grange movement
munn v Illinois: rules the state could regulate business
overturned with wabash case- rules states could not regulate intertstae commerce
interstate commerce act (1887)
set up interstate commerce commission
federal gov’t would oversee pooling, rebates, and rate fixing
comapnies had to publish rates
first large scale attempt by gov’t to regulate business for society
initially not very effective
rise of heavy industry
railroads
oil
John d Rockefeller
standard oil
steel
Cornelius Vanderbilt
steel industry
coal
horizontal integration (Rockefeller)
controlling all competition
merging competing companies
vertical integration (Vanderbilt)
controlling all aspects of manufacturing your product, all stages of production
eliminate middle man
ideas of the industrial revolution
laissez faire
survival of the fittest/ social Darwinism
gospel of wealth: belief that the wealthy had a moral obligation to help the poor
public opposition
Sherman anti-trust act (1890): outlawed trust and other monopolies that fix prices and restrain trade
ineffective at first- used to break up labor unions
labor unions
challenges
division between unskilled and skilled workers
racial division
hostility from the corporations
no protection from the government
replacement workers were brought in
national labor union (1866)
first attempt to organize workers across states
demand higher wages and 8 hour work day
knights of labor (1869)
opened the union to ALL workers
American federation of labor (1886)
focused on skilled workers
focused on small issues like wages and working conditions- not social issues
largest labor union by 1900
labor unrest
great railroad strike (1877)
Hayes sends troops to end
Haymarket bombing (1886): bomb explodes during public meeting
people viewed the movement as radical and violent
homestead strike (1892): attack on workers at Carnegies steel factory
Pullman strike (1894)
growth of cities
huge increase in urbanization
economic opportunities bring people to jobs in the cities
immigration- Europe and Asia
internal migration- African Americans
supported by new technology
sky scraper
electric streetcars
changing roles for women
new jobs
economic opportunity and sense of independence
problems in the cities
growth of urban poverty- rising gap between rich and poor
lack of clean water
limited sanitation
tenements and slums
dumbbell tenement: ,
neighborhoods are segregated by class, race, and ethnicity
political bosses and machine politics
political machines controlled politics in major cities
boss tweed
political bosses controlled the rank and file and rewarded supporters with jobs in gov’t
provided basic welfare serviced to the poor and immigrant communities
creates greed, corruption, and fraud
old v new immigrants,
old immigrants | new immigrants |
---|---|
English, Irish, Germanprotestant, some catholicliterate and skilledquick to assimilatecame from democracy not completely poor | Italian, Russian, polish, greekcatholic, orthodox, jewishilliterate and unskilledreluctant to assimilatecame from countries with history of radical ideas like communism and socialismarrived poor |
why did immigrants come
pull factors: ideas, freedom, stories from past generations, economic opportunity (jobs created by industrial revolution)
push factors: farm jobs lost, lack of land, poverty, political instability, lack of freedom
response ot immigration
ellis island: opened as an immigration processing stations
rise of nativism- more intense
racial
economic- scared immigrants would take jobs
political- coming with radical ideas
religious- not protestant
attempts to exclude
Chinese exclusion act (1882)
American protective association: anti-catholic group made of protestants
literacy tests (1917)
quota acts in the 1920s
various attempts to help the problems
social gospel movement: christians had a responsibility to help deal with urban poverty
Salvation Army: provided poverty relief
YMCA and YWCA- Christian values
settlement house movement
Jane Addams hull house (1889): provided social services in the community and helped immigrants adapt to new society
beliefs of the industrial revolution
belief in protestant work ethic
african american responses
booker t Washington
ex slave
wrote hus autobioography “up from slavery”
wanted african americans to be able to have skills to gain respect and security
established tuskegee institute
did not advicate directly for challenging white supremacy
w.e.b. dubois
northerner
created NAACP (1909)
demanded immediate socal and political equality
rejected booker’s gradualism
western settlement
the federal government is promoting development and moving west
homestead act (1862): offered public land to people who lived on it and improved it for 5 years
intended to encourage western settlement
hard to do with limited resources and money
pacific railroad act (1862): authored bruising of transcontinental RR- completed in 1869
western economy
boom and bust cycle
mining industry
cattle industry
myth vs reality in the west
romanticized
complexities of Native American life are ignored
melting pot- chinese immigrants, native americans, and american settlers
religious- mormons
woman’s suffrage was more common in the west- Wyoming is the first state
life in the trans-mississippi
life for the plains Indians have changes
rely on hunting bison
Europeans being horses, firearms, alcohol, and disease
increasing pressure on Native American life and leads to conflict
severe decline in bison population
indian wars
violence occurs as people move into native land
sand creek massacre (1864): Colorado militia attack native tribes
battle of little big horn (1876): the Sioux tribe kill americans
battle of wounded knee
ghost dance movement begins amongst the Sioux tribe in Dakota territory
cultural and religious revival
thought it would get rid of the white settlers
federal gov’t tries to stop this
army kills oner 200 native people
marks the end of the major Native American frontier wars
attempts at assimilation
people are questioning the gov’t mistreatment of native Americans
Helen hunt Jackson wrote “a century of dishonor”
boarding schools were attempted to assimilate native people
Dawes severalty act (1887): end tribal ownership of land
split land into private farms
native had to adopt American ways and live on land for 25 years and then they could become citizens
remaining land was sold to white farmers
massive failure- Native American dramatically declined
closing of the frontier
Oklahoma territory was opened up to settlement in 1889
native Americans were relocated again
fredrick Jackson turner writes the significance of the frontier in american history
argues that the frontier has closed
thinks the frontier makes america independent and opportunistic- had a theory you could always move west if life got hard
ignored contributions of people already there, women, and people moving to urban areas
farmers organize
becoming more commercialized
problems
falling prices
unfair RR business practices
high costs for machines
tight money
high tariff- supported by republicans
the grange movement: organized social and educational activated and demanded collective reform
munn v Illinois: states could regulate railroads- overturned by Wabash case- lead to passage of the interstate commerce act
farmers alliance: excluded blacks and tenant farmers (farmers who don’t own the land)
populist party
farmers
want gov’t ownership of the railroads
free and unlimited coinage of silver (increases money supply)
graduated income tax- rich pay more
direct election of senators
ending the 19th century
growing frustration over the laissez faire system
homestead strike (1892): workers at carnegie steel plant are defeated
panic of 1893: stock market crashes as a result over overspeculation and overproduction
cleveland continues laissez faire approach
coxey’s army (1894): unemployed march to DC and demand the gov’t hires the jobless for public works jobs
pullman strike (1894): cleveland uses the army to defeat the RR strike
election of 1896
william mckinely vs william kennings bryan
mckinely wins (republican)
populists fade and democrats take some of their views
important ideas
expansion has focused on moving west in America- now going to focus on going out of the country
frontier if closed- nowhere to go in the west
in the 1890s the us becomes a global power
motives for imperialism
economic: industrial revolution opens up markets abroad and access to cheap raw materials and trade
political: desire to compete with other nations- wants to be a world power
strategic/military: acquire naval bases- Panama canal
ideological: idea of the white mans burden- darwinism applied to national affairs, spread christian values to other nations
hawaii
1820s missionaries want to convert native people to christianity
sugar and pineapple planters buy up land- dole family
1887 American signs treaty that established Pearl Harbor naval base
us wants to annex Hawaii, but Hawaiians didn’t want to join American
queen advocated for Hawaiian control, but us didn’t listen and this causes a revolt
Americans overthrow the queen in 1893
Cleveland rejects annexation, McKinley annexed it in 1898
Spanish American war
Cuba was controlled by Spain- revolts against Spain were becoming more common
us has infestations in sugar plantations in Cuba
sympathy for the Cuban people
yellow journalism: exaggerated reporting
war begins in 1898- us declared war against Spain
us ship was bombed by Spain
teller amendment: US declares they have no intention of taking over Cuba
treaty of Paris (1898)
gives the us Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines
imact of the war
what should the US do with the new territory?
anti-imperialist league: opposed annexation of the Philippines
McKinley favored expansion and congress approved the treaty
cuba
teller amendment replaced by platt amendment: us can intervene to restore peace and order, Cuba could not sign treaties, us can have a naval base in Cuba
us withdraws troops
Puerto rico
forager act (1900): granted limited degree of popular gov’t, withheld full self rule
us citizenship in 1979
status of these places was uncertain
insular cases: constitutional rights are not automatically extended to people in American territories
the Philippines
believed they would get independence with the treaty of Paris
brutal guerrilla war with US and Philippines
access to china
us wanted markets In china
other countries turned china into spheres of influence: area of exclusive trading privileges
open door policy (1899): all nations should have equal trading privileges in china
boxer rebellion: attempt to remove foreign influence from china
theodore roosevelt
McKinley reelected in 1900 but assassinated in 1901
dramatic rise in power of presidency
expansionist foreign policy
“speak softly and carry a big stick”
don’t back down from using force if needed
panama canal
canal would cut down travel time- help trade and military
France tried to build canal first
Roosevelt tried to get Columbia to allow the US build canal
Columbia rejects the treaty
TR decides to secret support Panamanian independence
hay-buneau-varilla treaty: gives US the right to build the Panama Canal
Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe doctrine
Monroe doctrine: Europe stays out of the western hemisphere
Latin American countries owed money to England and Germany
Roosevelt corollary: US has the right to intervene in Latin America to manage these issues
expands US roles in latin america
strains relationships
roosevelt in east Asia
us is converened over growing Japanese strength
great white fleet: US battleships go on tour around the world to demonstrate growing US power
the progressive movement
why?
industrialization, urbanization, and immigration created changes and challenged for the US
what?
effort to use gov’t power to regulate and improve society
rejection of laissez faire
not a radical movement- want to save capitalism
who?
mostly middle class people
very diverse- church leaders, politicians, union leaders, women, African Americans
compare to:
age of Jackson
populists
new deal
promoting reform: muckrakers
attempted to expose problems in American society
mostly journalists
ida Tarbell: wrote “a history of standard oil company” and exposed Rockefeller
Jacob Riis: wrote “how the other half lives” and exposed the slums of NY
Lincoln Steffens: “the shame of the cities” exposed corruption in political machines
Upton Sinclair: “the jungle” exposed the meatpacking industry
progressive women
broke down the idea of women’s roles in homes
national child labor committee: women fought for laws banning child labor
national consumers league: headed by Florence kelly, advocated for rights of women in the workplace as well as child labor
muller v Oregon: ruled that laws protecting women and work day restrictions were constitutional
had good intentions but a bad execution
triangle shirtwaist fire: factory fire in shirt factory, killed 146 workers who were mostly women and immigrants- sparked a need for workplace reform
urban reform
urban poverty, slums, political corruption, and alcoholism were problems in the cities
settlement house movement was used to help people out of urban poverty
desire to take away power from political bosses and our it under public control
municipal gov’t reform created fire, police, and sanitation environments- elected by voters
state reform
fighting against corporate control of state politics
gov. Robert la Follette pioneered many reforms in Wisconsin
Wisconsin idea; regulate public utilities, take on RR industry, tax reform, political reform
political reform
wanted to increase democracy and reduce trusts
direct primary: nomination of candidate is now decided by voters
recall: elected politicians can be removed from office by the voters before their term expired
referendum: voters can directly vote on a law
initiative: voters could introduce laws
17th amendment: rather than state legislation, voters would directly vote for senators
advocated for by the populists in the 1890s
temperance movement
division over the movement
wet- against
dry- for prohibition
native born vs immigrants
rural v urban
woman’s christian temperance union: large organization of women advocating for temperance
anti-saloon league (1895): advocated for legal prohibition
theodore roosevelt
believed in an enlarged role for the president
changes in labor relations
mckinely sided with corporations (RR strike 1877)
Cleveland sided with corporations (pull am strike 1894)
TR tries to mediate but threatens to take over mines with federal troops (coal miners strike 1902)
TR’s square deal (3 c’s)
control of corporations
consumer protection
conservation of the environment
trust busting (corporations)
used the Sherman anti trust act to bust trusts NOT labor unions
broke up northern security company (RR company)
distinguished between good and bad trusts
increased the power of the federal gov’t
increase power of the interstate commerce commission
Elkins act (1903): increased penalties for rate rebates
Hepburn act (1906): gave the ICC the power to set max rates for RRds
consumer protections
“the jungle” was intended to increase support for workers rights but the public focused on the meat industry
meat inspection act (1906): gov’t would regulate the meat industry
pure food and drug act (1906): created FDA and protected against the mislabeling of foods and drugs
conversation
not a national issue
sierra club: advocating for the environment
forest reserve act (1891) to protect 150 million acres fo federal land
newlands reclamation act (1902): moeny from sale of public lands was used for irrigation projects in the west
taft
continued Roosevelts policies
breaking up trusts
conservationism
foreign policy
dollar dimplamcy: investing money in areas of concern to the US
republicans divided
divides during tafts presidency
taft vs TR
taft supports Payne-aldrich tariff (1909) which raised rates- angered progressive republicans
taft fired Roosevelts friend who worked in the government- also angered taft supporters and conservationists
election of 1912
taft wins republican nomination
TR forms the progressive party (bull moose party)
new nationalism program which has an active federal gov’t perusing reform
democrat nomination was wilson- lowered tariff, bank reform, anti-trust lalws
wilson is elected president
progressise era under Wilson
Wilsons triple wall of privilege
tariff reform | trusts | baking reform |
---|---|---|
underwood tariff (1913)- lowered tariff rate | federal trade commission (1914)- presidential appointed commission that would investigate monopoliesClayton anti trust act (1914)-increased power of the sherman anti trust act | federal reserve act (1913)- responsive for regulating money supply16th amendment- graduated income tax established |
african american civil rights
most progressive reformers were not interested in extending democracy to African Americans
ignored by progressive politicians
very little protests to the rise of lynching or Jim Crow laws
booker t Washington- thought African Americans should have vocational skills to gain self respect and economic security, did not advocate for directly challenging white supremacy
w.e.b. Dubois- rejected bookers gradualism, demanded immediate equality for African Americans, helped found the NAACP
ida b wells- important in the anti-lynching campaign, woman’s suffrage, and civil rights
women in the movement
Wilson is not an advocate for women suffrage
carrie chapman Catt- president of the national American woman suffrage association (NAWSA), favored fighting for suffrage state by state
Alice Paul- broke away from NAWSA and formed the national woman’s party in 1916
more militant
protested at white house
wanted national amendment
Wilsons foreign policy
us was pursuing. aggressive foreign policy in Asia and latin American
McKinley- open door policy
TR- big stick policy
taft- dollar diplomacy
Wilson shifts direction with “moral diplomacy”
proposed democracy to other countries
less imperialism
wilson in Mexico
Mexican revolution removed dictator from power- created rotating leadership
us had lots of investments in Mexico
Wilson refused to recognize Mexican gov’t
orders an arms embargo and gives aid to revolutionaries righting
American soldiers arrested at Tampico
US navy occupies Veracruz
Pancho Villa led raids across the border killing Americans
Wilson sends in US forces to arrest villa
war in Europe caused Wilson to remove troops from Mexico
the great war
variety of factors contributed to the outbreak of WW1
nationalism- wanted to be #1
imperialism- wanted to be a world power
alliances- needed people to help you
militarism
assassination of archduke Ferdinand
us neutrality
Wilson advocated for neutrality but it was difficult to maintain
us was never completely neutral during WW1- has stronger connection to England than Germany
American public was largely anti-german
American manufacturing and banking sided with the allied cause- England and France benefited from the US
Germany used u-boats and sinks ships
lusitania- killed Americans
sussex pledge- Germany pledges not to sink ant ships without warning
election of 1916
wilson wins re-election because he kept us out of war
US entry to WW1
slow process- natural in the beginning
violations of US neutrality
sussex, lusitania
zimmerman note: British intercept a German proposal to Mexico calling for a joint alliance
Germany wants Mexico to attack the US and recover lost territory
Germany returns to unrestricted submarine warfare in hopes the US would join the war but Germany would be able to win before that
April 1917 congress declares war on Germany
Wilson wants to be involved in the post-war settlement and “make the world safe for democracy”
mobilization
us was entirely unprepared for war
selective service act: organizes a draft
American expeditionary force headed by general Pershing
total war effort: all aspects of the country mobilizes
war was financed by war bonds and income taxes from the 16th amendment
federal agencies with the gov’t and business working together are created
national war labor board: helped mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes
war industries board: set production priorities for the war
US food administration: headed by Herbert hoover, encouraged people to conserve food
boosted support for the 18th amendment- prohibition has begun
silencing dissent
stopping people from opposing the war
committee of public information: headed by George creel to promote the war effort with propaganda
espionage act (1917): prohibited interference with the raft or war effort
sedition act (1918): banned anyone from criticizing the gov’t
anti-german sentiment increases
Schneck v. US (1919)
Charles Schenk was arrested under the espionage act for mailing leaflets to men eligible fro the draft and trying to persuade them not to join
supreme court ruled that congress has the power to restrain speech if it posed a clear and present danger
social impact on the home front
great migration: African Americans start to move to northern cities (1910)
racial relations
job opportunities
African Americans serve in segregated units
race riots break out in major cities in 1919
women work in wartime factories
leads to 19th amendment and woman finally have the right to vote
wilsons 14 points
Wilsons proposal for the postwar world
goal is to prevent another world war
how:
guarantee freedom of the seas
eliminate economic trade barriers
military reduction
no more colonies
no more secret treaties
formation of a league of nations
the big 4
David Lloyd-gorge - great Britain
Vittorio orlando- Italy
Georges Clemenceau- France
Woodrow wilson- USA
these nations are not as idealistic as Wilson
want to use the war to punish Germany and help their own countries
treaty of Versailles
rejects Wilsons 14 points
includes league of nations
has to get it approved by republican congress
hated idea of the US joining the LON
Henry cabot lodge leads opposition to the LON
leauge of nations
tradition of isolationist policies and avoiding European affairs- most people want to stay this way
opposition of article 10: nations would have to help other nations in the event of external aggression
angered people because they thought it violated the constitution
fear that the US would have to deal with foreign issues and europe would ignore the Monroe doctrine
congress rejects the treaty
league of nations IS formed but without the us
many mark the rejection of the LON as a withdraw of the US from foreign affairs in the 1920s
fear following WWI
communist party came to power in Russia in 1917
strikes shut down important industries in 1919
steel strike of 1919
Boston police strike on 1919
race riots are still occurring In cities as a response to the demographic changes
chicago 1919
bombing occur in 8 American cities in 1919-1920
becomes red scare: 1919-1920
attorney general a. Mitchell palmer leads a series of raids against suspected radicals
rise of nativism
palmer raids lead to mass arrest of suspected radicals
being arrested for their ideas, not real crimes
continued hatred of new immigrants
quota act of 1921: limited immigration numbers of 3% of those living un the us as of 1910
national quota act of 1924: set the quota at 2% of the immigrants in the US in 1890
severe restrict asian immigrants- NO Japanese immigrants
unrestricted immigration from the Western Hemisphere
Sacco and Vanzetti case
symbolic of the anti immigrant feeling in the 1920s
Italian immigrates charged with robbery and murder in 1921
found guilty and sentenced to death (executed in 1927)
demonstrated the tensions of the era- people thought they were not getting justice
italian
anarchists
WWI draft dodgers
resurgence of the KKK
broadens its influence in the 20s
expands to the midwest
hated toward immigrants, Catholic, radicals, ect.
pro KKK film was popular in the 20s
branded itself as a patriotic organization
gets supports from white protestants in small towns
exerted large political influence
mass consumption economy
majority of Americans are living in urban areas
economic prosperity is roaring
growth in stock market
investment based on speculation
large number of new and affordable consumer goods are becoming available
vacuum
washing machine
electricity in homes leads to this demand
buying goods on credit- possess today and pay tomorrow
leads to debt
advertising industry manipulates consumer demand
transportation changes
Frederick taylors principles of scientific management increased productivity
cars- Henry ford’s model t
growth of industries
rubber
steel
gasoline
highway construction
Charles Lindbergh becomes first person to fly solo across the Atlantic
radio makes him known
mass media: radio and movies
first radio broadcast comes out of Pittsburgh- announced election of president harding
tied the nation together by providing shared experienced
rise of the movie industry- hollywood
the jazz singer becomes first “talkie”
celebrity culture begins to rise in the 20s
babe ruth
Clara bow
gender roles in the 20s
social customs are being challenges
music, dancing, and drinking challenged traditional values
labor saving devices (vacuum, washer, ect.) changed women’s roles at home
flappers become symbol of this independent lifestyle
Margaret Sanger: spoke openly about advocacy for birth control
fundamentalism
became a battle between modern and traditional valued
fundamentalists meliemned that every single world in the Bible is literally true
prohibition
18th amendment: prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol
***NOT the drinking of alcohol
volstead act: federal law that enforced the 18th amendment
extremely opposed in large cities
speakeasies, bootleg liquor
understaffed ale enforcement and widespread corruption
rise of organized crime
al capone in Chicago
black american in the 1920s
great migration brought numerous African Americans to northern cities
jazz music spread out of new Orleans
Harlem, NYC was the cultural center of black American
Harlem renaissance: artistic movement in Harlem in the 20s
Claude mckay
Langston hughes
zora neale hurston
Louis armstrong
Marcus Harvey founded the united negro improvement association (UNIA)- called for African Americans to go back to African
promoted black pride and confidence
the lost generation
f. scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, sinflair lewis
criticized different aspects of the decade
why did we fight WWI
small town values
fundamentalist religious views
materialism of the decade
politics of the 1920s
opposite of the progressive era reform period- Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
don’t see power of the presidency
business and gov’t are linked
Harding- return to normalcy
Cooldige
Hoover
all republican and conservative
handling businesses
republican residents favor high tariffs
pro business policies of the republican admins.
fordney-mccumber act (1922)- increased tariff
trickle down economics
Europe praised their own tariffs in response
slows down global trade
lead to some scandals and corruption
teapot dome scandal- secretary of interior Albert fall accepted bribed in exchange for gov’t land to oil industried
harding dies in august 1923- Coolidge becomes president
Calvin Coolidge
Coolidge continued pro-business policies
“the business of American is business”
signed national quota act of 1924
wins election of 1924
against la folette of the progressive party
does not run again in 1928
decade that didn’t roar: farmers and unions
union membership declined
companies favored an “open shop”- jobs open to non-union workers
red scare turned public away from labor
farmers are experiencing economic difficulty
following WWI the demand for crops goes down
advancement in technology hurts farmers
too much supply, lower prices
herbert hoover
republican nominated for election of 1928
international affairs
us rejected joining the league of nations
gave the impression that we were completely isolationist
us doesn't not entirely withdraw from world affairs
Washington naval arms conference (1921)
naval disarmament
promote peace (in Pacific/Asia especially)
reduce defense expenditures
five power treaty- set battleship ratios, US and England agree to no possessions in the pacific
four power treaty- respecting territory in the pacific
nine power treaty- all nations respect the open door policy
Kellogg briand pact (1928) - outlawed war, can’t enforce it, allowed for defensive wars
international finance
us becomes a creditor nation after WWI
loaned lots of money to European countries recovering from WWI
european nations were slow to rebuild and repay
high tariffs weaken and slow down international trade
germany was bankrupt
Dawes plan (1924)- adjusted German reparation payments
Us banks loan money to Germany to help pay for rebuilding of England and France
England and France would use their reparations from Germany to pay back the US
stock market crash of 1929 ends this
great depression begins
tremendous speculation spiraled the price of stocks upward
Black Tuesday: 10/29/29- stock prices plunge causing a panic and a quick dumping of stocks
collapse in the US and abroad
25% of the nation is unemployed
thousands of banks fair
homes and farms forclose
soup kitchens and breadlines help a little
most people lived In “Hoovervilles”
causes of the Great Depression
overproduction of agriculture and industry- depressed agricultural conditions
workers wages did not increase enough, uneven distribution of wealth
too much reliance on credit- overstimulated consumer buying, leads to bank failures
international economic problems- war debts and Hugh tariffs from republican administration
unbalanced foreign trade
stock market crash
effects from WWI
drained resourced
debt
long term and unseen
downward spiral of effects- once you start you can’t stop
banking industry is failing
poor leadership- hoover couldn’t help the gov’t and the people
hoovers response
opposed gov’t intervention
did too little too late
Hawley-smoot tariff (1930): highest peacetime protective tariff
europe once again made theirs higher
further slows down trade
reconstruction finacne corporation (1932): gives federal money to struggling businesses in hopes the benefits would “trickle down” to the economy
gov’t would gove money to banks, railroads to prop them up
thought it would stabilize wages and reduce layoffs to the poorer
bonus army
veterans of WWI were suffering
bonus expidentiary force (bonus army) march DC to demand their payment of their bonus from fighting the war
set op hoovervilles in DC
hoover sent the army to clear them out
lead by Douglas MacArthur
tarnished hoovers reputation
hoover has to run against FDR in 1932
election of 1932
hoover as republican candidate
reconstruction finance corp.- trick down economics
FDR as democrat
promises a new deal
no plan
people are upset with hoover, FDR wins
FDR
wealthy family
Eleanor Roosevelt becomes most involved First Lady- advocated for underserved groups
brain trust- diverse group of advisors that helped run the new deal programs
Frances Perkins- first female member of a presidential cabinet
new deal
not organized or preplanned
new agencies created by the gov’t- willingness to experiment
three r’s
relief- for people struggling
recover- for the economy
reform- so it never happens again
alphabet agencies- new deal organizations known by anagrams
fireside chats- Roosevelt talking directly to the country via radio
100 days- first 100 days of Roosevelts term, large number of laws passed by congress at Roosevelts request
finance and banking
many banks were failing into 1933
bank holiday (march 1933)- closing all banks and restore confidence of American people
emergency baking relief act (1933)- only financially stable banks would reopen
glass-stegall act- regulated banks, restricted how banks could invest customers deposits
established the federal deposit insurance corp. (FDIC)- insured bank deposits
securities and exchange commission (SEC)- gov’t regulates stock market, done to give trust back to the gov’t
unemployment relief
millions pf people were unemployed in 1933(25%)
hope was that job creation would provide relief and recover to restart the economy
federal emergency relief act (FERA)- headed by harry Hopkins, gave money to states and local gov’t for relief services
civil works admin (CWA)- branch of FERA designed to give temporary jobs during the winter months
civilian conservation corps (CCC)- employed young men in environmental jobs- park miainence, reforestation
public works admin (PWA)- federal money was used for public works project- roads, bridges, dams
industrial and agricultutal recovery
national recovery act (NRA)- headed by Hugh Johnson, worked for industrial recovery and giving fair wages and hours for workers, drafted codes for industries
agricultural adjustment act (AAA)- paid farmers to cut production which would increase prices
dust bowl
drought in the 1930s added to the farmers problems on the great plains
overuse of the land and high winds caused dust storms
people fled to CA looking for work
“the grapes of wrath” documents this
Tennessee valley authority (TVA)
built dams, power plants, and controlled flooding and erosion in the TV
change since the TVA was the federal gov’t helping to develop a region at reduced rated
gave thousands of people jobs
second new deal
first years of the new deal focused on recovery
some success
1935- second new deal goes further with reform and relief
works progress admin (WPA)- spent billions of dollars employing people and doing public works projects
also employed people in artistic fields
resettlement admin- provided loans to small farmers that didn’t get help in first new deal
not helped by the AAA
social security
social security act (1935)- established the principle of federal responsibility for social welfare
money is taken from pay and people over the age of 65 would get retirement money
as well as mothers, unemployed, disabled
national labor relations act: wagner act
Wagner act (1935)- guaranteed the rights or organized labor and the right to join unions to bargain collectively
created national labor relations board to enforce the laws
creates large boost in the labor movement
challenges to the new deal
improved the economy but it still was unstable
FDR wins reelection in 1936
conservatives and business owners disliked FDR
did not like increasing the size of the gov’t
critical of deficit spending
FDR followed policies of British economist of John Maynard Keynes
Keynesian economics: deficit spending was needed to stimulate economic growth
liberal crisis: thought it wasn’t doing enough for minorities and the poor
demagogues challenged FDR
Francis Townshend- wanted everyone 60+ to get 200$ a month to stimulate economy
Huey long: advocated for share our wealth program- tax the rich and gives money to poor, very radical
Supreme Court packing plan
Supreme Court ruled 2 new deal programs unconstitutional
NRA
AAA
FDR proposed a plan to allow him to appoint additional judges for every judge over 70
both parties see this as an assault on the checks and balances
Roosevelt suffers a rare political defeat
impact
coalition of farmers, immigrants, union members, africna americans, and women all support democrats
established federal responsibility for society
new deal does NOT end the depression- WWII does
in 1937 they reduve gov’t spending on public relief programs
limited impact of race and gender issues
FDR forrign policy
opens formal recognition of society union
worried about germanys growing power
possible trade with soviets
wants to improve relationships with Latin America
good neighbor policy: us denounces armed intervention
reciprocal trade agreement (1934): reduction of US tariffs if other countries to the same
rise of totalitarianism
totalitarian regimes emerge in the 20s and 30s
fascists in italy- mussolini
stalin in soviet union
hitler and the nazi in 1933 in Germany
militaristic gov’t in Japan
these gov’t start to militarize and seek to expand
Japan conquers Manchuria and violating open door policy, withdraws from LON
Italy attacks Ethiopia
league of nations does nothing
nye committee : Americans were disillusioned with their participation in WWI- it was the result of bankers and arms manufacturing, people wanted to make money
congress legislates neutrality
neutrality acts: designed to keep the US neutral in potential conflicts
no American citizens could sail on other nations at wars ships
outlawed sale of weapons to countries at war
no loans to nations at war
policy of appeasement
spanish civil war: fascist gov’t won
hitler openly violated treaty of versailles
occupies rhineland
built up military
annexed austria
Munich conference: leaders agree to hand over Sudetenland to Germany, hitler promises not to demand more land, symbolized the failed policy of appeasement
Japan invaded china in 1937- Roosevelt cannot help china
quarantine
threatens open door policy
Japan sinks Panay
WWII begins
Germany and soviets sign a non aggression pact- allows hitler to attack Poland, hitler and Stalin divide Poland between the two
England and France start to realize what is happening
germany invades Poland 1939
WWII begins when France and England declare war
by 1940 hitler has conquered most of Europe (axis powers)
us remains neutral but were against the axis powers
US gets involved
congress amends the neutrality legislation
neutrally act (1939): countries could buy weapons from the US as long as they were paid for in cash and carried on their won ships (cash and carry)
most of France is defeated by 1940
US adopts the first peacetime draft to prepare for war
battle of britain (aug. 1940)- Germany bombs England
US involvement increases
huge debate about what to do
committee to defend America: advocating to help England and the allies
America first committee: opposed US involvement, isolationist
destroyers for bases: US would give England US destroyers from WWI in exchange for military bases
FDR wins third term in 1940- criticized by republicans
lend lease act
FDR worried about axis power win
lend peace bill (1941): eliminated cash and carry, US would send supplies to countries who were the victims of aggression, would avoid the US having to fight
us was not truly neutral- economic declaration of war
1941- hitler invades the Soviet Union
Atlantic conference: FDR and Churchill meet and outline postwar goals
japanese conflict
past complications
pearl harbor
peral harbor
attack on near harbor ends isolationist movement
us had already been mobilizing for war
selective service act
lease supplies for the allied powers
federal gov’t had expanded greatly
WWII brought on huge mobilization which ends the great depression
federal mobilizations
war productions board: allocated resources for the war
office of price admin.: froze prices, eager, rationed foods
Americans industrial output was a factor in eventual allied victory
office of research and development: worked with scientists and unlivearsitied to help in tech development
Manhattan project: joint program with US and Eng. to make weapons and atomic bombs
African American impact
second great migration: African Americans move north to look for jobs
discrimination was far too common
race riots break out in 1943
served in segregated military units
double victory campaign: calling for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home
NAACP memberships increase
congress of racial equality (1942): formed to fight against discrimination
native and mexican Americans
demand for workers provided opportunity to Mexican Americans
bracero program (1942): allowed Mexican farmers to work in the us without formal immigration
racial tensions again lead to riots
Native American Navajo code talkers spoke in their native language to confuse the other side
social and demographic changes
women served in noncombat roles and entered the workforce because of the demand for industrial jobs
rosie the riveter
paid less than men and expected to leave once the war was over
many people go to west and midwest looking for defense jobs
postwar migration to the sunbelt in the south
japanese Americans
executive order 9006: required all people of Japanese descent in the west be relocated to internment camps
scared of spies
most were second generation
Japanese in Hawaii were not evacuated
korematsu vs US (1944): Supreme Court upheld the relocation as a necessity for national security
Japanese fought for the US
fighting WWII
allies focus on European theater of the war
soviets stop German advance at Stalingrad
allies focus first on North Africa into Italy
d-day (6/6/44)- massive second front opened
big 3 met to discuss military strategy and plan for the postwar world
casablanca convence (jan 1943)
unconditional surrender
invade italy first
tehran conference (nov. 1943)
plan d day
3 meet for the first time
talk about the fate of Eastern Europe
yalta conference (1945)
Germany gets divided into 4 zones
free elections in eastern Europe
soviets help against japan
create UN
pacific war
us military was responsible for fighting japan
island hopping: wincontril over territory to get closer ot mainland
Potsdam confrence (1945): Truman and stalin agree that japan has to surrender or be destroyed
1st atomic bomb dropped august 1st 1945
soviet union goes to war with Japan (aug 8th 1945)
2nd atomic bomb aug. 9th 1945
japan surrenders and the wwar ends
US becomes dominant political and military country
postwar economy
are the economy would collapse after WWII
GI bill of rights (1944): helped veterans by paying them for school, home, and business
economic boom in the 50s
because people were saving money during the war
defense spending is a big reason for this- to prepare for cold war
much of this growth occurs in the sunbelt
people move to suburbs
truman admin
Truman had a hard time politically
first president to challenge racial discrimination using presidential powers
committee on civil resources
desecrated armed forces
republican controlled congress passed the taft-hartley act over Trumans veto
made closed shops illegal
republicans wanted to reduce the growing power of labor unions
election of 1948- democrats are divided
Truman wins election of 1948
trumans fair deal
called for extending new deal programs
conservatives in congress block most of his proposals
increased the minimum wage
American in the post WWII world
US plays a key role in post WWII affairs
us is no longer isolationist
us joins the UN in 1945
member of UN security council
international finance agreements at the Bretton woods conference in 1944 sough to establish a stable global economy
world bank
helped promote international trade
soviets reject this because they view it as capitalist
cold war begins
ideological, political, and military struggle between the US and Soviet Union for over 50 years
prior to 1945 tensions were increasing between the 2 sides
communism vs capitalism
tensions in WWII
us and soviets had an alliance of necessity to beat the germans
yalta confrence
bug three meet at Yalta in early 1945
discuss postwar plan
FDR and Churchill think Stalin wants a representation gov’t
FDR wanted Stalin to agree to help out the war against japan
Stalin wants a buffer zone in Eastern Europe
Stalin refuses to remove the red army and rigged elections brought pro-soviets to power
pro-soviet puppet govt’s in the name of preserving soviet security
containment in Europe
Churchill gives the iron curtain speech in 1946
wanted western democratic nations to collar to stop soviet expansion
George Kennan develops the containment policy in “long telegram” in feb 1946
Us is encouraged to stop soviet expansion
containment would guide US policy in the cold war
both Greece and turkey were under communist rule
Truman doctrine: us would revise military and economic aid to help from falling to the Communists
Truman does not send troops just money
worked
there was a fear that Communists may be voted to power in Western Europe (France, Italy)
European recovery program/Marshall plan: us would provide millions of dollars in aid to Europe
stop communism by providing aid
Europe rebuilds and communism does not spread
soviets reject aid
crisis in Germany
Germany was divided after WWII and controlled by US, eng., France, and SU
Stalin weakened Germany and wanted them to pay reparations- starts to form German democratic state
in June 1948 Stalin blockades Berlin
Truman doesn’t want to look weak but doesn’t want to start WWIII
Berlin airlift: provided the city of Berlin with supplies for 11 months
Germany remains divided
federal republic of Germany (west)
German democratic republic (east)
military buildup
US joins NATO in 1949 (north Atlantic treaty organization)
said one nation is an attack on all
national security act (1947)
dept. of defense
national security council
Central Intelligence Agency
arms race between the US and SU
soviets test their first atomic bomb in 1949
NSC-68 called for a massive military buildup (1950)
implemented with Korean war
us tests first hydrogen bomb (1952)
cold war in asia
Chinese civil war going on- nationalists vs communists
us provided financial support to nationalist forces
resulted in 2 chinas- comments not formally recognized by US
republicans Blane Truman for “the loss of china” to communism
contributed to growing domestic fear
second red scare
smith act (1940): made it illegal to belong to any organization that advocated for the overthrowing of the gov’t by force
federal employee loyalty program (1947): investigated background of federal employees
HUAC: investigated communists in American life
Alger Hiss: state dept. member accused of being a communist in 1948
HUAC investigated him
Nixon lead this and made a name for himself
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: convicted of espionage
Joseph McCarthy
korea war
occupied by Japan during WWIII and then divied at the 38th parallel
by 1949 US and SU withdrew their troops
june 1950- communist NK invaded SK
us comes to the defense of SK
macarthur called for expanding the war and criticizied the “limited war” strategy
armistice reached in 1953 but Korea remained divided
containment worked