Modern World History Honors Midterm

Unit 1 Part I: The Age of Reason (Enlightenment, Scientific Revolution, Industrial Revolution) (Look at guided reading questions and textbook)

The Black Plague: Very Beginning of Class Notes

1. The Bubonic Plague:

• Reached Europe from Asia in 1347

  • First arrived in Sicily (Southern Italy) in 1347

• Brought by Rutson Trade Ships

  • Fleas were on rats that were on the ships

2. The effects of the plague:

• The population decreased by 30-50%

• Land values increased 

• People were persecuted due to their religion

• People lost their faith

Renaissance:  P. 48-77 & Class notes

3. Renaissance:

• Started in Italy in the 14th century

• Italian city-states were exposed to new ideas, and other luxuries from around the world

• Caused new interests in cultural and intellectual achievements

4. Humanism:

• Focused on the classics (poetry, grammar, architecture, history, philosophy, arts, sciences, etc.)

• To make a “well-rounded” person

5. William Shakespeare:

• Wrote numerous plays

• Wrote during the end of the 16th century and beginning of the 17th century

6. Johann Gutenberg:

• Invented the printing press in 1457

7. Michelangelo:

• Italian painter, architect, engineer, and poet

8. Petrarch:

• An author

• Wrote “Canzonieri”

• Wrote in Vernacular (Common English)

9. Dante Alighieri:

• An author 

• Wrote “The Divine Comedy”

• Wrote in Vernacular (Common English)

10. Giovanni Boccaccio:

• An author 

• Wrote “The Decameron”

• Wrote in Vernacular (Common English)

The Protestant Reformation: P. 48-77 Class Notes

11. Catholic Church Corruption/Absenteeism/Pluralism/Indulgences:

• The Catholic church would have citizens pay a fee and would get an indulgence

  • They would “buy” their way out of sins

12. Martin Luther:

• German priest

• Displeased with the conduct of the church

• Listed the displeasures of the practices of the church

• Banned from the church

• Published 95 Theses in 1597

  • Listed hid displeases with the practices of the church

13. The Inquisition:

• A church court

• Charges people with crimes against the church

  • Usually heresy

14. Diet of Worms:

• Banned Martin Luther from the Holy Roman Empire

15. Peasants’ Revolt:

• Revolted because of the Reformation

• Happened in 1524

16. Peace of Augsburg:

• Settled the Protestant Reformation

17. Henry VIII & The English Reformation:

• Henry VIII caused the English Reformation by creating a new church

  • He wanted to marry another wife, but he could not because he had a kid

18. Elizabethan Settlement:

• Happened because Henry VIII wanted an annulment and the Pope wouldn't allow it

• Happened during Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603)

• Created peace by balancing the Catholic and Protestant beliefs

• Made the “Church of England” the official church

19. John Calvin:

• Wrote a book on how to “properly” run a Protestant church

• Preached “predestination”

  • The idea that God had determined a long time ago who was saved

Scientific Revolution: P. 48-77 See Unit 1 Guided Reading Questions

20. Nicolaus Copernicus:

• Came up with the theory of the earth spinning  around the sun, instead of the sun spinning around the earth

21. Galileo Galilei: 

• Provided evidence for the theory that planets revolve around the earth

• Charged with spreading “false” information in 1633

22. Johannes Kepler:

• Used Brahe’s data to calculate  the orbit of the planets revolving  around  the sun 

• Found that the planets don't move in a perfect circle but instead in an oval-like shape called an “Ellipse”

23. Francis Bacon:

• Created the scientific method

24. Rene Descartes:

• Developed a new philosophy of human reasoning 

25. Isaac Newton:

• Made a theory on why planets move as they do

  • Found out it was due to gravity

• Invented calculus

26. Andreas Vesalius:

• Published the first accurate theory on human anatomy

• Would conduct illegal autopsies to conduct his theory

27. William Harvey:

• Discovered the function of the heart

• Discovered how blood circulated the body

28. Robert Boyle:

• Refined the view of how chemicals were thought of by alchemists 

• Found that chemicals are all made up of tiny particles

The Enlightenment: Unit 1 Guided Reading Questions P. 182-193 and Chart on Beliefs of Philosophers completed in class

29. John Locke:

• All people are equal 

• People agree to form a government to protect their life, liberty, and property

• Governments gain their power from the people

30. Jean-Jacques Rousseau:

• Wants a direct democracy

• Governments should make their decisions based on the general will (people)

• People receive protection because of the social contract

31. Baron de Montesquieu:

• People choose the legislature

• The legislative branch should be run by multiple people

• The executive branch should be run by one person

• The different branches should check each other

32. Thomas Hobbes:

• People are nasty and brutish

• The state of nature is a danger

• People give the right to govern themselves when they leave the state of nature

• Believes in an absolute monarchy

33. Voltaire:

• Everyone should tolerate each other because we all all brothers and sisters under Christ

• No one person is better than another

34. Adam Smith:

• Scottish economist and philosopher 

• “Father of Economics”

35. Mary Wollstonecraft:

• Advocated for women’s rights 

• Known for her book “Vindication of the Rights of Woman”

• Her ideas helped shape early feminists 

36. Social Contract:

• How the human population is without government 

37. Sovereign:

• A state that has a supreme power

38. Natural Rights:

• Life, liberty, and property

39. Separation of Powers:

• When the powers of government are separated 

40. Direct Democracy: 

• People vote directly for a government

41. Republic:

• People vote for representatives

  • Then the representatives vote for the government

• Constitutional governments

The Enlightenment: (Contd.)

42. Complete the following chart:

Unit 1: Age of Absolute Monarchs:  Class Notes and Aspects of Absolute Monarchy Assignments

43. Absolute Monarchy (5 aspects):

• Uses armies to expand or consolidate borders under the ruler's control

• Controls religious authorities 

• Circumvents, ignores, or uses assemblies to approve or rubber-stamp (“fake approval”) the ruler's initiatives

• Makes laws & Dispenses Justices

• Limits or controls the power of nobles 

44. Louis XIV/Sun King:

• Ruled for 72 years; the longest in Europe

• Built the Palace of Versailles

• Believed in absolute power

45. Philip II of Spain:

• Became king in 1527

  • Wanted to defeat the rise of Protestantism in Spain 

    • Oversaw the Catholic preformation

  • Established Spain as a primary military source in the Mediterranean 

  • Conquered much of the America’s

    • Made Spain very wealthy

46. James I:

• King of England and Scotland 

• Started the “Stuart Dynasty”

• Sponsored the King James Bible 

47. Charles I:

• King of England, Scotland, and Ireland

• Believed in absolute monarchy

• His actions led to the English Civil War

• Defeated by Parliament forces

  • Led by Oliver Cromwell

48. The English Civil War/Cavaliers & Roundheads:

• Conflict between King Charles I (Cavaliers) and Parliament (Roundheads)

  • Cavaliers:

    • Supported the king

    • Favored monarchy and the Chruch of England

  • Roundheads

    • Back Parliament

    • Wanted limits on royal power

    • Wanted more religious freedom

    • Called roundheads because of their bad haircuts

• Roundheads won

  • This led to Charles I’s execution and a temporary abolition of the monarchy

49. Oliver Cromwell:

• English military and political leader

• Led the Roundheads to victory in the English Civil War

• Governed England as “Lord Protector” for a short time

50. The Commonwealth:

• The period after King Charles I’s execution

• England ruled without a monarch

  • Oliver Cromwell governed England as “Lord Protector” for a short time

• Ban of entertainment like theater and festivities

• Ended in 1660 with the death of Oliver Cromwell

Unit 1: Age of Absolute Monarchs:  Class Notes and Aspects of Absolute Monarchy Assignments: (Contd.)

51. Stuart Dynasty (Includes James I, Charles I, and James II):

• Parliament was established in 1215

• Started under James I in 1603

  • Tried to become an absolute monarch

    • Puritans were persecuted

    • Parliament was dissolved 

• Charles I 

  • Tried to continue his father’s ways

  • Executed during the English Civil War

  • Son of James II 

• James II 

  • Overthrown in the Glorious Revolution

  • English Bill of Rights was established

    • Limited monarchy

52. Glorious Revolution:

• Overthrew of King James II of England 

  • Caused by James’s Catholicism 

• Established constitutional monarchy

  • Limiting total power and strengthening Parliament

• This led to the English Bill of Rights 

53. English Bill of Rights:

• Limits the power of the English monarchy and enhances the Parliament’s authority

• Signed by William III and Mary II after the Glorious Revolution

• Key Provisions:

  • A monarch can't rule without the Parliament’s consent

  • Free elections

  • No cruel or unusual punishments

  • Right to petition the monarch

The Industrial Revolution 246-265, Study web quest on Google Classroom and Guided Reading questions for Unit 1 

54. The Industrial Revolution (causes & effects):

• Changed society from mostly agricultural to factory productions

• Started around the late 1700s in England

• People would work long and hard hours

• Child labor was increased

• Farming improved

55. Factory System:

• Brought workers and machines together in one place

• New sources of power are used

• Steel, iron, and coal became very important and useful

56. Domestic System:

• Manufacturing is done at home

57. Trade Unions:

• Group of workers that get together to have their job, pay, working conditions, etc. protected

58. Bourgeoisie:

• The rich

• Pitted against the poor

59. Karl Marx:

• Viewed imperialism as a tool to exploit capitalism

• Believed that nations only wanted money; not a better life for the citizens

60. Proletariat:

• The working class

• Pitted against the rich

61. Communism:

• When the government is led by a small elite group of people

• Control all economic and political activity

62. Friedrich Engels:

• Co-writer of the communist manifesto with Marx

63. Steam Engine:

• Invented by James Watt in the late 1600s to early 1700s

64. Division of Labor:

• Each person does a small part of a big job

65. Industrial Middle Class:

• Factory workers usually lived in poverty

Unit 2: The Age of Revolutions P. 271-288, Also study your Unit 2 Guided Reading Questions on Google Classroom, class notes and 3 Estates Diagram on the French Revolution of 1789, and Napoleon T-Chart done in class and notes from different infographic projects on the different revolutions.

Revolutions and Political Figures in the 18th-19th Centuries:

66. Simon Bolivar:

• Led independence movements in South America

• Helped liberate countries like Venezuela, Columbia, and Ecuador

67. Gran Colombia Independence:

• A series of wars throughout South America to gain independence from Spain

• Due to a lack of political and social rights

• Gained independence in 1824

• Split into 5 different nations

68. Dom Pedro:

• First Emperor of Brazil after its independence from Portugal in 1822

• Wanted Brazilian sovereignty and a constitutional monarchy

69. Brazil Independence :

• Peaceful revolution to proclaim Brazil independent from Portugal

• Due to Napolean’s invasion of Spain in 1808

• Brazil gained independence

70. Miguel Hidalgo:

• Led Native Americans to revolt against Spain 

• Leader of Mexico’s revolution

71. Agustin de Iturbide:

• Royalist who switched sides of the battle when he realized who would win

• Won Mexicos independence

72. Grito de Dolores:

• Speech given by Miguel Hidalgo to Native Americans in 1810

• Mentioned the injustices of the government and legal system

73. Mexico Independence:

• Native Americans fought the Spanish government in New Spain for independence

• Due to social and political rights

• Gained independence in 1821

74. William I:

• King of Prussia and first German Emperor (1871)

75. Leopold I of Belgium:

• King of Belgium (1831) after its independence from the Netherlands

76. Charles X:

• King of France (1824-1830)

• Favored absolute monarchy

• Fled due to the French Revolution of 1830

77. Louis Philippe:

• Replaced Chares X

• Known as the “Citizen King” because he dressed and acted like a middle class citizen

• Secretly favored the wealthy

• Refused working-class citizens more voting rights

Revolutions and Political Figures in the 18th-19th Centuries: (Contd.)

78. Louis Napoleon: 

• Elected president of France in 1848

• Declared himself Emperor Napoleon III in 1852

• Abolished the constitution

79. Constitutional Monarchy:

• A King or Queen is the official head of state but their power is limited by a constitution

80. Nicholas I:

• Russian Emperor

• Wanted the Polish armies for his own use

81. Piotr Wysocki:  

• Led the Polish revolution

• Advocated for Polish independence

82. Frederick William IV:

• King of Prussia

• Refused to unify Germany because he didn’t want the people to gain power

83. Franz Joseph of Austria:

• Austrian Emperor

84. Louis Kossuth:

• Hungarian nationalist and journalist 

• Wanted a democratic system

85. French Estates System:

• 1st Estate:

  • The Clergy

  • 1% of the population

  • Owned 10% of the land

  • Tax-exempt

• 2nd Estate:

  • The Nobility

  • 2% of the population

  • Owned 25% of the land

  • Tax-exempt

• 3rd Estate:

  • The Peasants/Workers

  • 97% of the population

  • Owned 65% of the land

  • Paid all of the taxes

86. Maximilien Robespierre:

• Led the Reign of Terror

• Advocated for radical reforms

• Executed in 1794

87. Bastille Day:

• July 14th, 1789

• The day the Bastille was stormed

• Stormed by Paris citizens 

• Paris fell from the king’s power

• The first French Revolution

Revolutions and Political Figures in the 18th-19th Centuries: (Contd.)

88. Jacobins:

• Radical political group during the French Revolution

• Initiated the Reign of Terror

89. Reign of Terror:

• Period of mass executions during the French Revolution (1793-1794)

• Led by Robespierre

90. Toussaint L’Ouverture:

• Self-educated slave

• Led the Haitian Revolution

91. Saint Domingue:

• Modern-day Haiti

• French worked 500,000 slaves on sugar farms 

92. Sugarcane:

• A major crop in the Caribbean

• Extremely profitable

93. Napoleon Bonaparte:

• Overthrew the French Revolutionary government in 1799

• Emperor of France

• Led the Napoleonic Wars

• Expanded French territory

94. Napoleonic Code:

• Napoleans new laws

  • All male citizens could vote

  • Women lacked individual rights

95. Louis XVI:

• King of France during the French Revolution

• Executed in 1793 for treason

• Summoned the Estates-General but didn’t call for any reforms

96. Absolute Monarchy:

• A government when a King or Queen has all of the power

97. Versailles:

• The palace built by Louis XIV

• Symbol of royal power

• Used to keep nobility close by

The New Imperialism-Exploration: Class Notes

98. Mungo Park:

• Explored the Niger River

• Wanted to find the city of Timbuktoo

• He journaled about his findings

  • The journal became very popular in England

99. Burton and Speke:

• Explored East Africa in search of the source of the Nile River

100. “The Dark Continent”:

• Nickname for Africa because so little was known about it

101. David Livingstone:

• Explorer who sought to end the slave trade

• Mapped many parts of Africa

102. Henry Stanley:

• Helped King Leopld II establish control over the Congo

Imperialism in Africa, The Middle East, and Asia: P. 388-391, 400-404 See Unit 3 Guided Reading Questions and Class activities on India, China, and Africa, and Class notes

103. Nationalism:

• Pride and loyalty to ones country

• Lead to many indepencee movements

• Inspired colonized nations to resist imperial rule

104. Imperialism:

• Domination by a country, to gain control over for foreign lands

• Driven by economic, political, and social motives

105. Raw Materials/Natural Resources:

• A major factor of Imperialism 

• Resources like rubber, ivory, opium, cotton, etc.

106. Missionaries: 

• Spread Christianity to to colonies

107. Social Darwinism:

• The belief that some races (ussully European) are superior to others

• Thought to beacasue they and more advanced 

108. British South Africa Company:

• Colonized Southen Africa

• Exploted Southern Africa for resources

• Established by Cecil Rhodes

109. Cecil Rhodes:

• British imperialist

• Founded the British South Africa Company

110. King Lobengula:

• Ndebele king that was tricked into signing land over to Cecil Rhodes

• Lost Matabeleland to British forces

111.        The Rudd Consession:

• Treaty giving British exclusive mining rights to in Matabeleland

• Its wording made it very vague and favored the British

112. Charles Rudd, James Maguire, and Francis Thompson:

• Negotiated with King Lobengula on behalf of Cecil Rhodes

• Gained mining rights in Matabeleland

113. Matabeleland: 

• Modern day Zimbabwe

• Ruled by King Lobengula; inhabited by the Ndebele

114. Rhodesia:

• Territory named after Cecil Rhodes

115. Indirect Rule:

• Colonies are governed by local rulers

• Common in British colonies like India, and Nigeria

116. Direct Rule:

• Large powers directly controlled colonies

Imperialism in Africa, The Middle East, and Asia: (Contd.)

117. Protectorate:

• Local rulers run the government

  • Follow advice from imperial powers

118. Sphere of Influence:

• An area where a foreign power has exclusive rights over trading and resources

Africa P. 392-400

119. Congo Free State:

• Controlled by King Leopold  II

• Exploited for rubber and ivory

120. King Leopold II:

• Took control of the Congo

  • Told the Congolese he would aid and civilize them

    • Enslaved them all

      • This led to millions of Congolese deaths

121. Rubber Trade:

• Driven by the demand for rubber

• This led to forced labor of the Congolese 

122. Berlin Conference:

• A  meeting where European powers divided Africa without African input

• Aimed to prevent conflict between European nations

123. Boer War:

• The war between the British and Dutch colonists in South Africa 

  • This British won and they gained control

India P.405-410

124. Sepoys:

• Indian soldiers employed by the British East India Company

• Played a huge role in the Sepoy Rebellion

125. Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion:

• Indian uprising against British rule in 1857

• Due to the British treating Indians poorly 

• The big spark was when ammunition was greased with cow and pig fat

126. Viceroy:

• British Governer who ruled India on behalf of the Crown

• Ensured British control over Indian policies

127. Queen Victoria:

• Queen of Great Britain and Empress of India

• Represented British imperial power in India

128. Indian Nationals:

• An Indian political party that sought independence from British rule

China: P. 411-416

129. The Opium War:

• A war between Britain and China because of opium trading

130. Extraterritoriality:

• When foreign residents only follow laws from their home country, not the country they are currently in 

131. Treaty of Nanjing: 

• Ended the first opium war

• The British own Hong Kong

132.        Qing Dynasty:

• The last imperial dynasty of China

133. Taiping Rebellion:

• Massive peasant revolt led by Hong Ziuquan to bring in social reforms

• 20-30 million deaths

134. Hundred Days Reform & Guang Xu:

• An attempt to improve government and education

• Ended by Conservative backlash

135. Self-Strengthening Movement:

• Efforts to modernize China's military and industry

136. Open Door Policy:

• The U.S. policy advocating equal trade rights in China

• Prevented colonization but kept China under foreign influence  

137. Boxer Rebellion:

• Anti-Christan/foreign uprising in China

• Ended by British troops

138. Sun Yixian:

• The first democratic president of China

• Believed in the “Three Principles of The People

  • Nationalism 

  • Democracy 

  • Livelihood

Southeast Asia/Pacific Islands: P. 429-433 

139. French Indochina:

• French colonial territory in Southeast Asia

• Exploited for rubber and rice

140. Siam:

• Modern-day Thailand

• Maintained independence by modernizing and negotiating with imperial powers

141. Pacific Islands (Hawaii, the Philippines & Samoa):

• Strategic for their strategic location in trade and military

• Colonized by Western powers for resources and geopolitical control