Introduction Notes:

Emails must include “PSYC 2130 Section N” in the email's subject.

• Must include All TAs (Prof, 2 other TAs)

• Max, Paolina, Rachel

• Include your name and ID number in the body of the email

Thursdays 11 am -12 pm office hours and TA’s by appointment

The textbook is optional (ie. do not buy) - Recommended

• Lecture-based course!

  Article Evaluations are essentially 3 parts (summary)

• Connections to course content

• Fewer arguments with more depth

MC, Fill in the Blank, Matching, Drawing, Calculation and Short Answers are all fair game on the exams

Personality Psychology is a science

Something to be measured, gathering data about personalities.

• Understanding the whole person (Different aspects and pieces)

  • Thoughts, Feelings and Behaviours

Four Kinds of Data

“S” Data - Self Reported Data

• The most common way we learn about people is through this psychology

• Usually done through surveys

• No trick questions (ask you what you want to know)

Advantages and Disadvantages:

• Lots of Info (Good) (Ask questions about traits to engage things, how honest someone is etc)

• Privileged Access (ie. Hey what are you thinking about?) (To people’s personalities) (Good)

• Definitional Truth (People hold beliefs of their self-worth) (Good)

• Causal Force (It can cause itself to be true - Self-Fulfilling Prophecy) (not taking more math classes to develop more skills because you think you are bad at math) (Good)

• Simple and Easy (Good)

• Bias (Bad)

• Error (Bad)

• Too Simple & Easy (Bad) - People Overreliance

“I” Data - Informant Data

Asking other people to report about other people

• Informants and Gossips - Getting information through someone else

  • Ie. Letter of Recommendation

Advantages and Disadvantages:

• Lots of Info (Good)

• Real World Basis (Good)

• Common Sense (Good)

• Definitional Truth (Good)

• Causal Force (Good)

Limited Contexts (Bad)

Limited Access (Bad)

Error (Bad)

Bias (Bad)

“L” Data - Life Data

Traces of Behaviour (what you do etc)

Digital (ie browsing history)

Records (ie a parking tickets)

Living Spaces

Advantages and Disadvantages

• Objective & Verifiable (Good)

• Intrinsic Importance (Good)

Multiply Determined (Bad)

“B” Data - Behavioural Data

Watch Natural Behaviour

• EAR - phones listening to you

• Video

• ESM

(Non-Naturalistic)

• In the Lab

• Simulating the real world

• Experiment

• Physiological

Advantages

Appear objective

Range of contexts

Disadvantages

Difficult & Expensive (Camera’s example)

Uncertain Interpretation

January 16th:

Stanford University Students Experiment

Data Collection:

Main Topics: Ethics, Case Study, Correlational and Experimental

Showing the participants respect by the initiative of them volunteering

• Want to learn about personality? contact friends and family but asking for consent (provide enough information)

• Some people are naturally more vulnerable then others and experiments can be pretty diverse

• How does personality form over time?

• Might think of changing language to help recruitment

• ie. A prisoner seeking parol by reference letters

• Weighing the risks and the benefits - how to attempt (anonymous/confidentiality)

• want to study xyz, find people facing issues in xyz

• Not changing participants for the worse after a study

• Who takes on the risk and who stands to benefit, Makes sure the participant is taking on some risks (make sure the people can benefit from said study or experiment)

• Syphilis - doctors withheld medication from minorites to see the risk of the disease.

Cold-Presser Task: hand in the bucket of ice water, tests resilience - emotional pain can be a result

Ethics: How does deception come into play and can debriefing help counteract it?

• Can you lie to participants? yes, but in ways that still uphold the ethical principles (still have to provide the information of the study)

  • Have to come clean after a study

  • Inform consent comes when the participant has all the information

International Review Board: has to see if ethically permissible, ethical standards do change

(you can get ethically approved, and will get a certification to help you with research)

Case Study:

- Case Studies often have bad rep because of lack of verifiable information

All these sciences conduct case studies.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Case studies help unlock new potentials that traditional studies cannot unlock.

Falsifying claims can occur. People can change that with one observation. Case studies cannot generalize for a whole group

Correlational: Looks at repeated co-occurence and natural fluctuations (someone with a C and someone with an A)

Causal Problem: a ←> b (ie. stress and performance on a quiz)

Correlation does not equal causation but something is implying that something is happening

• Present bias: tendency to prioritize immediate rewards over long-term benefits

• Delay discounting: tendency to devalue future rewards as the delay increases

• (Temporal Preference)

• 

Experimental: Manipulations (saying to someone the test will be easy or hard) and Random Assignment

Part 3:

How does the effect size compare within the first study -

Binomial Effect Size Displays

r = 0 is no effect

-1 - +1 is the range for this class

Negative Correlation:

January 23:

Jan 30:

The Big Five:

Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionally and Open Mindedness

Personality Judgements

Importance: S Data, I Data, Outcomes and Expectancy Effects

Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM)

Central Idea:

Understanding the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM) and its components

Main Branches:

1. RAM Overview

2. Components of RAM

3. RAM Application

Sub-branches:

1. RAM Overview

• Definition of RAM

• Importance of RAM in decision-making

• RAM in various fields (e.g., business, healthcare, education)

2. Components of RAM

• Data Collection

  • Primary data

  • Secondary data

  • Data sources

• Data Analysis

  • Statistical analysis

  • Data interpretation

  • Data visualization

• Data Validation

  • Cross-validation techniques

  • Error detection and correction

  • Quality assurance measures

3. RAM Application

• Business Decision-making

  • Market research

  • Sales forecasting

  • Risk assessment

• Healthcare Decision-making

  • Diagnosis accuracy

  • Treatment effectiveness

  • Patient outcomes

• Education Decision-making

  • Student assessment

  • Curriculum development

  • Program evaluation

By creating a mind map, you can visually organize and understand the key components and applications of the Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM). This model helps in making informed decisions by collecting, analyzing, and validating data in various fields such as business, healthcare, and education.

Lens Model, Impression Formation, and Personality Judgements

Lens Model

• The Lens Model is a psychological framework that explains how people form impressions and make judgments about others.

• It was developed by psychologist Edward E. Jones and Keith E. Davis in 1965.

• The model suggests that people make judgments by combining information from two sources: the available cues and their own personal beliefs or stereotypes.

• The available cues are the observable behaviors, traits, or characteristics of the person being judged.

• Personal beliefs or stereotypes are the preconceived notions or generalizations that individuals hold about certain groups or individuals.

• The model proposes that people use a "weighting" process to combine the cues and beliefs, resulting in a judgment or impression of the person.

Impression Formation

• Impression formation refers to the process by which individuals form initial perceptions or impressions of others.

• It involves the integration of various cues, such as physical appearance, behavior, and verbal communication, to form an overall impression.

• The process is influenced by both the perceiver's own characteristics and the characteristics of the person being judged.

• The initial impression formed can have a significant impact on subsequent interactions and evaluations of the individual.

• Impression formation can be influenced by factors such as stereotypes, cultural norms, and personal experiences.

Personality Judgements

• Personality judgments involve making assessments or evaluations about an individual's personality traits or characteristics.

• These judgments are often based on observable behaviors, verbal communication, and other cues.

• People tend to rely on heuristics or mental shortcuts when making personality judgments, as it can be challenging to accurately assess someone's personality based on limited information.

• Stereotypes and personal beliefs can also influence personality judgments, leading to biases and inaccuracies.

• Personality judgments can have important implications in various contexts, such as hiring decisions, social interactions, and forming relationships.

Overall, the Lens Model provides a framework for understanding how people form impressions and make personality judgments. It highlights the role of available cues and personal beliefs in shaping these judgments. Impression formation involves the integration of various cues to form initial perceptions, while personality judgments involve assessing an individual's traits or characteristics. These processes are influenced by factors such as stereotypes, cultural norms, and personal experiences.

Types of Accuracy (Modifiers) and Traits

Relevancy, Availability, Detection, and Utilization

• Relevancy: Accuracy refers to the degree of correctness or precision in measurement or assessment. It is relevant in various fields such as psychology, sociology, and medicine, where accurate measurements and assessments are crucial.

• Availability: Different types of accuracy modifiers exist, including concurrent, predictive, and construct validity. These modifiers are available to assess the accuracy of measurements or assessments in specific contexts.

• Detection: Accuracy can be detected through various methods, such as comparing measurements or assessments to a gold standard or using statistical techniques like correlation or regression analysis. The goal is to identify the level of agreement between the measurement or assessment and the true value or criterion.

• Utilization: The utilization of accuracy modifiers depends on the specific context and purpose of the measurement or assessment. For example, in clinical settings, predictive validity is often used to determine the accuracy of a diagnostic test in predicting future outcomes.

Interjudge Consensus and Self-Other Agreement

• Interjudge Consensus: Interjudge consensus refers to the level of agreement or consensus among multiple judges or raters when assessing the same target. It is commonly used in fields like psychology and sociology to ensure the reliability and validity of subjective judgments or ratings.

• Self-Other Agreement: Self-other agreement, also known as self-peer agreement or self-other congruence, measures the level of agreement between an individual's self-perception and how others perceive them. It is relevant in personality psychology and organizational behavior to understand the accuracy of self-assessments and the impact of self-perception on interpersonal relationships.

• Detection: Interjudge consensus and self-other agreement can be detected through various methods, such as calculating interrater reliability coefficients (e.g., Cohen's kappa, intraclass correlation) or using self-report measures and comparing them with others' ratings.

• Utilization: The utilization of interjudge consensus and self-other agreement depends on the research or practical goals. In research, these measures can be used to assess the reliability and validity of subjective judgments. In practical settings, they can inform decision-making processes, such as performance evaluations or team formation.

Note: The above notes provide a brief overview of the topics. For a comprehensive understanding, further exploration of each concept is recommended.

Attempts to get a sense of accuracy by measuring two different measures.

Most people tend to see themselves as such tend to be such.

Good Trait, Good Target, Good Judge and Good Information

• Some traits are easier to judge than others

In summary of the slides above:

Easier to judge someone than it is to not with more information and the quality of information of somebody is also crucial.

Documentary Discussion Board:

Hey!

After giving a proper listen to the mentioned podcast which featured Walter Mischel as the focal point, I believe I formed an opinion and questions to help broaden the discussion.

Throughout the Podcast, Mischel addresses key points on the idea of one’s personality and how it does change due to many factors. A flaw he found within his previous logic which made him second guess his original literature review was a study mentioned (conducted by Hugh Hartshorne and Mark May) about putting thousands of children in different settings to cheat but evidently, one child who would cheat in one class wouldn’t cheat in the others. Inconsistency had formed which had disproved the idea of personalities being consistent in all areas of life.

An example of this comes from an inmate heavily discussed by the name of Dan who had committed rape and claims that he currently is not the same person he once was when he committed the original crime (7 years since the article’s present time.) We witness within the article the discovery of accountability for the wrong he was doing and made a strong chance to better himself. This in turn had changed his personality that many had known him as before and allowed him to be a different person for others and himself.

My opinion is that this is another example that defutes the argument that people cannot change and people can’t become better people than they once were. It is important to note that the article that it states: “We realize the outside world can change in a heartbeat, "but when it comes to human beings, we don't have tolerance for realizing that there is an enormous amount of instability." My conclusion is that we need to be more patient and forgiving to those around us and allow for the concept of reconciliation to be restored within our communities.

Questions to consider:

What is considered acceptable change?

What influences personality change?

How can we find common ground on the idea of personality and change?

Feb 6:

Nature Vs Nurture and how Personality must be biological

Learning Objectives:

Identify ways to test biological underpinning of personality

Describe biological correlates of personality

Calculate & interpret heritability coefficients

Define Gene x Environment interactions and give examples

Methodoclical approaches: brain damage, brain stimulation, brain imaging and DNA sequencing

”

Feb12:

Act Frequency Approach

• The act frequency approach is a method used in personality psychology to study individual differences in behavior.

• It focuses on the frequency with which individuals engage in specific behaviors or acts.

• This approach assumes that behavior is a reflection of personality traits and that individuals differ in the frequency of their behaviors.

• By studying the frequency of acts, researchers can gain insights into an individual's personality traits and tendencies.

Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS)

• The Cognitive Affective Personality System (CAPS) is a theoretical framework proposed by Walter Mischel and Yuichi Shoda.

• It suggests that personality is a dynamic system that consists of cognitive and affective units.

• Cognitive units refer to an individual's thoughts, beliefs, and expectations, while affective units refer to emotions and feelings.

• CAPS proposes that these cognitive and affective units interact with each other and with the environment to shape an individual's behavior.

• It emphasizes the importance of understanding the person-situation interaction in predicting behavior.

Valentine's Example of the CAPS Model

• In the context of romantic relationships, Lisa Valentine proposed an example of the CAPS model.

• She suggested that individuals' cognitive units, such as their beliefs about love and relationships, interact with their affective units, such as their emotions and feelings towards their partner.

• These cognitive and affective units then influence their behavior in the relationship.

• For example, if someone believes in the importance of trust in a relationship (cognitive unit) and feels secure and loved by their partner (affective unit), they are more likely to engage in behaviors that promote trust and intimacy.

Density Distributions

• Density distributions refer to the patterns of behaviors or traits observed in a population.

• They provide information about the frequency and distribution of specific behaviors or traits within a group.

• Density distributions can be used to understand the variability and commonalities in behavior or traits among individuals.

• For example, a density distribution of extraversion scores in a population can show the range of extraversion levels and the most common level of extraversion.

Principles of Personality

• Principles of personality refer to the fundamental concepts and theories that guide the study of personality.

• These principles help researchers understand and explain individual differences in behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

• Some key principles of personality include:

  • Trait perspective: Personality traits are stable and enduring characteristics that influence behavior.

  • Social-cognitive perspective: Personality is shaped by social stuff

Test Style: MC, Fill in the Blank, Matching, Calculation and Interpretation, Short Answer and Drawing (Lock in)

Class notes:

Modern Personality People: Buss, Michel, Shoda, Fleeson and McAdams

Oldest of the Modern Approaches, Buss and Act Frequency Approach.

Over some time, Fred acts friendly more than the typical person

Extraverted can be a loaded phrase, A better statement is Max acted more extraverted than the typical professor

• Cognitive Affect Personality System (CAPS) is a psychological model.

• CAPS focuses on the interplay between cognition, affect, and personality.

• It proposes that cognitive processes influence emotional experiences and personality traits.

• CAPS emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisals in shaping emotions.

• It suggests that personality traits can influence cognitive processes and emotional responses.

• CAPS has been used to study various psychological phenomena, including stress, coping, and psychopathology.

• It provides a framework for understanding the complex interactions between cognition, affect, and personality

Units of said thin can consist of expectations, emotions, goals, abilities and preferences.

March 5th:

Personality Pathology and Health

Defining Personality Disorders

When it comes to defining personality disorders, it's not a straightforward task. The complexity arises from the fact that these disorders often have overlapping symptoms, making it challenging to draw clear boundaries between them. Moreover, the subjective nature of personality traits adds another layer of difficulty to the definition. This subjectivity can lead to differing interpretations among professionals, contributing to the lack of a unified definition in the field of psychology. Additionally, the stigma associated with personality disorders can further complicate the process of defining and understanding these conditions. Misdiagnosis is also a significant concern, as symptoms of one disorder may be mistaken for another due to their similarities.

Types of Personality Disorders

Personality disorders are typically categorized into three clusters: Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C. Cluster A includes disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behavior, such as Paranoid Personality Disorder and Schizoid Personality Disorder. Cluster B comprises disorders marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic traits, including Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. On the other hand, Cluster C consists of disorders characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors, like Avoidant Personality Disorder and Dependent Personality Disorder. Each cluster presents its unique set of challenges and symptoms, making diagnosis and treatment intricate processes.

Dimensional Approaches

In the realm of personality pathology, two primary approaches are often employed: categorical and dimensional. The categorical approach involves classifying individuals into distinct categories based on the presence or absence of specific criteria associated with each disorder. On the contrary, the dimensional approach views personality traits along a continuum, considering the varying degrees of each trait within an individual. This dimensional perspective provides a more nuanced understanding of personality pathology, allowing for a more comprehensive evaluation of an individual's psychological makeup.

Diagnosis of Personality Pathology

Diagnosing personality disorders involves a thorough assessment using various tools and methods. Categorical diagnosis relies on matching symptoms to predefined criteria for each disorder, ensuring a standardized approach to diagnosis. In contrast, dimensional diagnosis takes into account the severity and range of personality traits present in an individual, offering a more holistic view of their psychological profile. Assessment tools commonly used in diagnosing personality pathology include structured interviews, self-report questionnaires, and behavioral observations. These tools aid clinicians in accurately assessing and diagnosing individuals with personality disorders, guiding them towards appropriate treatment interventions.

In conclusion, understanding and defining personality disorders require a multifaceted approach due to the intricate nature of these conditions.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• Characterized by odd behavior, beliefs, and difficulty forming relationships.

• Symptoms include magical thinking, paranoia, eccentric speech, and social anxiety.

• Individuals may have unusual perceptual experiences and display inappropriate emotional responses.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Individuals have an inflated sense of self-importance and a constant need for admiration.

• Symptoms include a lack of empathy, grandiosity, and a sense of entitlement.

• They often exploit others for personal gain and have fragile self-esteem.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Characterized by a disregard for the rights of others and a lack of empathy.

• Symptoms include impulsivity, deceitfulness, aggression, and a failure to conform to social norms.

• Individuals may engage in criminal behavior and show a lack of remorse.

Borderline Personality Disorder

• Individuals have unstable relationships, self-image, and emotions.

• Symptoms include intense fear of abandonment, impulsivity, self-harm, and mood swings.

• They may have a distorted sense of self and engage in risky behaviors.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

• Individuals have extreme sensitivity to rejection and avoid social interactions.

• Symptoms include feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, and fear of criticism.

• They may be reluctant to take risks or engage in new activities due to fear of embarrassment.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Characterized by a preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control.

• Symptoms include rigid adherence to rules, excessive devotion to work, and difficulty delegating tasks.

• Individuals may be overly focused on details and have difficulty completing tasks due to perfectionism.

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