Note
0.0(0)
Explore Top Notes
Chapter 24: Forensic DNA Databases: Tools for Crime Investigation
noteNote
studied byStudied by 10 people
5.0(1)
Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means”
noteNote
studied byStudied by 58 people
5.0(1)
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
noteNote
studied byStudied by 55 people
5.0(1)
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
noteNote
studied byStudied by 11 people
4.5(2)
Radioactivity
noteNote
studied byStudied by 68 people
5.0(1)
Chapter Fourteen: Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
noteNote
studied byStudied by 12 people
5.0(1)

Renal video

Chapter 1: Introduction to Renal and Urological Disorders

Overview of Chapters 22 and 23: Renal and Urological Disorders

  • Comprehensive understanding of renal (kidney) function and the urological system is vital, as these systems are integral to maintaining homeostasis in the body.

Anatomy of the Kidneys

  • Structure: Each individual has two kidneys, left and right, located retroperitoneally each measuring about 10-12 cm in length.

  • Flow of blood and urine:

    • Arterial Supply: Blood supply enters kidneys primarily through the renal arteries, which branch from the abdominal aorta.

    • Venous Return: Deoxygenated blood exits the kidneys through the renal veins into the inferior vena cava.

    • Filtration Process: Blood is filtered as it travels through the renal pyramids into nephrons, the functional units of the kidneys, which are responsible for urine formation.

    • Urine Transport: Once formed, urine travels through the ureters, is temporarily stored in the bladder, and is ultimately excreted through the urethra.

  • Anatomical differences:

    • Males: Presence of the prostate gland, which can influence urinary flow and may lead to complications such as benign prostatic hyperplasia.

    • Females: Shorter urethra which increases susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs).

Functions of the Kidneys

  • Primary Functions: Key roles of the kidneys encompass filtration, secretion, and reabsorption:

    • Acid-Base Balance: The kidneys maintain the body’s pH within a narrow range by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.

    • Blood Pressure Regulation: Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) helps regulate blood pressure through volume control and vasoconstriction.

    • Erythropoiesis: The kidneys produce and secrete erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels, stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow.

    • Hormone and Drug Metabolism: Involved in metabolizing various hormones and drugs, maintaining glucose homeostasis, and eliminating metabolic wastes.

  • Importance of kidney health: Dysfunction can lead to systemic complications, including uremia, electrolyte imbalances, and overall deterioration of health.

Risk Factors for Kidney Dysfunction

  • Major risk factors: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are two of the most significant contributors to kidney disease.

    • Diabetes: Chronic high blood glucose levels can cause damage to the glomeruli, leading to diabetic nephropathy.

    • Hypertension: Elevated blood pressure may induce structural changes to blood vessels in the kidneys, diminishing their filtering capability over time.

    • Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions such as lupus can cause inflammation and direct damage to kidney tissues.

Renal Function and Nephrons

  • Nephrons: The basic functional units of the kidneys, approximately 1 million per kidney, are responsible for the filtration and reabsorption processes.

  • Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR): A crucial indicator of kidney function, GFR measures the rate at which blood is filtered by the glomeruli, with normal levels averaging about 120 mL/min, gradually decreasing with age.

  • Importance of Monitoring GFR: Regular monitoring of renal perfusion is essential for assessing kidney function and preventing progression of renal impairment.

Chapter 2: Perfusion of the Kidney

  • Filtration Process: Blood enters through the glomerulus, where it is filtered in Bowman's Capsule:

    • Proximal Tubule: A critical site for reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and nutrients, reabsorbing approximately 65-70% of filtered sodium and water.

    • Loop of Henle and Distal Tubule: These segments concentrate urine and regulate ion balance under hormonal influence (e.g., aldosterone).

    • Collecting Ducts: Final site for urine concentration, influenced by Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), which regulates water permeability.

Functions of the Kidneys in Detail

  • Acid-Base Balance: Vital for maintaining homeostasis; involved in the buffering system that regulates hydrogen ions and bicarbonate.

  • Waste Elimination: Critical in the removal of urea, uric acid, creatinine, and various drugs, preventing toxic accumulation.

  • Secretory Functions:

    • Renin Release: In response to low blood pressure, stimulating RAAS and influencing blood volume and pressure.

    • Activation of Vitamin D: Essential for calcium absorption in the intestines, promoting bone health.

    • Glucose Reabsorption: Regulation of glucose levels in the blood, with implications for diabetes management.

Consequences of Kidney Dysfunction

  • Impaired Filtration: Results in toxin accumulation, leading to health complications like metabolic acidosis.

  • Neurological Dysfunction: Uremia can cause confusion, lethargy, seizures, or altered mental states due to toxin buildup.

  • Increased Blood Pressure: Due to excess renin, which may cause hypertension and cardiovascular issues.

  • Decreased Vitamin D Synthesis: Impaired vitamin D production can lead to calcium deficiencies and bone disorders.

Kidney Dysfunction Categories

  • Prerenal: Resulting from insufficient blood flow to kidneys, commonly caused by shock, dehydration, or severe blood loss.

  • Intrarenal: Direct damage to kidney tissues, potentially caused by autoimmune disorders, infections, or nephrotoxic drugs.

  • Postrenal: Occurs due to obstructions preventing urine outflow, caused by kidney stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate. Can Cause hydroephrosis

Chapter 3: Polycystic Kidney Disease

  • Characterized by the formation of numerous cysts in the kidneys, leading to renal enlargement, pain, and potential renal failure if untreated.

Chapter 4: Indicator of Kidney Dysfunction

  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Levels: Elevated levels may indicate impaired kidney function or dehydration, used alongside creatinine levels for a more accurate assessment.

  • Back pain at costivo angle

  • Creatinine: A key marker providing insights into kidney health; elevated serum creatinine levels typically reflect decreased GFR and renal impairment.

Treatment for Kidney Dysfunction

  • Medications: Various pharmacological options available to maintain renal function; diuretics can help manage fluid balance.

  • Dialysis: Considered a last resort for severe cases of kidney failure:

    • Types: Include peritoneal dialysis (utilizes the peritoneum as a natural filter) and hemodialysis (involves a machine to filter blood).

Kidney Disorders and Symptoms

  • Acute Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation affecting the renal glomeruli leading to symptoms like hematuria, proteinuria, and decreased urinary output.

  • Nephrolithiasis (Kidney Stones): Results in unilateral severe abdominal or flank pain and may cause urinary obstruction, often requiring intervention.

  • Pyelonephritis: A serious kidney infection that may present as acute or chronic, characterized by fever, chills, flank pain, and nausea.

  • Acute Kidney Injury (AKI): A rapid decline in renal function, potentially reversible if caught early and addressed promptly.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

  • Progressive Kidney Function Loss: Diagnosed based on a decline in GFR over time; viewed in stages.

    • Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or elevated GFR (>90 mL/min)

    • Stage 2: Mild decrease in GFR (60-89 mL/min); usually asymptomatic.

    • Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR (30-59 mL/min); potential complications arise.

    • Stage 4: Severe decrease in GFR (15-29 mL/min); preparations for dialysis or transplantation may.

    • Stage 5: End-stage renal failure, where GFR falls below 15 mL/min, necessitating dialysis or transplantation.

Chapter 7: Urological Disorders

  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Commonly observed in females due to anatomical considerations. Risk factors include catheterization, diabetes, and individual hygiene practices. Symptoms typically encompass increased urinary frequency, dysuria, urgency, along with potential hematuria.

  • Urinary Incontinence: An issue commonly faced by older adults and postpartum women, with types including stress incontinence, overactive bladder, and overflow incontinence; can affect quality of life significantly.

Conclusion

  • Emphasizes the importance of monitoring renal and urological disorders, integrating lifestyle modifications, and encouraging open discussions about kidney health with healthcare providers to enhance outcomes and patient education.

Anatomy and Function of the Bladder

  • Structure: The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity, capable of storing urine until excretion. It has an average capacity of about 400 to 600 mL.

  • Ureteral Entry: Urine flows into the bladder from the kidneys through two ureters, which open into the bladder's posterior aspect.

  • Wall Composition: The bladder wall consists of three layers: the mucosa, detrusor muscle (muscular layer), and adventitia (outer layer). The detrusor muscle is responsible for bladder contraction during urination.

  • Nerve Supply: The bladder's function is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, which allows for involuntary contraction and relaxation, as well as voluntary control via the somatic nervous system through the external urethral sphincter.

  • Urination Process: When the bladder fills, stretch receptors signal the brain, creating the urge to urinate. During urination, the detrusor muscle contracts while the internal and external sphincters relax, allowing urine to exit the body through the urethra.

  • Importance in Health: Bladder dysfunction can result in various disorders,

Note
0.0(0)
Explore Top Notes
Chapter 24: Forensic DNA Databases: Tools for Crime Investigation
noteNote
studied byStudied by 10 people
5.0(1)
Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means”
noteNote
studied byStudied by 58 people
5.0(1)
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
noteNote
studied byStudied by 55 people
5.0(1)
Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
noteNote
studied byStudied by 11 people
4.5(2)
Radioactivity
noteNote
studied byStudied by 68 people
5.0(1)
Chapter Fourteen: Schizophrenia and Related Disorders
noteNote
studied byStudied by 12 people
5.0(1)