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Chapter 16
Chapter 16
Introduction to Microbial Life
Microorganisms in and on the human body outnumber human cells.
Disruption of microbial communities may lead to:
Increased susceptibility to infections
Predisposition to certain cancers
Conditions such as asthma, allergies, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn’s disease, and autism.
Overview of Prokaryotes
16.1 Prokaryotic Diversity and Impact
Prokaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes comprise a biomass at least 10 times that of all eukaryotes.
They have significant effects on the environment and human health.
Two main types of prokaryotes: Archaea and Bacteria.
16.2 Prokaryotic Cell Shape and Structure
Cell shape helps in identifying prokaryotes:
Cocci
: Spherical shape
Bacilli
: Rod-shaped
Spirilla
: Short, rigid spiral
Spirochetes
: Long, flexible spiral
Most prokaryotes have a protective
cell wall
.
Categorized by:**
Gram + (thick peptidoglycan wall)
Gram - (different wall structure)
Additional structures include:
Sticky
capsules
Flagella
(for movement)
Fimbriae
(for attachment)
16.3 Adaptation and Genetic Variation in Prokaryotes
Rapid reproduction generates genetic variation.
Some form
endospores
for survival in harsh conditions.
16.4 Nutritional Diversity of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes show extensive nutritional diversity allowing them to thrive in various environments.
Two energy sources:
Phototrophs
(capture sunlight)
Chemotrophs
(harness energy from chemicals)
16.5 Biofilms and Microbial Associations
Prokaryotes can form organized
biofilm
communities, leading to medical and environmental challenges.
16.6 Environmental Cleanup via Prokaryotes
Bioremediation
: Using organisms to remove pollutants.
Common in sewage treatment processes.
16.7 Evolution of Prokaryotes
Advances in genetics show some prokaryotes are more closely related to eukaryotes.
First major split in life history: divergence of Bacteria and then Archaea from Eukarya.
16.8 Archaea's Unique Habitats
Archaea thrive in extreme conditions:
Halophiles
: Salt-loving
Thermophiles
: Heat-loving
Methanogens
: Live in anaerobic (without oxygen) environments.
16.10 Pathogenic Bacteria and Disease
Exotoxins
: Secreted proteins causing disease.
Endotoxins
: Released upon death of gram-negative bacteria.
Some pathogens are used as biological weapons (e.g., anthrax).
Overview of Protists
16.12 Diversity of Protists
Protists are mostly
unicellular eukaryotes
found in damp habitats.
Categories include:
Autotrophic
: Algae
Heterotrophic
: Protozoans
Mixotrophic
: Capable of photosynthesis and heterotrophy.
16.13 Protist Phylogeny and Supergroups
Protists organized into multiple clades, some related to plants, fungi, or animals.
Recognized supergroups:
SAR
Excavata
Unikonta
Archaeplastida
16.15 Algae as a Renewable Energy Source
Fossil fuels derive from ancient organisms.
Diatoms
could provide a future source of biofuels.
Research focuses on cultivating diatoms and other algae for energy.
16.16 Mitochondrial Adaptations in Excavates
Excavata
group includes:
Giardia
(parasitic)
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosomas
(pathogenic protists)
Also includes
Euglena
(mixotrophic) and termite endosymbionts.
16.19 Evolution of Multicellularity in Eukaryotes
Multicellularity allows for specialized cells.
Evolved in:
Stramenopiles
(brown algae)
Unikonts
(fungi, animals)
Archaeplastids
(red and green algae, land plants).
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