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Chapter 15: Psychological Treatments

Overview

• Big Questions to Address:

  • How Are Psychological Disorders Treated?

  • What Are the Most Effective Treatments?

  • Can Personality Disorders Be Treated?

  • How Can Disorders Be Treated in Children and Adolescents?

Study Units

• 15.1: Types of Psychotherapy focusing on Insight

• 15.2: Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments for Direct Change

• 15.3: Importance of Therapy Context

• 15.4: Biological Therapies for Certain Disorders

• 15.5: Scientific Evidence for Treatment Efficacy

• 15.6: Various Treatment Providers

• 15.7: Finding a Suitable Treatment Provider

• 15.8: Effective treatment for Anxiety and OCD

• 15.9: Treatments for Depressive Disorders

• 15.10: Medication for Bipolar Disorders

• 15.11: Atypical Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia

• 15.12: Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

• 15.13: Challenges in Treating Antisocial Personality Disorder

• 15.14: Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children

• 15.15: ADHD Treatments for Children

Historical Treatment of Psychological Disorders

• Middle Ages: Patients placed in asylums with poor conditions.

• 1793: Philippe Pinel advocated moral treatment focused on compassion.

Psychotherapy: Providing Insight (15.1)

• Definition: Therapist-client interaction aimed at understanding and solving issues.

• Types of Psychotherapy:

  • Psychodynamic Therapy: Uncover unconscious conflicts.

  • Humanistic Therapy: Promote personal growth with client-centered therapy.

  • Behavior Therapy: Focus on modifying harmful behaviors.

  • Cognitive Therapy: Change distorted thoughts to improve emotions and behaviors.

  • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Combine behavioral and cognitive techniques.

Psychotherapy Approaches Table (Table 15.1)

• Psychodynamic: Unconscious conflicts, psychoanalysis.

• Humanistic: Personal growth, unconditional positive regard.

• Behavioral: Harmful behavior modification through rewards.

• Cognitive: Replace distorted thoughts with realistic ones.

• Group Therapy: Supports social skills development.

• Family Therapy: Improve family dynamics through systems approach.

Behavioral and Cognitive Treatments (15.2)

• Behavior Therapy Definition: Unlearning negative behaviors using methods like token economies.

• Cognitive Therapy Definition: Focus on changing distorted thoughts impacting behaviors.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

• Effective for anxiety and mood disorders.

Therapy Context and Effectiveness (15.3)

• Group Therapy: Cost-effective and provides social support.

• Family Therapy: Behavioral changes in individuals affect the family unit.

• Cultural Factors: Different cultural perspectives on mental health treatment.

Biological Treatments (15.4)

• Biological Therapy Definition: Medical-based treatment approaches.

• Psychotropic Medications:

  • Impact brain neurochemistry to manage disorders.

Classes of Psychotropic Medications (Table 15.2)

• Anti-anxiety Drugs: Valium, Xanax.

• Antidepressants: SSRIs like Prozac.

• Mood Stabilizers: Lithium for bipolar disorder.

• Antipsychotics: Treat schizophrenia symptoms.

Alternative Treatments

• ECT: Electroconvulsive therapy for severe depression.

• TMS: Non-invasive magnetic stimulation treatment.

• DBS: Deep brain stimulation for severe cases.

Evidence-Based Treatments (15.5)

• Distinguish between scientifically supported and fringe therapies.

• Evidence-based practices include:

  • Techniques developed through empirical research.

  • Tailored to specific disorders and symptoms.

Treatment Providers (15.6)

• Important to choose a qualified provider.

• Types of Providers:

  • Clinical Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Counseling Psychologists, Social Workers, Psychiatric Nurses, Paraprofessionals.

Technology in Treatment

• Use of technology in therapy has grown, especially during COVID-19.

Finding a Provider (15.7)

• Don't wait for a crisis to seek help.

• Evaluate therapist qualifications and personal comfort level.

Effective Treatments for Specific Disorders

Anxiety and OCD (15.8)

• CBT is the recommended treatment.

• Exposure Therapy: Gradual exposure to fear stimuli.

Depressive Disorders (15.9)

• Antidepressants and CBT are effective.

• Light therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

Bipolar Disorder (15.10)

• Lithium and quetiapine for mood stabilization.

• Compliance with treatment can be challenging.

Schizophrenia (15.11)

• Atypical antipsychotics improve both positive and negative symptoms.

Personality Disorders (15.12 & 15.13)

Borderline Personality Disorder

• Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Effective for emotional regulation and interpersonal skills.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Treatment challenging; behavioral approaches show limited success.

Treatment for Children and Adolescents (15.14 & 15.15)

Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Applied Behavioral Analysis: Intensive intervention focusing on communication and social skills.

ADHD

• Treatment often includes medication alongside behavior therapy.