imperalism

• Ottomanism—forming a national identity for the multitude of ethnic groups within the empire

• Tanzimat Reforms granted more civil liberties & equalities to non-Muslims

• Sultan Selim III (1762-1808) realized that the empire’s losses to Europe were due to a lack of innovation & reform

attempted to bring in French military advisors in an attempt to reform their military 

• Acquire territory for raw materials (Africa & Oceania)

• Acquire territory for new markets to sell manufactured goods (Asia)

• imperialism: use of power (political, military, or economic) to exert control over another country or territory 

• Ali established Egypt as a Khedivate—an independent state of the Ottoman Empire— in 1863 

• During the Industrial Revolution, plantation owners in the Americas became wealthy, selling raw materials to the US & Europe for manufacturing - creating single export economies

• as the middle class grew wealthier, they demanded luxury goods & fine jewelry-fueled by the discovery of diamond mines in South Africa, & precious metals in the Americas (encouraging single export economies) 

• Economic imperialism: businesses bribing individuals or groups in exchange for economic privileges

• Bolt-action rifle (faster reload, more accurate) and machine gun

• Steamships (faster, better transport & can travel upriver)

• Otto von Bismarck organized the Berlin Conference in 1884, & Europeans literally divided Africa amongst themselves for raw materials

• the British East India Company, operating with a British charter, managed & controlled most local kingdoms of India since the 18th century

• Sepoy Mutiny 1857- Sepoy soldiers rebelled against the East India Company when they heard rumors that the bullets they were using were coated with animal fat

• the British govt ruled India directly until 1947; this period in India is referred to as the British Raj

• Impact of British Imperialism in India:

Positive: England built railroads, telegraphs, sewer & water systems, hospitals, & schools

Negative: England did not allow Indians to govern themselves.

• In 1885, Indians demanded self rule & created the Indian National Congress to gain more control over governing IndiaLed by Mahatma Gandhi, India finally gained its independence in 1947

• GB had struggled to find a good the Chinese were willing to trade for, & after the discovery of opium in the Middle East, the British had their product.

• In response, GB took military action by occupying the Qing Navy during the First Opium War (1839-1842)

• Result: England won & forced China to sign a series of unequal trade treaties:

• They continued sale of opium to the Chinese & handing over of 5 trade port cities to the British (Hong Kong)

• This issue would lead to conflict again during the Second Opium War (1856-1860)-- this time also involving FR on the side of Great GB--with the same result (European victory)

• 1890s: Europe and Japan divided China into exclusive economic zones known later as the ‘Spheres of Influence’

• a group of martial artists known as the ‘Boxers’ to the West rose up in rebellion

• Temporarily successful, a joint force of Western forces easily & violently put down the rebels and the Qing gov. forces in 1901

• Ultimately a failure, the Boxer Rebellion was one of the largest and greatest challenges to Western imperialism in the 19^th century

• While Japan remained closed since the 1630s, in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy arrived in with the intention of opening Japan up to world markets—by force, if necessary

• In 1868, many Japanese leaders rebelled & restored Emperor Meiji to power

Japanese leaders decided to adopt & model as much of their society on the West as possible: industrially, politically, & militaristically

• Known as the Iwakura Mission, they sent out officials & students to GB and the US to learn & catalog Western science, manufacturing, military, economics, & culture.

• 30 years after the Meiji Restoration, Japanese looked to expand & create an imperial empire like the West & Russia—focusing on China & Korea

• Seeing China’s weakness in the Opium Wars, Japan went to war with the Qing Dynasty for Chinese Imperial holdings in Korea & Taiwan

• Known as the First Sino-Japanese War, the smaller, more modern Japanese army & navy quickly thwarted Qing forces & took Korea and Taiwan for themselves

• Russia refused to respect Japan’s claim- leading to the Russo-Japanese War

Roosevelt helped to negotiate a treaty between the two countries & inspired Japan to modernize & build a large military & navy.

Russia agrees to give Japan control over Manchuria & Korea

Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 

• Reasons for American Imperialism

Economic Competition

• technological advances allowed for production of large quantities of goods.

• US needed new markets to sell its products & raw materials.
  
  

Political & Military Competition

• Other nations est. a global military presence

• Admiral Alfred T. Mahan advocated for a strong navy to protect shipping routes & proposed military bases be put strategically so ships could refuel..

 Belief in Racial & Cultural Superiority

• Some Americans used Social Darwinism to justify Anglo-Saxon (whites of European descent) superiority

• Argued the U.S had a responsibility to spread Christianity & civilization to the world's “inferior” peoples.

• US took Guam, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, & installed the Platt Amendment in Cuba

The Platt Amendment: allowed US to hold military bases in Cuba, and intervene economically or militaristically to protect US companies

• Luis Munoz Rivera fought to secure self government for Puerto Rico.

• In the US, the Anti-Imperialist League  & others believed it was wrong (went against Declaration of Independence) to annex a foreign territory & rule its gov’t & people

Expansionists wanted annexation & business people wanted the islands to be a trading post for goods from Asia & a fueling stop for merchant ships

• Amer. Planters & businessmen formed the Secret Hawaiian League whose goal was to overthrow the monarchy

• Queen Liliuokalani came into power she fought to remove restrictions on voting to return the power to the native ppl.

• Pres. James Monroe (1823) issued a new U.S foreign Policy known as the Monroe Doctrine. Stated that no European country could spread its influence in the western hemisphere

• Roosevelt Corollary (1904): used to justify U.S involvement in Latin Amer. Affairs. 

• U.S sent warships to back Panamanians in a revolt against Colombia & the Hay-Bunuau-Varilla Treaty  gave the U.S control over a 10mile wide Canal Zone

In the U.S., John Hayes called for an Open Door Policy (no country would have special trading rights) in China