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Chapter 1-7 Energy and Engineering Concepts (Vocabulary)

Energy, Power, and Electrical Engineering Education: Comprehensive Notes 💡

  • Context and scope- Lecture covers EE with a focus on energy and power, computer hardware basics, and how energy relates to engineering impact. 🔌

    • References to the University of North Dakota document on computer science vs computer engineering; emphasis on the EE/EC program and hardware topics. 💻

    • Administrative notes: book chapter 1, upcoming lab zero, and Friday lab pickup logistics for analog discovery and heart scan equipment. 📚🔬

Fundamental definitions: voltage, current, power, and energy ⚡

  • Voltage (V)- Definition: potential difference between two points; the force that causes electrons to move. ⚡️

    • Units: volts (V).

    • Interpretation: 1 volt corresponds to 1 joule of energy per coulomb of charge moved, i.e. \frac{1\text{ J}}{1\text{ C}}

    • Relationship: a higher voltage provides greater potential energy difference driving charge flow. 📈

  • Current (I)- Definition: the flow of electric charges (electrons) through a conductor. ➡

    • Units: amperes (A).

    • Interpretation: 1 A means 1 coulomb of charge flows per second. ⏱

  • Power (P)- Definition: rate of energy transfer by electrical means. 🚀

    • Formula: \ P = V I

    • Interpretation: the faster the energy flows, the more power is delivered. 💨

  • Energy (E)- Definition: the amount of work done or energy transferred over time. 💪

    • Relationship to power: energy is the flow of power over time.

    • Formula: \ E = P \, t = V I \, t

    • Units: joules (J) in SI; commonly kilowatt-hours (kWh) in everyday energy billing. 🧾

    • Time factor: if power is constant, E = P t in joules when t is in seconds; in practical terms, energy is often quoted as E{kWh} = P{kW} \times t{h} where P{kW} = P/1000 and t_{h} is time in hours. ⏳

  • Energy vs Power (conceptual)- Power is the rate of energy transfer; energy is the cumulative amount transferred over a period. 💡 vs. 🔋

    • Real-world view: when you buy electricity you’re paying for energy usage (kWh), not instantaneous power (kW). 💲

  • Ohm’s Law (preview for next section)- Relationship among voltage, current, and resistance: ⚖

    • \ V = I R \text{ or } \ I = \frac{V}{R}

Additional key concepts and analogies 🌊

  • Flow analogies- Electricity as water in a pipe: voltage is pressure (potential to push water), current is flow rate, and power is the rate of energy transfer (water work per time). 💧 трубопровод

    • A flow gauge analogy: current (C/s) is like gallons per second; voltage is the driving pressure; power is pressure times flow rate. 📏

  • Units and practical measurements- Power measured in watts (W); 1 W = 1 J/s. 📏

    • Energy measured in joules or in kilowatt-hours (kWh). ⚡

    • Common household power levels: incandescent bulbs ~60 W 💡, modern LEDs ~13–20 W 💡, some lights around 20–13 W; water heaters can be ~5000 W 🔥; monitors around 100 W 💻; phones ~a few watts during operation 📱; refrigerators ~200 W 🧊.

    • Typical comparison: LED lighting is much more energy-efficient than incandescent lighting due to lower heat loss and higher luminous efficacy. ✅

  • Energy efficiency and global impact- Energy efficiency improvement concept: reducing energy use for the same service. 🌍♻

    • A stated example: a 1% global energy efficiency improvement could translate into substantial energy savings (the lecture cites ~160 TWh as a representative figure). 💰

  • Energy sources and world energy consumption (high-level overview)- Global primary energy consumption (2019 figure cited): ~23,000 TWh per year. 🌎📊

    • Composition by source includes biomass, coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, solar, etc.; solar currently a smaller share but growing. ☀🌱⚛⛽

    • Population growth and energy demand: projection cited of ~1.5 billion more people by 2025 (~25% population increase) with an anticipated ~50% higher energy demand over the next 20 years relative to a base year. 📈👨‍👩‍👧‍👦

    • Historical energy trends: growth in energy demand accompanies population growth and rising standards of living, raising concerns about CO₂ and environmental impact. 🏭🌳

  • Solar energy and practical examples- Solar energy converts solar input to electrical current which can charge batteries for later use. ☀🔋

    • Examples: solar panels on parking structures (e.g., Perry Street) can drive auxiliary systems 🅿; solar tracking sensors using Arduino illustrate distributed energy monitoring. 🤖

    • Solar panel efficiency of a typical panel is around ~15% (for common commercial panels). 📉

  • Energy awareness in daily life- Noting that energy is used in many everyday devices; even small improvements in efficiency accumulate over time. осознаваемость

    • The role of engineers: energy-aware design improves quality of life, extends battery life, reduces environmental footprint. 👷‍♀🌱

Energy in the real world: scale, efficiency, and sustainability 🌐

  • Global energy scale and efficiency impact- Global energy consumption is enormous; efficiency improvements compound across all devices and systems. 🌎♻

    • The goal in engineering: design electronics that use less energy, extend battery life, and reduce the need for new power plants. 🎯🔋

  • Power/energy and time units, with practical conversions- Battery and device energy use is often expressed in watt-hours (Wh) or kilowatt-hours (kWh): 🕰

    • 1\ \text{kWh} = 1000\ \text{W} \times 3600\ \text{s} = 3.6\times 10^6\ \text{J}

    • For example, a 60 W light on for 1 hour consumes 0.06 kWh. 💡

  • Renewable energy and storage considerations- Solar energy is attractive because it directly converts light to electricity with minimal heat generation as a useful energy source. ☀➡⚡

    • Energy storage (batteries) enables usage when sun isn’t shining, enabling better reliability and grid stability. 🔋🌃

  • Prefixes and scale literacy- The speaker mentions prefixes (kilo, tera, giga, milli) to discuss large energy scales; standard prefixes include: 🔢

    • \text{kilo} = 10^3,\ \text{mega} = 10^6,\ \text{giga} = 10^9,\ \text{tera} = 10^{12}

    • And small scales: \text{milli} = 10^{-3},\ \text{micro} = 10^{-6},\ \text{nano} = 10^{-9}

    • Clear note: the lecture uses some informal phrasing; students should rely on standard SI prefixes for coursework. ✅

Engineering education pathway in Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) 🎓

  • Program structure overview- Foundational track: six base courses; initial sequence includes a software component. 🏗

    • Example course naming: 1-004 (base course) and a software sequence that culminates in a capstone-like integrated design project, e.g. 28-04 (Integrated Design Project). 💻📝

    • Sophomore year culminates in an integrated design exposure; junior/senior years shift to deeper specialization. 📈

  • Integrated Design Projects and co-ops- Sophomore year: first software/design project to build practical experience. 🛠

    • Senior year: two-course senior design sequence; about half of senior projects are sponsored by external companies (funded, real-world problems). 🏢💡

    • Even when not sponsored, senior design projects align with university research groups or industry needs. 🤝

  • Majors and pathways- After completing sophomore-year requirements, students select a major focus (pathway) within Electrical Engineering (EE) or Computer Engineering (CE). 🗺

    • General majors exist for both EE and CE, with the ability to tailor via a secondary focus (three-course sequence) that can lead to a minor. 🎓

    • Secondary focus options can guide toward minors in areas like networking, cyber security, machine learning, language studies, or business-related paths (e.g., MBA track). 🧠🔒💼

  • Example major pathways described in the lecture- 🌐🔒 Networking & Cyber Security

    • 📡 Photonics and optical communications (fiber optics, reduced electrical losses, etc.)

    • 🚀 Applied Electromagnetics (space research, antenna design, etc.)

    • 🛰 Space Research (small satellites, space weather studies)

    • 🤖 Embedded Systems for Critical Applications (hardware+software integration, reliability)

    • 📊 Machine Learning (optimization, data-driven approaches, power grid optimization)

    • ⚙ Controls, Robotics, and Autonomy

  • Real-world cross-disciplinary opportunities- Some graduates pursue non-traditional roles such as technical leadership in real estate tech (example: Zillow-style data systems and DB design managed by engineers). 🏠📈

    • It’s common to combine technical degrees with business, law, medicine, or policy interests to broaden career options. 🤝

  • Concept of “print-on-book” major labeling- The program emphasizes printed-on-major-labels (e.g., Networking Cyber Security) to clearly communicate specialization on transcripts and resumes. 🏷

  • Career-oriented outcomes- Many engineers eventually lead teams, manage projects, or pursue advanced degrees (e.g., MBA) to move into management or cross-disciplinary roles. ⬆💼

  • Research and industry collaboration themes- 💡 Machine learning for power grid optimization (historical note: ML/AI concepts emerged from neural nets; now a broad ML field).

    • 🏢 Building automation and embedded sensing (e.g., single-chip radar for sensing and control).

    • 🤝 Center-level research groups and industry partnerships drive sponsored capstone projects and internships.

Centers, labs, and research themes mentioned 🏢🔬

  • Center for Power Electronics Systems (CPEC)- Location: basement-level facilities; high annual research funding (roughly $10–$15 million/year in research activity). 💰🔌

    • Focus: power electronics, energy efficiency, and related systems. ♻

  • National Security Institute (affiliated with EC program)- Focus: cybersecurity research; IT security lab; adaptive designs to resist probing and scanning. 🛡🔒

  • Center for Embedded Systems for Critical Applications- Focus: embedded hardware-software systems for critical applications. 🤖💻

  • Networking, Cyber Security, and IT infrastructure labs- Emphasis on wireless, cellular, and modern communications technologies (including discussions of 5G). 🌐📱

  • Space and RF/EM fields research- Space weather studies; remote sensing; RF propagation and electromagnetic spectrum considerations. 🛰📡

  • Machine learning and data-driven optimization labs- Applied ML to optimize power systems, control, and automation tasks. 🧠📊

Semiconductor history, scaling, and fabrication overview ⚙🔬

  • Milestones (high level timeline)- 🗓 1958: First integrated circuits (ICs) and early MOSFETs

    • 🗓 1960: First MOSFETs (dynamic changes in transistor design)

    • 🗓 1968: First DRAM invented

    • 🗓 1968–1970s: Transition to very large scale integration (VLSI) and more complex chips

    • Moving toward nanoelectronics with continued scaling, now into 3 nm process nodes 🔬

  • Photolithography basics (how modern chips are made)- Steps summarized from the talk: 📸

    • Coat silicon wafer with photoresist

    • Align with photomask and expose light to pattern

    • Develop/etch to create patterns; implant dopants to form transistor gates

  • State of the art and future direction- Current cutting-edge processes described as around the 3 nanometer (nm) node, used in modern high-end devices (e.g., Apple iPhones). 📱🚀

    • Ongoing research in new materials and lithography to continue device scaling and performance gains. ✨

  • Practical takeaway on device manufacturing- Photolithography and materials science are core to building the tiny, energy-efficient devices used in modern computing and communications. 🏭💻

  • A note on language and units in the talk- The speaker refers to “nano” and “nanoelectronics” as part of the scaling story; standard terms include nm (nanometer) to denote feature sizes. 📐

Examples, applications, and real-world relevance from the talk 🌍💡

  • Israel Africa example: electricity access gap- A student from Africa highlighted that some towns have 24-hour electricity while neighboring towns have only 6 hours; solar panels could help bridge this gap. 🌍☀

    • This illustrates energy access disparities and the potential impact of solar energy deployment on quality of life. 🤝

  • Arduino-powered solar-tracking sensor- Simple project used to demonstrate how solar energy can be harvested and tracked to optimize output. 🤖☀

  • Solar panels on parking structures- Example of distributed generation enabling energy capture in urban environments. 🅿☀

  • Building automation and sensors- Embedded systems enable automated control of HVAC, lighting, security, and other building systems, illustrating practical applications of controls and embedded engineering. 🏢💡

  • Chip-scale hardware and testing- Clean room facilities for chip design and fabrication allow hands-on experience with VLSI/CMOS processes and hardware-software integration. 🔬💻

  • Real-world career paths- Alumni stories include diverse outcomes (e.g., roles in tech, real estate tech, medical devices, and more) highlighting the versatility of ECE training. 🧑‍🎓➡💼

Quick synthesis: why this matters for your exam and future work 📝🚀

  • Core takeaway on energy and power- Energy and power are tightly linked through the relationships P = VI and E = Pt = VI t; understanding these helps analyze any electrical system, from a light bulb to a power grid. 💡⚡

  • The engineering perspective- Engineers seek to improve energy efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and enable advanced technologies (phones, data centers, sensors, IoT, renewables). 👷‍♀🌱📱

  • Education structure you should remember- Foundational base courses, a software design track, sophomore projects, and a senior-year design sequence with industry-sponsored options. 🎓🏗

    • Major selection after the sophomore year, with opportunities for a secondary focus or minor, and cross-disciplinary possibilities. 🗺🤝

  • Real-world context and ethical implications- Energy growth drives environmental concerns (CO2, climate impact); equitable energy access remains a societal challenge. 🌍⚖

    • Engineers play a critical role in creating solutions that are efficient, affordable, and accessible. ✅💰

Quick reference formulas and facts (for your cheat sheet) ✍

  • Power: \ P = V I

  • Energy: \ E = P t = V I t

  • Energy in conventional units: E{kWh} = P{kW} \times t{h} with P{kW} = P/1000

  • Energy in joules: E = P \cdot t\; (J) when t is in seconds and P in watts

  • Ohm’s Law (preview): \ V = I R, \quad I = \frac{V}{R}

  • 1 kWh equivalence: 1\ \text{kWh} = 3.6 \times 10^6\ \text{J}

  • Common device ranges (illustrative):- Light bulb (incandescent) ~60 W 💡; LED ~13–20 W 💡; LED efficiency relative to incandescent reduces heat loss

    • Refrigerator ~200 W 🧊; Microwave/monitor ~100 W 💻; Water heater ~5000 W 🔥

  • Energy prefixes (standard SI; note the lecture’s informal usage)- Large-scale: kilo (10^3), mega (10^6), giga (10^9), tera (10^{12})

    • Small-scale: milli (10^{-3}), micro (10^{-6}), nano (10^{-9})

Suggested study prompts based on this notes set ❓🧠

  • Explain the difference between energy and power with examples from everyday devices. 💡⚡

  • Derive the energy consumption for a 60 W light bulb left on for 3 hours in kWh. 🧪

  • What are the major components of the EE/EC program structure described, and how do sophomore projects feed into senior design? 🎓🏗

  • Summarize the global energy challenges mentioned and discuss how engineering design can address them through efficiency and renewables. 🌍♻

  • List three research centers at the university and their focus areas. 🏢🔬